Chapter 7: Nuclear Energy and Society

Transcription

1 Capr 7: Nuclar Enrgy and Sociy Mini Invsigaion: Simulaing Nuclar Racions, pag 317 nswrs may vary. Sampl answrs:. T grap is a curv sowing a dclin in numbr of ads, approacing zro. Tis is similar o my prdicion. I as sap i dos bcaus ovr im numbr of ads dcrass xponnially sinc ails wr liminad from ac subsqun pool of coins. B. I ook 10 rials for all of pnnis o b rmovd. Mos classmas ad rsuls bwn 9 and 12 rials, bu som ad igr and som ad lowr rsuls. Exprimnal daa always includs som variaion. By combining vryon s daa w could obain mor rliabl rsuls. Scion 7.1: oms and Isoops Tuorial 1 Pracic, pag (a) T mass of is isoop is 27. Subrac aomic numbr from mass numbr o find numbr of nurons luminum as 14 nurons. Tis is Bor- Rurford diagram for aluminum. (c) nswrs may vary. Sampl answrs: T mass of is isoop is 14. Subrac aomic numbr from mass numbr o find numbr of nurons Nirogn as svn nurons. Tis is Bor- Rurford diagram for nirogn. T mass of is isoop is 12. Subrac aomic numbr from mass numbr o find numbr of nurons Carbon as six nurons. Tis is Bor- Rurford diagram for carbon. (b) T mass of is isoop is 108. Subrac aomic numbr from mass numbr o find numbr of nurons Silvr as 61 nurons. Tis is Bor-Rurford diagram for silvr. Copyrig 2011 Nlson Educaion Ld. Capr 7: Nuclar Enrgy and Sociy 7.1-1

2 Rsarc Tis: Tcnium-99m, pag 321. ma-sabl isoop is no sabl bu as a long alf-lif. I could b calld somwa sabl. B. Tc-99m is no found in naur. I is formd as molybdnum-99 dcays. C. nswrs may vary. Sampl answr: Tcnium-99m as a alf-lif of 6.01, so i is liminad from body quickly. D. nswrs may vary. Sampl answr: Tcnium-99m gars around umours and rd blood clls. Tis mans i can b usd o dc difficul-o-find cancrs and circulaory sysm disordrs. I can also b usd o cra imags of brain, livr, lungs, kidnys, and sklon. E. s wi or radioaciv marials, xposur o cnium-99m incrass risk of cancr. Scion 7.1 Qusions, pag (a) T mass of is isoop is 16. Subrac aomic numbr from mass numbr o find numbr of nurons Oxygn-16 as ig nurons. Tis is Bor- Rurford diagram for oxygn (a) T mass of is isoop is 1. Subrac aomic numbr from mass numbr o find numbr of nurons Hydrogn as no nurons. Tis is Bor- Rurford diagram for ydrogn. Durium as on proon and on nuron. Tis is Bor-Rurford diagram for durium. Triium as on proon and wo nurons. Tis is Bor-Rurford diagram for riium. (b) T mass of is isoop is 40. Subrac aomic numbr from mass numbr o find numbr of nurons Poassium-40 as 21 nurons. Tis is Bor- Rurford diagram for poassium-40. (b) T diagrams all av on proon and on lcron in lows nrgy lvl. Hydrogn as no nurons, durium as on nuron, and riium as wo nurons. 3. (a) (i) T aomic numbr is numbr of proons: 7. T mass numbr is numbr of proons and nurons: (ii) T aomic numbr is numbr of proons: 13. T mass numbr is numbr of proons and nurons: (b) (i) Using priodic abl, lmn is nirogn, N. T isoop as svn proons and a mass numbr of 12 so cmical nam is 12 7 N. (ii) Using priodic abl, lmn is aluminum, l. T isoop as 13 proons and a mass numbr of 26 so cmical nam is l. Copyrig 2011 Nlson Educaion Ld. Capr 7: Nuclar Enrgy and Sociy 7.1-2

3 4. (a) (i) T isoop 4 7 B as a mass of 7. Subrac aomic numbr from mass numbr o find numbr of nurons T isoop as r nurons. Tis is Bor- Rurford diagram for isoop 4 7 B. 5. (a) (i) T isoop 3 5 Li as a mass of 5. Subrac aomic numbr from mass numbr o find numbr of nurons T isoop as wo nurons. Tis is Bor- Rurford diagram for isoop 3 5 Li. (ii) T isoop 4 9 B as a mass of 9. Subrac aomic numbr from mass numbr o find numbr of nurons T isoop as fiv nurons. Tis is Bor- Rurford diagram for isoop 4 9 B. (ii) T isoop 20 8 O as a mass of 20. Subrac aomic numbr from mass numbr o find numbr of nurons T isoop as 12 nurons. Tis is Bor- Rurford diagram for isoop 20 8 O. (iii) T isoop 11 4 B as a mass of 11. Subrac aomic numbr from mass numbr o find numbr of nurons T isoop as svn nurons. Tis is Bor- Rurford diagram for isoop 11 4 B. (b) Ts modls all sow bryllium wi four proons and four lcrons. Ty sow diffrn numbrs of nurons. (c) T isoop 4 9 B is mos common in naur. In priodic abl, aomic mass of bryllium is givn as 9. (b) T mass numbr of liium s mos common isoop is 7, so i as four nurons (7 3 4). Liium-5 as wo fwr nurons an mos common isoop. T mass numbr of oxygn s mos common isoop is 16, so i as ig nurons (16 8 8). Oxygn-20 as four mor nurons an mos common isoop. 6. (a) Tr ar 14 proons, so is is silicon. Tr ar 14 nurons, so mass numbr is 28 ( ). Tis is silicon-28. (b) Tr ar 10 proons, so is is non. Tr ar 12 nurons, so mass numbr is 22 ( ). Tis is non n isoop wi 16 proons as an aomic numbr of 16. Using priodic abl, lmn is sulfur, S. Copyrig 2011 Nlson Educaion Ld. Capr 7: Nuclar Enrgy and Sociy 7.1-3

4 8. (a) (i) rgon-40 as a mass of 40. Subrac aomic numbr from mass numbr o find numbr of nurons T isoop as 22 nurons. Tis is Bor- Rurford diagram for isoop r. 9. (a) Non-20 as a mass of 20. Subrac aomic numbr from mass numbr o find numbr of nurons T isoop as 10 nurons. Tis is Bor- Rurford diagram for isoop N. (ii) rgon-44 as a mass of 44. Subrac aomic numbr from mass numbr o find numbr of nurons T isoop as 26 nurons. Tis is Bor- Rurford diagram for isoop r. Non-21 as a mass of 21. Subrac aomic numbr from mass numbr o find numbr of nurons T isoop as 11 nurons. Tis is Bor- Rurford diagram for isoop N. (iii) rgon-47 as 18 proons. Subrac aomic numbr from mass numbr o find numbr of nurons T isoop as 29 nurons. Tis is Bor- Rurford diagram for isoop r. Non-22 as a mass of 22. Subrac aomic numbr from mass numbr o find numbr of nurons T isoop as 12 nurons. Tis is Bor- Rurford diagram for isoop N. (b) (i) Ts isoops ar alik bcaus y all av 18 proons and 18 lcrons a sam nrgy lvls. (ii) Ts isoops ar diffrn bcaus y av diffrn numbrs of nurons, wic also givs m diffrn aomic masss. rgon-47 as gras mass, and argon-40 as las mass. (b) Ts modls all av 10 proons and 10 lcrons in sam nrgy lvls. Non-20 as 10 nurons, non-21 as 11 nurons, and non-22 as 12 nurons. Copyrig 2011 Nlson Educaion Ld. Capr 7: Nuclar Enrgy and Sociy 7.1-4

5 10. (a) Liium-10 as a mass of 10. Subrac aomic numbr from mass numbr o find numbr of nurons T isoop as svn nurons. Tis is Bor- Rurford diagram for isoop 10 3 Li. Boron-10 as a mass of 10. Subrac aomic numbr from mass numbr o find numbr of nurons T isoop as fiv nurons. Tis is Bor- Rurford diagram for isoop 10 5 B. Bryllium-10 as a mass of 10. Subrac aomic numbr from mass numbr o find numbr of nurons T isoop as six nurons. Tis is Bor- Rurford diagram for isoop 10 4 B. (b) Ts modls all sow isoops wi aomic mass of 10. Ty av diffrn numbrs of proons and lcrons bcaus y ar diffrn lmns. Copyrig 2011 Nlson Educaion Ld. Capr 7: Nuclar Enrgy and Sociy 7.1-5

6 Scion 7.2: Radioaciv Dcay Tuorial 1 Pracic, pag T aomic numbr of pluonium, Pu, is Pu Y H T nw lmn as aomic numbr 92 and mass numbr Pu Y H T lmn wi aomic numbr 92 is uranium, U. T daugr aom is uranium Pu U H 2. T aomic numbr of npunium, Np, is 93. Npunium-239 is Np X Np H T original isoop as aomic numbr 95 and mass numbr X Np H T lmn wi aomic numbr 95 is amricium, m m Np H T unknown isoop is amricium-243. Tuorial 2 Pracic, pag T aomic numbr of crium, C, is C Y T nw lmn as aomic numbr 59 and mass numbr C Y T nw lmn is prasodymium C Pr T aomic numbr of cromium, Cr, is Cr Y T nw lmn as aomic numbr 23 and mass numbr Cr Y T nw lmn is vanadium Cr V Tuorial 3 Pracic, pag T aomic numbr of pluonium is Pu * Pu Gamma dcay is no an xampl of a ransmuaion bcaus a diffrn lmn is no formd. Enrgy is mid, bu no paricls ar mid. Scion 7.2 Qusions, pag (a) T aomic numbr of curium, Cu, is 96. T nw lmn will av mass numbr 248 and aomic numbr 94. From priodic abl, lmn wi aomic numbr 94 is pluonium, Pu Cu Pu H (b) T aomic numbr of radium, Ra, is 88. T nw lmn will av mass numbr 219 and aomic numbr 86. From priodic abl, lmn wi aomic numbr 86 is radon, Rn Ra Rn H 2. (a) T aomic numbr of sulfur, S, is 16. T nw lmn will av mass numbr 35 and aomic numbr 17. From priodic abl, lmn wi aomic numbr 17 is clorin, Cl S Cl (b) T aomic numbr of gold, u, is 79. T nw lmn will av mass numbr 80 and aomic numbr 198. From priodic abl, lmn wi aomic numbr 80 is mrcury, Hg u Hg (a) T aomic numbr of sodium, Na, is 11. T nw lmn will av mass numbr 22 and aomic numbr 10. From priodic abl, lmn wi aomic numbr 10 is non, N Na N (b) T aomic numbr of calcium, Ca, is 20. T nw lmn will av mass numbr 39 and aomic numbr 19. From priodic abl, lmn wi aomic numbr 19 is poassium, K Ca K nswrs may vary. Sudns rpors sould includ informaion suc as following: posiron is a paricl wi posiiv carg and mass qual o a of an lcron. Wn a posiron and an lcron com ino conac, y anniila ac or and produc gamma rays. Posirons ar usd in mdical PET scans o cra gamma rays, wic can b dcd o cra imags of inrnal body srucurs. Wn wo proons fus o cra durium, noug nrgy is crad o form a posiron. 5. (a) T aomic numbr of poassium, K, is 19. T nw lmn will av mass numbr 40 and aomic numbr 18. From priodic abl, lmn wi aomic numbr 18 is argon, r K r Copyrig 2011 Nlson Educaion Ld. Capr 7: Nuclar Enrgy and Sociy 7.2-1

7 (b) T aomic numbr of carbon, C, is 6. T nw lmn will av mass numbr 11 and aomic numbr 5. From priodic abl, lmn wi aomic numbr 5 is boron, B. 11 6C B 6. T srong nuclar forc rvrss from srong aracion o srong rpulsion wn disanc bwn wo paricls is lss an 0.5 fmomrs bcaus quarks in individual nuclons ar forbiddn o b in sam ara by Pauli xclusion principl or o allow for nuclar fission o occur. Copyrig 2011 Nlson Educaion Ld. Capr 7: Nuclar Enrgy and Sociy 7.2-2

8 Scion 7.3: Half-Lif Mini Invsigaion: nalyzing Half- Lif, pag 330. Tis is ba-ngaiv dcay. Nirogn ( daugr aom) as on mor proon an carbon ( parn aom). nuron as cangd ino a proon and an lcron. B. T nuclar racion quaion is 15 6C 15 7 N C. T mass of carbon-15 is dcrasing xponnially, wil mass of nirogn-15 is incrasing xponnially. Sinc carbon-15 is dcaying and bcoming nirogn-15, i maks sns a s graps ar invrs of ac or. D. T poin of inrscion is poin a wic alf carbon-15 as dcayd ino nirogn-15. T x-coordina of is poin rprsns alflif of carbon-15. T y-coordina of is poin rprsns alf mass of original carbon-15. Tuorial 1 Pracic, pag (a) Givn: 3.6 s; 10 s Rquird: prcn of iniial sampl rmaining ' 100 prcn rmaining Soluion: 1 $ 10 s 1 $ 3.6 s ' % Samn: Tr would b 15 % of sampl rmaining afr 10 s. (b) Givn: 3.6 s; 10 min 600 s Rquird: prcn of iniial sampl rmaining ' 100 prcn rmaining Soluion: 1 $ 1 $ 600 s 3.6 s ' 10 (51 ' ' 10 (49 % Samn: Tr would b % of sampl rmaining afr 10 min. 2. Givn: 10 yars; 100 mg; 81 mg Rquird: Soluion: 1 $ 81 mg 100 mg 1 $ $ 10 yars 10 yars Us a abl o sima valu of xponn. Exponn Final mass Copyrig 2011 Nlson Educaion Ld. Capr 7: Nuclar Enrgy and Sociy 7.3-1

9 Solv for $ Samn: T alf-lif of argon-42 is approximaly 33 yars. Scion 7.3 Qusions, pag (a) Tim (min) Mass rmaining (g) (b) (c) T aomic numbr of clorin is Cl r Clorin-38 will dcay ino argon (a) 2.6 day (b) (i) Givn: 2.6 days, 1 day Rquird: prcn of sampl rmaining 2.6 day ' 100 prcn rmaining Soluion: 1 $ 2.6 day 1 day 1 $ day ' % Samn: Tr would b 74 % of sampl rmaining afr 1 day. (ii) Givn: 2.6 days, 1 wk 7 days Rquird: prcn of sampl rmaining 2.6 day ' 100 prcn rmaining Soluion: 1 $ 2.6 day 7 day 1 $ day ' % Samn: Tr would b 15 % of sampl rmaining afr 1 wk. 3. (a) Givn: 50 g; 5.3 yars; 6 mons 0.5 yars Rquird: 1 ; 2 Soluion: 1, 50 g 1 $ g 1 47 g 0.5 yars 5.3 yars Samn: Tr would b 47 g of sampl rmaining afr 6 mons. Copyrig 2011 Nlson Educaion Ld. Capr 7: Nuclar Enrgy and Sociy 7.3-2

10 (b) Givn: 50 g; 5.3 yars; 5 yars Rquird: ; 2 Soluion: 5 yars 50 g 1 $ 5.3 yars g Samn: Tr would b 26 g of sampl rmaining afr 5 yars. 4. Ba-ngaiv dcay is involvd in carbon daing. On nuron dcays ino on proon and on lcron. T quaion is as follows: 14 6C 14 7 N T raio of carbon-14 o mor sabl carbon-12 is rlaivly consan in living ings, and alf-lif of carbon-14 is 5730 yars. Tis mans a sciniss can masur raio of carbon-14 o carbon-12 in a fossil, n compar valu o xpcd raios in fossils of various ags, and drmin ow long ago living craur did. 5. Givn: %; 5730 yars Rquird: 1 $ Soluion: 1 $ 70 % 1 $ $ 5730 yars 5730 yars Us a abl o sima valu of xponn. Exponn Final mass Solv for $ 5730 yars yars (0.514)(5730 yars) yars (r xra digis carrid) 2950 yars Samn: T craur did approximaly 2950 yars ago. 6. (a) Magnsium as on lss proon an aluminum. In ba-posiiv dcay, on proon dcays ino on nuron and on posiron. So, aluminum-26 undrgos ba-posiiv dcay. (b) No, aluminum-26 dos no dcay in sam way as carbon-14. Carbon-14 undrgos bangaiv dcay, wic is diffrn from baposiiv dcay undrgon by aluminum-26. In ba-ngaiv dcay, on nuron dcays ino on proon and on lcron. In ba-posiiv dcay, on proon dcays ino on nuron and on posiron. 7. (a) Givn: 3; ; yars Rquird: 1 $ Soluion: 1 $ 3 1 $ ' $ $ yars yars Us a abl o sima valu of xponn. Exponn Final mass Copyrig 2011 Nlson Educaion Ld. Capr 7: Nuclar Enrgy and Sociy 7.3-3

11 Solv for yars yars yars yars Samn: T moon rock is yars old. (b) nswrs may vary: ssumpions may includ a ra of aluminum-26 dcay as bn consan sinc moon rock was formd, and a no nw aluminum-26 as formd in rock sinc i was originally mad. 8. Eac fold in is modl can b usd o rprsn on alf-lif. T ara of papr afr ac fold can b usd o rprsn amoun of mass rmaining. T ara will dcras by alf wi ac fold, jus as amoun of mass rmaining will dcras by alf wi ac alf-lif. Copyrig 2011 Nlson Educaion Ld. Capr 7: Nuclar Enrgy and Sociy 7.3-4

12 Scion 7.4: Nuclar Fission and Nuclar Powr Gnraion Tuorial 1 Pracic, pag (a) Givn: m u; m p u; m n u; m u Rquird: mass dfc m aomic mass acual aomic mass; Drmin combind mass of proons, nurons, and lcrons, and n drmin mass dfc. Soluion: 2m p + 2m n + 2m 2( u) + 2( u) + 2( u) u m u u m u Samn: T mass dfc of lium-4 is u. (b) Givn: m u; c m/s Rquird: E E mc 2 Soluion: $ kg m ( u ) ' % u ( ) kg (wo xra digis carrid) E mc 2 ( ) m $ kg % J $ ' J ) J ) % 13 ) MV ( MV ' s ( ) E 28 MV Samn: T binding nrgy of lium-4 is 28 MV. Tuorial 2 Pracic, pag Givn: m U u; m n u; m Zr u; m T u; c m/s Rquird: nrgy rlasd E mc 2 2 Soluion: m m U m n m Zr-94 + m T m $ % n ' ( u [ u u + 2(1.009 u)] m u $ kg m (0.185 u ) ' % u ( ) m kg (wo xra digis carrid) E mc 2 ( ) m $ kg % J ' s ( ) E J Samn: T nuclar fission racion rlass J of nrgy pr racion. Rsarc Tis: Brdr Racors, pag 340. brding cain is a s of succssiv, nuclar racions (fission) a ransforms on radioaciv isoop ino anor, n anor, unil dsird produc is obaind. B. nswr may vary. Sampl answr: uranium-238 uranium-239 npunium-239 pluonium-239 C U n U, U Np + 0-1, Np Pu T dcay of uranium o npunium and dcay of npunium o pluonium rprsn ransmuaions bcaus saring lmn dcays by miing an alpa paricl o bcom a diffrn lmn. D. Pluonium-239 is commonly producd in a brdr racor roug dcay of uranium-238. Uranium-233 is producd roug dcay of orium-232. Scion 7.4 Qusions, pag (a) Givn: m kg; c m/s Rquird: nrgy quivaln in jouls E mc 2 2 Copyrig 2011 Nlson Educaion Ld. Capr 7: Nuclar Enrgy and Sociy 7.4-1

13 Soluion: E mc 2 ( )( m/s) kg J (r xra digis carrid) E J Samn: T nrgy quivaln, in jouls, of an lcron is J. (b) Givn: m p kg; c m/s Rquird: nrgy quivaln in jouls E mc 2 Soluion: E mc 2 ( )( m/s) kg J E J Samn: T nrgy quivaln, in jouls, of a proon is J. 2. Givn: E J; c m/s Rquird: m E mc 2 m E c 2 Soluion: m E c J ( m/s) 2 m kg Samn: T mass of original coal was kg, or 5.0 g. 3. Givn: m U u; m T u; m H u; c m/s Rquird: nrgy rlasd E mc 2 Soluion: m m U+236 ( m T m H-4 ) u ( u u) m u $ kg m ( u ) ' % u ( ) m kg (wo xra digis carrid) E mc 2 ( )( m/s) kg J E J Samn: T nrgy rlasd is J. 4. Givn: m U u; m Sr u; m X u; m n u; c m/s Rquird: nrgy rlasd E mc 2 Soluion: 10 m m U m n m Sr-90 + m X m $ % n ' ( u [ u u + 10( u)] m u (r xra digis carrid) $ kg m ( u ) ' % u ( ) m kg (r xra digis carrid) E mc 2 ( )( m/s) kg J E J Samn: T nrgy rlasd is J. 5. (a) Sag 1: Two proons and wo nurons ar los U T H Sag 2: On proon is gaind. nuron mus av dcayd ino on proon and on lcron T Pa Sag 3: On proon is gaind Pa U Copyrig 2011 Nlson Educaion Ld. Capr 7: Nuclar Enrgy and Sociy 7.4-2

14 Sag 4: Two proons and wo nurons ar los U T H Sag 5: Two proons and wo nurons ar los T Ra H (b) In sags 1, 4, and 5, wo proons and wo nurons ar los and a lium nuclus is formd. Tis is alpa dcay. In sags 2 and 3, on proon is gaind and on lcron is mid. Tis is ba-ngaiv dcay. 6. (a) fr racions idnifid in qusion 5, s racions ar involvd in uranium-lad sris: Ra Rn H, Rn Po H, Po Pb H, Pb Bi + 0-1, Bi Po + 0-1, Po Pb H, Pb Bi + 0-1, Bi Po + 0-1, Po Pb H (b) T final sabl isoop is lad nswrs may vary. nswrs sould includ informaion suc as following: Fission racors av ponial o xpos workrs and ors o unaccpabl lvls of radiaion. If y malfuncion, and safy conrols do no work, y can xpos larg numbrs of popl, plans, and animals o significan doss of radiaion. Fission racors cra nuclar was a is a ponial sourc of unaccpabl radiaion and mus b sord scurly unil i no longr mis radiaion a significan lvls. 8. In CNDU nuclar racors, conrol rods ar suspndd ovr calandria and ld by lcromagns. If powr is los, lcromagnic fild is liminad and rods dscnd ino calandria, sopping nuclar racion. 9. For U Np, on proon is gaind, so is is ba-ngaiv dcay. T racion quaion is U Np Sag 1: T cmical symbol for orium-233 is T. Wn isoop absorbs a nuron, i will bcom T. T quaion is T n T. Sag 2: In ba-ngaiv dcay, on nuron dcays ino on proon and on lcron. T lmn wi on mor proon an orium is proacinium, Pa. T quaion is T Pa Sag 3: Ba-ngaiv dcay producs lmn wi on mor proon an proacinium, wic is uranium, U. T quaion is Pa U For Np Pu, on proon is gaind, so is is also ba-ngaiv dcay. T racion quaion is Np Pu Copyrig 2011 Nlson Educaion Ld. Capr 7: Nuclar Enrgy and Sociy 7.4-3

15 Scion 7.5: Nuclar Fusion Tuorial 1 Pracic, pag (a) Givn: m H u; m C u Rquird: mass dfc m 3m H m C Soluion: m 3m H m C 3( u) u m u Samn: T mass dfc is u. (b) Givn: m u; c MV/u Rquird: E E mc 2 Soluion: E mc u 930 MV % $ u ' MV E 7.25 MV Samn: T nrgy rlasd is 7.25 MV. (c) Givn: E MV; nuclons 12 Rquird: E pr nuclon (E n ) E E n n nuclons Soluion: E n E n MV 12 nuclons MV/nuclon E n 0.60 MV/nuclon Samn: T nrgy rlasd is 0.60 MV/nuclon. Scion 7.5 Qusions, pag In nuclar fission, nrgy is crad by nucli of aoms braking apar. In nuclar fusion, nrgy is crad by nucli of wo aoms joining ogr. Bo produc larg amouns of nrgy. Nuclar fission usually occurs in lmns wi larg (avy) nucli and rsuls in mor sabl nucli. Nuclar fusion usually occurs in lmns wi small (lig) nucli. I also rsuls in mor sabl nucli. 2. (a) Nuclar fusion is mor difficul o aciv an nuclar fission bcaus a larg amoun of kinic nrgy mus b supplid o g racion sard. Tis kinic nrgy is ndd o allow fusing nucli o ovrcom srong rpulsiv lcrosaic forc bwn m. I is difficul o dirc and safly confin is larg amoun of kinic nrgy. (b) Nuclar fusion is mor dsirabl an nuclar fission for powr gnraion bcaus i producs lil polluion and no radioaciv was. 3. (a) Givn: m H u; m C u; m N u; c MV/u Rquird: nrgy rlasd in ird sag (E) E mc 2 Soluion: Find mass dfc in racion: 13 6 C H 14 7 N + nrgy. m m C-13 + m H-1 m N u u u m u E mc 2 ( u) 930 MV % $ u ' MV E 7.54 MV Samn: T nrgy rlasd in ird sag of carbon-nirogn-oxygn cycl is 7.54 MV. (b) Givn: E 1.95 MV; m H u; m C u; c MV/u Rquird: m N-13 E mc 2 m E c 2 m m C-12 + m H-1 m N-13 m N-13 m C-12 + m H-1 m Soluion: m E c MV 930 MV /u m u m N-13 m C-12 + m H-1 m u u u m N u Samn: T mass of nirogn-13 is 13.0 u. Copyrig 2011 Nlson Educaion Ld. Capr 7: Nuclar Enrgy and Sociy 7.5-1

16 4. (a) For Sampl Problm 1, fusion racion: Givn: E 17.6 MV; nuclons 5 Rquird: nrgy rlasd pr nuclon (E n ) E E n n nuclons Soluion: E E n n nuclons 17.6 MV 5 nuclons E n 3.52 MV/nuclon Samn: T nrgy rlasd wn a durium aom fuss wi a riium aom o form lium is 3.52 MV/nuclon. For Sampl Problm 2, fission racion: Givn: E MV; nuclons 236 Rquird: nrgy rlasd pr nuclon (E n ) E E n n nuclons Soluion: E E n n nuclons MV 236 nuclons MV/nuclon E n MV/nuclon Samn: T nrgy rlasd wn uranium producs llurium and zirconium is MV/nuclon. (b) Tis comparison sows a fusion racion rlass ovr four ims as muc nrgy for ac nuclon as fission racion dos. 5. Tis suggss a ful for fusion racors is widly availabl, spcially if fission racors also coninu o opra. 6. (a) 12 6 C H 13 7 N + nrgy is a fusion racion. Carbon and ydrogn nucli fus o cra a nirogn nuclus. (b) 13 7 N 13 6 C nrgy is a ba-posiiv dcay racion. T produc as on fwr proons an racan. On proon as cangd ino on nuron and on posiron. (c) 13 6 C H 14 7 N is a fusion racion. T produc as on mor proon an racan. ydrogn aom mus av fusd wi carbon. 14 7N H 15 8 O is a fusion racion. T produc as on mor proon an racan. 15 8O 15 7 N is a ba-posiiv dcay racion. On proon as cangd ino on nuron and on posiron N H 12 6 C H is a fusion racion and an alpa dcay racion. T racan as gaind on proon (a ydrogn aom), n los wo proons and wo nurons (a lium aom). 7. nswrs may vary. Sudns answrs sould includ informaion abou inrial confinmn. 8. nswrs may vary. Sudns answrs sould dscrib currn advancs on ITER projc. Copyrig 2011 Nlson Educaion Ld. Capr 7: Nuclar Enrgy and Sociy 7.5-2

17 Capr 7 Slf-Quiz, pag (c) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (d) 6. (b) 7. (a) 8. (b) 9. (a) 10. Fals. T nuclus of an aom consiss of proons and nurons. 11. Tru 12. Fals. T mass numbr of an aom is qual o numbr of proons and nurons i as. 13. Fals. n xormic racion is a cmical racion a rlass nrgy. 14. Tru 15. Fals. T lium-4 nuclus is calld an alpa paricl. 16. Tru 17. Fals. T oal mass of all paricls in a nuclus is sam as sum of all of ir individual masss plus mass dfc. Copyrig 2011 Nlson Educaion Ld. Capr 7: Nuclar Enrgy and Sociy 7-1

18 Capr 7 Rviw, pags Knowldg 1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (c) 6. (a) 7. (a) 8. (c) 9. (d) 10. (b) 11. Fals. T mass numbr is qual o numbr of proons and nurons in an aom. 12. Tru 13. Tru 14. Tru 15. Tru 16. Tru 17. Tru 18. Fals. CNDU racors us nricd uranium as ful. 19. Fals. Nuclar fusion is nuclar racion a powrs sars. 20. (a) (iii) (b) (i) (c) (iv) (d) (v) () (ii) (f) (vi) 21. T paricl in an aom a dos no av carg is nuron. 22. posiron is a paricl wi a posiiv carg and sam mass as an lcron. 23. T law of consrvaion of mass-nrgy sas a mass can ransform ino nrgy and nrgy can ransform ino mass. T oal amoun of mass-nrgy in a sysm rmains consan. 24. T binding nrgy of daugr nucli is grar an a of parn nuclus, making i mor sabl. Undrsanding 25. (a) T aomic numbr of bryllium is 4. In is normal sa, wo lcrons ar in firs sll and wo ar in scond sll Two slls ar occupid. (b) T aomic numbr of coppr is 29. In is normal sa, wo lcrons ar in firs sll, ig ar in scond sll, 18 ar in ird sll, and on is in four sll Four slls ar occupid. (c) T aomic numbr of argon is 18. In is normal sa wo lcrons ar in firs sll, ig ar in scond sll, and ig ar in ird sll Tr slls ar occupid. 26. (a) Poassium-43 as 19 proons. (b) Poassium-43 as 19 lcrons. (c) Poassium-43 as 24 nurons. (d) 27. (a) T lmn wi 20 proons is calcium Calcium s mass numbr is 44. (b) T lmn wi 17 proons is clorin Clorin s mass numbr is (a) Radioisoops mi radiaion a can b dcd and convrd ino an imag. Pains ar injcd wi a small amoun of a radioisoop, suc as cnium-99m. Tcnicians n compar radiaion parns in organs of unaly pain o parns in aly organs. Radioisoops ar abl o sow parns in bo ard and sof issu, unlik X-rays, wic can only sow parns in ard issu. (b) nswrs may vary. Sampl answr: In cancr ramns, rapidly dividing clls ar bombardd wi radiaion. Ts clls absorb radiaion and ar unabl o coninu dividing. 29. nswrs may vary. Sampl answr: Radioisoops wi sor alf-livs ar usd for mdical sing bcaus y mi a larg amoun of radiaion quickly as y dcay. Tis nsurs a mdical dvics av noug radiaion o prform ss. Radioisoops wi long alflivs will no mi noug radiaion for mdical dvics o work proprly. Copyrig 2011 Nlson Educaion Ld. Capr 7: Nuclar Enrgy and Sociy 7-2

19 30. nswrs may vary. Sampl answrs: (a) Cmical racions involv forcs bwn molculs, suc as covaln forcs and van dr Waals forcs. Som cmical racions ar ndormic and ors ar xormic. T racans and producs ar all lmns or compounds. Nuclar racions involv srong nuclar forcs (in fusion) and rpulsiv lcrosaic forcs (in fission) among paricls wiin nuclus of an aom. Nuclar racions may rquir nrgy o bgin, bu ar usually xormic, usually rsuling in muc mor nrgy bing rlasd an in any cmical racion. T producs may includ subaomic paricls and nrgy. In racion, mass is ofn convrd ino nrgy. (b) Elcrons av ngaiv cargs and proons av posiiv cargs. Opposi lcrosaic cargs arac ac or. Tis is ow posiivly cargd nuclus of an aom olds lcrons and kps m from drifing away. Elcrosaic forcs also caus proons in a nuclus o rpl on anor. Srong nuclar forcs ac o kp proons and nurons in an aom s nuclus ld igly ogr. In a sabl nuclus, lcrosaic forcs and srong nuclar forcs balanc ac or. (c) Wn oo many proons ar addd o a avy aom s nuclus, lcrosaic forcs causing m o rpl on anor bcom so srong a y can ovrcom srong nuclar forcs and nuclus can disingra. 31. (a) Elcron capur. n lcron is bing absorbd by a nuclus. T proon a lcron combins wi o form a nuron mus b on opposi sid of nuclus, sinc w canno s a nw nuron in produc. (b) Ba-posiiv dcay. proon as cangd ino a nuron and a posiron, wic is bing mid o rig. (c) Gamma dcay. T numbr of proons and nurons rmains uncangd in produc, bu a poon is bing mid. 32. (a) T cmical formula for gold-198 is 198 u u Hg T nw lmn is mrcury-198. (b) T cmical formula for iron-53 is F F Mn T nw lmn is mangans-53. (c) T cmical formula for argon-37 is r r Cl T nw lmn is clorin (a) Gamma dcay occurs afr alpa or ba dcay, wn daugr nuclus is in a ignrgy sa. ig-nrgy gamma ray, or poon, is mid, and nuclus rurns o a lowrnrgy sa. (b) T numbr of proons, nurons, and lcrons in aom rmain sam, so gamma dcay is no a ransmuaion. (c) Using lium as an xampl, gnral quaion for gamma dcay is 3 2 H * 3 2 H T asrisk mans a parn nuclus is in a ig-nrgy sa. 34. (a) Tis is alpa dcay. n aom of lium is mid. (b) Tis is lcron capur. n lcron is absorbd and joins wi a proon o form a nuron. (c) Tis is ba-ngaiv dcay. nuron as dcayd ino a proon and an lcron (d) Tis is ba-posiiv dcay. proon as cangd ino a nuron and a posiron. 35. (a) Mass of poassium-42 (mg) Mass of calcium-42 (mg) Toal mass (mg) Tim () (b) T numbrs in las column dmonsra law of consrvaion of mass (and nrgy). 36. (a) Givn: 320 mg; 7.2 s; 11 s Rquird: Soluion: 320 mg 1 $ mg 11 s 7.2 s 110 mg Samn: Tr will b 110 mg of nirogn-16 rmaining afr 11 s. Copyrig 2011 Nlson Educaion Ld. Capr 7: Nuclar Enrgy and Sociy 7-3

20 (b) Givn: 132 mg; 8.51 min; 15.0 min Rquird: Soluion: 132 mg mg 15.0 min 8.51 min 448 mg Samn: T iniial mass of iron-53 sampl was 448 g. 37. (a) Givn: m B u; m p u; m n u; m u; c MV/u Rquird: mass dfc ( m); binding nrgy (E) m m p + m n + m m B-9 E mc 2 Soluion: T symbol for bryllium-9 is 4 9 B. m m p + m n + m m B-9 4( u) + 5( u) + 4( u) u m u E mc 2 ( u) 930 MV % $ u ' MV E 58.1 MV Samn: T mass dfc of bryllium-9 is u, and binding nrgy is 58.1 MV. (b) Givn: m O u; m p u; m n u; m u; c MV/u Rquird: mass dfc ( m); binding nrgy (E) m m p + m n + m m O-16 E mc 2 Soluion: T symbol for oxygn-16 is 16 8 O. m m p + m n + m m O-16 8( u) + 8( u) + 8( u) u m u E mc 2 ( u) 930 MV % $ u ' MV E 123 MV Samn: T mass dfc of oxygn-16 is u, and binding nrgy is 123 MV. 38. (a) Mass-nrgy quivalnc mans a mass can ransform ino nrgy, and nrgy can ransform ino mass. T nrgy of an objc a rs is qual o is mass muliplid by spd of lig squard. T oal amoun of mass-nrgy in an isolad sysm rmains consan. (b) Mass dfc dscribs diffrnc bwn oal mass of all proons, nurons, and lcrons in an aom, and mass of aom islf. (c) Mass-nrgy quivalnc is a caus of mass dfc. T mass of aom islf is lss an sum of masss of is pars bcaus som of mass of aom s componns as bn convrd o nrgy. Tis binding nrgy olds nuclus ogr. 39. nswrs may vary. Sampl answr: In nuclar fission, nucli of aoms brak apar, rlasing binding nrgy a ld nucli ogr. Nuclar fission is iniiad by a nuron bombarding a radioaciv nuclus wi nrgy. T nuclus braks apar, craing wo daugr nucli and rlasing som of is binding nrgy and fr nurons. If r is mor ful availabl, s nurons can caus or nucli in ful o brak apar, and rlas mor nrgy and mor nurons. Tis is bginning of a cain racion. T amoun of nrgy rlasd by firs nuclus is small, bu in cain racion ug amouns of nrgy can b rlasd. T amoun of nuclar ful rquird for a cain racion o occur is calld criical mass. fr cain racion bgins, i is slf-susaining as long as r is ful availabl. 40. (a) nor rm for cor of a nuclar racor is calandria. T calandria conains ful rods, conrol rods, and avy war. Fission occurs in cor. Copyrig 2011 Nlson Educaion Ld. Capr 7: Nuclar Enrgy and Sociy 7-4

21 (b) Havy war circulas roug calandria and absorbs rmal nrgy from nuclar fission racion. T war is usd o boil normal war, producing sam. Tis sam drivs a urbin, convring rmal nrgy o mcanical nrgy, n o lcrical nrgy. (c) To conrol racion ra, cadmium rods ar insrd ino calandria y absorb nurons and slow racion. Havy war also slows nurons and lps conrol racion. In a CNDU racor cadmium rods ar suspndd ovr calandria by magns. If lcriciy supply malfuncions, magnic fild will sop and rods will drop ino calandria, suing down racion. (d) Marials a sild racor cor ar cosn o provid procion from radiaion. In addiion, mploys war badgs a conain poograpic film, wic sows amoun of radiaion y av com ino conac wi. Nuclar was mus b sord in sildd conainrs for undrds of yars unil i no longr poss a azard. 41. (a) nswrs may vary. Sampl answr: Nuclar fission racions usually occur wi avy nucli. Nuclar fusion racions usually occur wi ligr nucli. Bo of s racions rsul in nucli closr o middl of rang, wic ar mos sabl. For is rason, bo fission and fusion racions ar xormic. Nuclar fusion racions do absorb nrgy a firs, o ovrcom lcrosaic forcs a spara m, bu onc nucli fus, racions ar srongly xormic. (b) Wil fission producs mor nrgy pr aom of ful, ful usd for fission as significanly lss mass, so fusion producs mor nrgy pr uni of mass. 42. (a) T Sun s nrgy is producd by nuclar fusion. I is difficul o cra conrolld fusion in a lab bcaus i is difficul o produc ig noug mpraurs and prssurs o cra amoun of kinic nrgy ndd o iniia racion. (b) Srong magnic filds sow som promis for conaining nuclar fusion in a racor. In a magnic confinmn racor, durium and riium would b placd in racor and ad unil y cangd o plasma four sa of mar. Tis plasma would b conaind by magnic filds. On Sun, fusion can occur bcaus of xrmly ig mpraurs and graviaional forcs. Nir ig mpraurs nor ig graviaional forcs of Sun ar pracical for racors on Ear. 43. Nuclar radiaion as bn usd o sriliz mal inscs, prvning rproducion. Scrwworms and ss fly populaions av bn conrolld is way, using wa is known as sril insc cniqu. Wil is allows us o conrol pss wiou using cmical psicids, i dos rsul in som risk of xposur o nuclar radiaion by popl wo work wi i. I also rsuls in an organism bing liminad from cosysm, wic may av srious consquncs a do no bcom vidn for svral yars. nalysis and pplicaion 44. (a) Fluorin-19 sould av nin proons, no ig. (b) Silicon-28 sould av 14 lcrons, no 12. (c) Calcium-44 sould av 24 nurons, no 20, and 20 lcrons, no 19. T lcrons in firs sll sould b in sandard locaion. Copyrig 2011 Nlson Educaion Ld. Capr 7: Nuclar Enrgy and Sociy 7-5

22 45. (a) nswrs may vary. Sampl answr: Wn a aom undrgos alpa dcay, is nuclus mis an alpa paricl. n alpa paricl is a lium nuclus, wic is wo proons and wo nurons. T daugr nuclus will av an aomic numbr a is wo lss an parn aom s aomic numbr and an aomic mass a is four lss an parn aom s aomic mass. (b) Torium-232 as an aomic numbr of 90. T daugr aom will av an aomic numbr of a is wo lss Radium as an aomic numbr of 88, so radium- 228 is producd. T racion quaion is T Ra H. (c) T mor massiv an aom s nuclus, mor proons i as. T mor proons in a nuclus, srongr ngaiv lcrosaic forc bwn proons is, and mor a ngaiv forc counracs srong forc a olds nuclus ogr. For is rason, lmns wi nucli a ar massiv, suc as orium, ar no vry sabl. Wn an alpa paricl is mid, nuclus bcoms lss massiv and mor sabl. Enrgy is rlasd. Elmns wi larg nucli ar mos likly o undrgo alpa dcay. 46. (a) nswrs may vary. Sampl answr: Ba-ngaiv dcay occurs wn a nuclus conains oo many nurons and srong forc bcoms muc grar an aom s lcrosaic forc. To lp balanc forcs, on nuron dcays and forms on proon and on lcron. T lcron, calld a ba paricl, is mid from nuclus. In ba-ngaiv dcay, aomic numbr of daugr aom is on grar an a of parn aom, and mass numbr rmains sam. (b) nswrs may vary. Sampl answr: In ba-posiiv dcay, a proon cangs ino a nuron and a posiron. T aomic numbr of daugr aom is on lss an a of parn aom. T mass numbr rmains uncangd. n isoop wi mor proons an nurons could av lcrosaic forcs grar an srong forc olding nuclus ogr. Tis isoop would undrgo ba-posiiv dcay o aciv a br balanc bwn srong forc and lcrosaic forcs. (c) Elcron capur also addrsss imbalancs bwn srong and lcrosaic forcs, and is considrd a form of ba dcay. In lcron capur, a nuclus wi srong lcrosaic forcs absorbs an lcron. Tis lcron combins wi a proon o form a nuron. T mass numbr of daugr aom is uncangd, bu aomic numbr dcrass by on. (d) (i) T isoop P would likly undrgo alpa dcay sinc i is a avy lmn. I could also undrgo ba-posiiv dcay sinc i as mor nurons an proons, and srong forc could b srongr an lcrosaic forc, causing a nuron o dcay. (ii) For N, ba-posiiv dcay or lcron capur would mos likly occur. Tis isoop as mor proons an nurons, so lcrosaic forc would b srongr, causing a proon o dcay. (iii) For I, ba-ngaiv dcay would mos likly occur. Tis isoop as mor nurons an proons, and srong forc could b srongr an lcrosaic forc, causing a nuron o dcay. (iv) For U, alpa dcay would mos likly occur. Tis isoop as a vry larg nuclus and alpa dcay would rduc mass numbr by four. 47. (a) Nuclar fission racions nd on nuron o iniia m. T corrc quaion is U n Ba Kr + 3( 1 0 n). (b) Givn: m Ba u; m Kr u; m U u; m n u; c MV/u Rquird: E m m U-235 m Ba m Kr m n ( ) E mc 2 Soluion: m m U-235 ( m Ba m Kr m n ) u [ u u + 2( u)] m u E mc 2 ( u) 930 MV % $ u ' MV E 140 MV Samn: T nrgy rlasd in is fission racion is 140 MV. Copyrig 2011 Nlson Educaion Ld. Capr 7: Nuclar Enrgy and Sociy 7-6

23 48. Givn: 4( 1 1 H) 4 2 H + 2 ( 0 +1 ) + nrgy; m H u; m H u; m u; c MV/u Rquird: E m 4m H ( m H + 2m ) E mc 2 Soluion: m 4m H ( m H + 2m ) 4( u) [ u + 2( u)] m u E mc 2 (0.276 u) 930 MV $ u % MV E 26 MV Samn: T n nrgy rlasd in ovrall proon-proon cain fusion racion is 26 MV. Evaluaion 49. nswrs may vary. Sampl answr: I prdic a gamma rays, or poons, will pnra fars bcaus y av ig nrgy and no mass. lpa paricls av a ig mass, so i aks mor work o mov m and y will pnra las. Ba paricls av an inrmdia mass and will b abl o pnra a modra disanc. 50. nswrs may vary. Sampl answr: I would masur mass a las wic, rcord im inrval bwn mass masurmns, and calcula alf-lif using following quaion: or 1 $. I would bgin by finding mass. If r was a cang from sad mass, I would masur again in a fw sconds o calcula alf-lif. If r was no cang, I would masur again a incrasing inrvals, for xampl, 1 min, 10 min, 1, 10, 4 days, 10 days, 50 days, and so on, unil I obsrvd a significan cang in mass. I would n us mos rcn inrval o calcula alf-lif. I would rpa xprimn o mak sur my rsuls wr rliabl, and sor sampl carfully bwn masurmns o proc i from brakag, moisur, and dus. 51. nswrs may vary. (a) Sudns answrs sould includ a discussion of nvironmnal ffcs of nuclar and fossil fuls, sorag and ransporaion of nuclar fuls and nuclar wass, safy of opraing vicls a us nuclar fuls, nuclar submarins, and ponial coss of nuclar fuls and vicls a us m. (b) Sampl answr: No, I do no ink a w ar likly o us nuclar cnology for spac ravl. Nwon s ird law is wa maks spaccraf mov in spac. By jcing ful a xrmly ig spd wn i is burnd an qual and opposi forc puss spaccraf. Tis could no work wi nuclar cnology bcaus r is noing bing pusd or pulld. I may a up a larg mass of war and jc i a xrmly ig spds, bu is sill rquirs spaccraf o conain a bulky ful supply a mus b rfilld. Nuclar cnology may b usd o gnra lcriciy for spac saions or spaccraf bu would no b usd for propulsion. Rflc on Your Larning 52. nswrs may vary. (a) Sudns concp maps sould rla informaion abou isoops suc as mass numbr, aomic numbr, and sabiliy; lmns of radioaciviy suc as yps of radioaciv dcay, mass-nrgy quivalnc, nrgy oupu, fission and fusion; and applicaions suc as fission and fusion racors, mdicin, ps conrol, as wll as social and nvironmnal issus. (b) Sudns ssays sould xplain ow nrgy is crad from mass in a nuclar racion, yps of nuclar racions a ypically occur in sars, and ow racions ar mainaind and conrolld. 53. nswrs may vary. Sudns answrs sould includ rlvan facual informaion o confirm or rfu ac prcpion. Rsarc 54. nswrs may vary. Sudns answrs sould dscrib lif and acivmns of Mari Curi. S was firs fmal o win a Nobl priz, wic s and r usband sard wi Bcqurl for ir work on radioaciviy. S is also only woman o win wo Nobl prizs. Hr work was largly involvd wi sudy of radium. T uni of radioaciviy, curi, is namd afr r. S did a ag of 67 from anmia causd by ovrxposur o radiaion. Copyrig 2011 Nlson Educaion Ld. Capr 7: Nuclar Enrgy and Sociy 7-7

24 55. nswrs may vary. Sudns answrs sould dscrib Canada s nuclar powr indusry, ow muc was is producd, and ow i is managd. Canada producs mor radioaciv was pr prson an any or counry. W ar scond in ovrall nuclar was producion afr Unid Sas. bu ar xpcd o surpass m somim soon. Canada s nuclar was is kp in sorag sis dp undrground. Rsarc is ongoing o improv sorag safy and o drmin lng of sorag ncssary. 56. nswrs may vary. Sudns answrs sould dscrib ow smok dcors work. Radiaion from amricium is usd o ioniz air in a small rgion, wic cras a small amoun of lcrical currn. Wn is currn is disrupd by smok, snsors insid dcor caus alarm o go off. 57. nswrs may vary. Sudns answrs sould dscrib radon gas, wr i coms from, and prvnaiv masurs a ar akn. Radon occurs naurally and coms from ground. I is usually no a problm oudoors, bu can collc insid buildings, causing rspiraory problms and cancr. Radon ss can b don rlaivly inxpnsivly, and radon lvls can b lowrd by vnilaing ous and saling basmn. 58. nswrs may vary. nswrs sould dscrib inrial confinmn fusion cniqus, spcifically os a involv lasrs. Fusion compounds ar firs isolad and n xrmly powrful lasrs ar usd o provid ncssary a and nrgy o a vry localizd ara o cra fusion. Tis cnology cras a lo of plasma in procss, wic as rcnly bn sown o b muc lss of a problm an prviously oug. Europ as svral ig-powr lasr faciliis ir buil or plannd. 59. nswrs may vary. nswrs sould xplain a nurinos ar a naural produc from many nuclar racions, spcifically os from Sun and all sars. pproximaly nurinos pr squar cnimr i Ear from Sun ac scond. Ty ar masslss and av no carg. Nurinos can pass roug millions of kilomrs of lad, bu rmain unnoicd by umans and pos no al risks wasovr. 60. (a) T ani-paricls of proons and nurons ar ani-proons and ani-nurons, rspcivly. (b) Sciniss do no know wy r is so lil ani-mar in univrs. n amoun qual o amoun of mar was originally crad, bu i is no in vidnc oday. (c) Wn a paricl and an ani-paricl m, y cancl ac or ou, or anniila ac or. Tir mass is convrd ino nrgy. (d) Givn: m P u; c MV/u m m p + m -p m 2m p E mc 2 E 2m p c 2 Soluion: E 2m p c 2 2( u) 930 MV $ u % E 1870 MV E 1900 MV Samn: Wn a ydrogn nuclus and an aniydrogn nuclus m, 1900 MV of nrgy would b givn off. Copyrig 2011 Nlson Educaion Ld. Capr 7: Nuclar Enrgy and Sociy 7-8