Excitation Mechanisms and Characterization of a Multi-Ionic Xenon Laser
|
|
- Blake Hodge
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 1308 IEEE JOURNAL OF QUANTUM ELECTRONICS, OL. 35, NO. 9, SEPTEMBER 1999 Excitation Mechanisms and Characterization of a MultiIonic Xenon Laser H. S o b ra l, M. R a in e ri, D. S c h in c a, M. G a lla rd o, a n d R. D u c h o w ic z Abstract The emission characteristics of an ultravioletvisible pulsed multiionic xenon laser were studied through timeresolved spectroscopy and the results were interpreted using a collisionalradiative theoretical model. This analysis includes more than 20 laser lines belonging to several ionic species (Xe III III). Depending on the experimental conditions, different temporal distributions of the laser lines and their corresponding spontaneous emissions can be observed. In particular, laser emission presents temporal oscillations near threshold. Pumping processes for the laser transitions have been analyzed by using this model. Relativistic Hartree Fock calculations of laser level lifetimes and radiative transition probabilities were performed. Experimental laser gain for several transitions were obtained and compared with the theoretical values derived from the calculations. Index Terms Collisionalradiative model, gas discharge, gas lasers, xenon laser. S I. In t r o d u c t io n IN C E TH E advent o f the laser, capillary discharges have been used to produce laser action in the ultraviolet (U ), visible, and infrared (IR) range [l][ 4 ]. In particular, lowpressure xenon plasm a excited by pulsed h ighcurrenthighvoltage electrical discharges produces high gain laser transi tions in the near U and visible range. This laser output has been used for pum ping dye lasers [5] [7] and for studying injection locking phenom ena in CW dye lasers [ 8 ], [9]. B oth from a basic and practical point o f view, it is im portant to know w hich are the levels and ionic species involved in laser em ission. D uchow icz et al. [10] show ed that m ost visible laser em issions belong to Xe w hile U em issions belong in general to X e TI. In recent w orks, m ost o f the unresolved laser lines w ere attributed to X e [11], X e II [12], and X e III [13]. Manuscript received December 9, 1998; revised June 7, This work was supported by the Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), by the Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CICBA), and by the Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata. H. Sobral and D. Schinca are with Centro de Investigaciones Opticas, 1900 La Plata, Argentina. They are also with CICBA, 1900 La Plata, Argentina, and with the Physics Department, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 1900 La Plata, Argentina. M. Raineri is with Centro de Investigaciones Opticas, 1900 La Plata, Argentina. He is also with CICBA, 1900 La Plata, Argentina. M. Gallardo is with the Centro de Investigaciones Opticas, 1900 La Plata, Argentina. He is also with CONICET, 1916 Buenos Adres, Argentina. R. Duchowicz is with the Centro de Investigaciones Opticas, 1900 La Plata, Argentina. He is also with CONICET, 1916 Buenos Aires, Argentina, and with the Physics Department, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 1900 La Plata, Argentina. Publisher Item Identifier S (99) F ollow ing another line o f research, Papayoanou et al. [14] reported on the param etrization o f a xenon plasm a laser including observations about the tem poral distribution o f the output. Sasaki and Saito [15] have obtained double pulsed o u tput w hen the plasm a w as excited w ith a long current pulse. In a previous w ork [16], w e presented experim ental results about the tem poral evolution o f visible laser lines together w ith a sim ple model to sim ulate this behavior. A fter that, w e perform ed an extensive study on the tem poral characteristics o f the spontaneous em ission o f a low density pulsed discharge plasm a. The results were interpreted through a collisional radiative theoretical m odel [17]. T his paper extends the previous tem poral study o f the laser em ission to m ore than 20 lines in the U visible re gion. B ased on our previous plasm a m odel that considers the population behavior o f X e I IX species [17], w e have now also included stim ulated em ission term s to take into account different laser transitions. O n the basis o f this m odel, w e analyze the population m echanism s responsible for m ost o f th e classified laser xenon transitions corresponding to X e III, X e, X e II, and X e III, in this region. W e also perform ed laser gain analyses for several lines by using level param eters (lifetim es and radiative transition rates) obtained from relativistic H artree F o ck calculations; these results are com pared w ith the corresponding experim ental values. II. E x p e r im e n t a l Se t up a n d Re sul t s T he experim ental setup is sim ilar to th at used in [16]. The discharge tube w as 1.3 m long and has a 5 m m bore, w ith cold electrodes in side arm s at the ends. E xcitation w as achieved using a capacitor bank having an overall capacitance ranging from 100 to 420 nf and charged to a voltage up to 18 k, w hich yields peak current pulses o f about 3 ka having a tem poral w idth betw een 13 fxs fullw idth at halfm axim um (FW H M ). X enon pressure w as v aried betw een m torr. The resonant cavity consisted o f tw o m ultilay er coated spher ical m irrors o f 1.5 m radius o f curvature located in a nearly confocal configuration. The light em itted longitudinally w as focused into a 0.5 m focal length scanning m onochrom ator and detected w ith a U visible photom ultiplier. Its output w as am plified and displayed by a 200 M H z digital oscilloscope and recorded by a plotter. T he tem poral study carried out previously in the visible region w as extended into the U region as far as A, studying m ore than 2 0 transitions corresponding to different ionic degrees (Xe III III) /99$ IEEE 249
2 1309 SOBRAL et al.: EXCITATION MECHANISMS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A MULTIIONIC XENON LASER Fig. 1. Oscillation behavior near laser threshold for the A = Â transition belonging to Xe III; pressure: 12 mtorr. Fig. 3. Spontaneous and laser emission well above threshold for the A = A line (Xe III); pressure: 15 mtorr. W hen pum ping is increased eith er by increasing the dis charge voltage or by decreasing the pressure, oscillations tend to disappear and laser em ission follow s the tem poral shape o f the spontaneous em ission. T his behavior is show n in Fig. 2 for the A line (X e ll), w here laser and spontaneous tem poral distributions are sim ilar. T his p articular line presents, w hen pum ping is above threshold, a flat tem poral profile during alm ost all o f the current pulse. Well above laser threshold, the output consists o f a sin gle pulse appearing at the beginning o f the corresponding spontaneous pulse. The large initial gain obtained u n d er these conditions p roduces a depopulation o f the up p er laser level w hich usually cannot reco v er to generate a p ositive population inversion. Fig. 3 show s this b ehavior for the A line, belonging to X e III. I. Fig. 2. Temporal distribution for the A = À line (Xe II); pressure: 10 mtorr. D epending on the m irro r reflectivity and experim ental con ditions, several ions can lase sim ultaneously. A s the stage o f ionization increases, the onset o f lasing is delayed further w ith respect to the beginning o f the current pulse. T hese results w ere also observed in previous studies o f the spontaneous em ission [10], [17]. W e have analyzed the tem poral distribution o f the laser and the corresponding spontaneous em ission o f each line studied under different experim ental conditions. In these situations, w e rem oved the output m irro r to com pare the form er (that depends on both the upper and low er laser level p o pulation) w ith the latter (proportional to the upper level p o pulation only). N ear threshold, laser em ission oscillations o ccurs in m o st o f the observed lines, especially for h igh ionic degrees. Fig. 1 show s the tem poral distribution o f the laser em ission n ear threshold for a line belonging to X e III (A = Â ) together w ith the corresponding spontaneous em ission output and the current pulse for reference. D uring the tem poral region around the spontaneous peak, the laser em ission exhibits oscillations. A fter that, the ion population and the spontaneous and laser em ission decay. III. M o de l The m odel u se d to analyze the tem poral evolution o f the population d ensities is sim ilar to th at used in [17]. I f N? is the population density o f the j t h level o f ion z in a plasm a w ith no cavity effects, the set o f equations that describe its tem poral evolution is the follow ing: w here th e electron d ensity n e can be calculated from the charge b alance equation, R f is the excitation rate coefficient from level i to lev el j o f the ion z (corresponding to the z 1 tim es ionized xenon), D z is the deexcitation rate coefficient, A ji is th e radiative transition rate, is the electron im pact 250
3 1310 IEEE JOURNAL OF QUANTUM ELECTRONICS, OL. 35, NO. 9, SEPTEMBER 1999 ionization rate from a yth level o f the ion 2 to the level i o f the. is the dielectronic recom bination coeffi ion (z + 1 ), and cient from the kth level o f the ion z + 1 to the level j o f the ion 2. The excitation and ionization rates were calculated using the sem i em pirical form ulas o f an R egem orter and Lotz, is calculated through its relation respectively, cited in [18]; D z{ w ith the excitation rate [18] gir fj = 9 jd j{ e x p ( A E /T e), w here gi and gj are the statistical w eights o f levels i and j, and Te is the electron tem perature. Since our plasm a has a m oderate electron density [17], the tw o body recom bination process (dielectronic and radiative recom bination) prevails. B oth processes can be calculated by Sobelm an [18, pp. 118 and ] and show th at dielectronic recom bination is the dom inant term. We w ill restrict the num ber o f ions to z < 9 since no experim ental evidence o f the existence o f X e X w as found under our conditions. The system m ust also satisfy the initial condition that N l takes on a value o f about 1 0 l 0 cm 3 (depending on the filling pressure), w hile the rest o f populations are zero. W hen the cavity is taken into account, the tem poral evolu tion o f the levels that give rise to laser action are also affected by the stim ulated em ission term s. I f N z and N f represent the population densities for the upper and low er levels corre sponding to each laser line, and n z is the corresponding total num ber o f photons inside the cavity, their tem poral evolution m ust satisfy the follow ing set o f equations [19]: TABLE 1 M a in C l a s s if ie d I o n ic X e n o n L a s e r T r a n s it io n s in t h e U is ib l e Re g io n : T h e o r e t ic a l U p p e r L if e t im e t 3, L o w e r L if e t im e T2, a n d Spo n t a n e o u s T r a n s it io n P r o b a b il it y A 32 A [A]W Ion Classification (air) E II III 33Ü Ü III E, T3 t2 a 32 H [ns] [IO ] 6.0 5s4f ( 25 ) 1F3 5p2( 1D ), D CS)*D s /2 >5f (ls)2f 7/ s25p4f (2P ) 3G3 5s25p5d (2P ) 3F s25p4f (2P ) 3F 1 *5s25p5d (2P ) 3F 3 6d 6d CSf Di f i *5f ( 15 ) 2F5/ II 5s4f ( S^Fa +5p2 (3P ) 3P s25p4f (2P ) 3D 1 >5s25p5d (2P ) 3P s25p4f (2P )3Di *5s25p5d (2P )3Pj III 5s25p3( 2p)6p *D2 >5s25p3(2p)6sIP ] s25p4f (2P ) 3D2 5s25p5d (2P )3Pj s25p4f (2P ) 3F 2 >5s5p3 (2P ) 1P ) s25p4f (2P ) 1G4 +5s25p5d ^PpF., s25p4f (2P ) 3D3 5s25p5d (2P ) ' D s25p4f (2P ) 3F4»5s25p5d (2P ) 3D s25p4f (2P ) F 3 >5s25p5d (2P ) 3D s25p4f (2P ) 3F3 >5s25p5d (2P ) 3P s25p4f (2P ) 3F 2 *5s25p5d (2P ) 3D, s25p4f (2P ) ' D 2 >5s25p5d (2P ) ' P ( ) Wavelengths were taken from [24], w here 7 C is the inverse lifetim e o f the photons in the cavity, c is the cavity volum e, and K is the coupling constant given by w here A is the w avelength o f the transition and A A /A is its relative linewidth. I. I. S p e c t r o s c o pic Pa r a met er s To analyze the excitation processes that give rise to stim u lated em ission, the lifetim e and transition probability for the m ain laser transitions in the U visible region w ere calculated. F or this purpose, theoretical determ inations from relativistic H artree F o ck (R H F) ab initio calculations and energy m atrix diagonalization [20] w ere used. In order to obtain the best values for lifetim es and spontaneous transition probabilities, sem i em pirical calculations using energy param eters adjusted from least squares calculations w ere perform ed. R ydberg se ries interactions w ere also included for a better fit o f the theoretical values o f the experim ental energy level values. U nder our experim ental conditions, w e did n o t observe any X e II laser lines. For X e III, R H F calculations w ere carried out using energy param eters from Persson et al. [21], A lthough X e I laser lines do exist, they appear w ith w eak intensity [22] and seem to be o f little practical interest. D espite this fact, the m odel does take into account the dynam ics o f these transitions. For Xe, sim ilar calculations w ere perform ed w ith param eters taken from [ 1 1 ] for the even parity levels and from [23] for the odd parity levels. Spectroscopic results do n o t show any laser lines belonging to X e I. F o r X e II, alm ost all the experim ental energy levels o f the 5 s 4 / configuration are unknow n. In such a case, it is n o t possible to optim ize the param eters using the previously m entioned technique; therefore, ab initio calculations w ere carried out. Since X e III has a single electron out o f a closed shell, inclusion o f the Rydberg series becom es im portant [20]. Ab initio calculations w ere also used in this case including the ns and np series up to n = 15 and nd and n f series to n = 12. Table I show s the results obtained for the m ain classified transitions in these ions. In general, the spontaneous transition probability is about s 1, and the lifetim e o f the upper level lies betw een ns, w hile the lifetim e o f the low er level is one or tw o orders o f m agnitude low er.. Pu m pin g Pr o c e sse s A ccording to [17], w e assum e that the m ain excitation and deexcitation processes are radiative and collisional. In order to understand the population inversion m echanism s, the set o f equations ( 1 ) w as solved for typical discharge conditions. R H F ab initio calculations w ere carried out for each one o f the ions. They included all the relevant configurations that show interaction w ith those to w hich the laser levels belong. F rom these results, the levels that show ed larger oscillator 251
4 1311 SOBRAL et al.: EXCITATION MECHANISMS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A MULTIIONIC XENON LASER TABLE II C a l c u l a t e d a n d M e a s u r e d L a s e r G a in A [A]W Fig. 4. Simplified laser excitation model energy level scheme. Solid line: radiative decay channels; dotted line: recombination processes; dashed line: collisional excitationdeexcitation and ionization processes. Measured Gain [db/m] and Calculated Gain (Mirror Reflectivities, Front Rear [%]} \db/rri\ (air) Ref. [28] Ref. [14] Tliis work {7095} {8599} {94100} {9396} {7585} {88100} 7.3 {8499} 6.2 {8599} {88100} 2.6 {8599} {88100} 4.0 {8599} 2.9 {8599} {88100} 6.4 {8599} 4.5 {8599} {88100} 4.4 {8499} 3.6 {8599} {7599} 2.4 {8099} Wavelengths were taken from [24], strengths w ith the laser transition levels w ere determ ined and their param eters included in equation set ( 1 ). L aser levels are m ainly populated by electron im pact and cascade recom bination, and their relative w eights differ for different ions. We w ill restrict o u r analysis to the optically allow ed transitions since their cross sections m aintain a large value for a m uch broader range than the optically forbidden ones [25]. B esides, calculations show that the upper laser level has a stronger transition probability to the low er laser level than to the rest o f the levels. T he upper level h as also a strong connection w ith higher levels that populate it, w ith an oscillator strength value o f about unity. B ased on these facts, a four level m odel turns out to be th e m o st favorable schem e to describe the excitation processes that lead to laser action for the different ions. Fig. 4 show s a sim plified diagram o f the excitation m ech anism s that give rise to inversion population. C ontributions o f electronic im pact, radiative and collisional decay, and recom bination cascade processes w ere taken into acco u n t in all cases for the optically allow ed transitions. The p o pulation is transferred by electron im pact from the ground level o f each ion E \ to higher excited levels. The latter m ay receive (depending on the configuration) cascade contributions due to recom bination processes [18]. f and p opulations are connected by radiative decay and e x citatio n d eex citatio n electron collision processes [17]. Since, in all cases, the f lifetim e is m uch larger than f, the population o f state 3 exceeds that for state 2. B ased on these assum ptions, w e w ill analyze in detail som e o f the laser transitions belo n gin g to different ions. C alculations show ed that the upper laser level o f the A laser line belonging to X e TIT is p opulated m ainly by dielectronic recom bination from the ground X e I level: 5s 2 5p3 4 S 3 /2. T he upper level 3 o f X e laser transitions is filled m ainly by cascading from the 5s5p 2 4 f and 5s 2 5p7d configurations ( 4 ), and these are populated b y electron im pact from the ion ground level in a m ultistep process. 252 The upper laser level 3 o f the X e II (5 s 4 / 1 F s), is pop ulated b oth by radiative d ecay from 4 and by recom bination from the Xe III ground level. O u r calculations show ed that the latter process is dom inant for the Te peak values considered here. Finally, for X e III, the 3 levels are m ainly p opulated by a strong radiative decay from the up p er configurations, w ith transition probabilities o f th e order o f s 1. In turn, these levels are populated m ainly by recom bination from th e 4 d 10 configuration belonging to X e IX. I. La se r Ga in The gain coefficient p e r unit length for different lines appearing in Table II can be calculated u sing the follow ing relation [26]: w here A 32 is the radiative transition rate, N i and gi are the density population and th e statistical w eights corresponding to level i, A A/A is the relative linew idth, and c is the speed o f light. T he linew idth is given b y D op p ler broadening and b y colli sions betw een electrons an d ions. T he form er can be calculated from [25], and the latter from an expression p roposed by G riem [27]. U nder our experim ental conditions, calculations show that th e last term is dom inant. A 3 2 values w ere obtained from R H F calculations. The p o pulation densities N 3 an d N 2 w ere d eterm ined by solving ( l ) ( 5 ) for typical ex citation values [17] and in cluding the m ain levels that interact w ith each laser level. The electron tem perature ( T e) is increased until laser th resh o ld is reached for each line. The population densities T 3 and N 2 obtained u n d er these conditions are in troduced in ( 6 ). T he sm all signal laser gain for the m ain know n transitions w as m easured in the usual w ay, introducing a know n loss into
5 1312 IEEE JOURNAL OF QUANTUM ELECTRONICS, OL. 35, NO. 9, SEPTEMBER 1999 Fig. 5. Calculated temporal distribution o f the spontaneous and stimulated emission near threshold for a Xe III (A = A) line. the cavity until threshold w as reached for a particular line. T he results can be seen in Table II, together w ith values from other authors for com parison [14], [28]. T heoretical results are in general agreem ent w ith experim en tal data. For X e III, the spontaneous transition probabilities are low er than those corresponding to other ions, although it is com pensated for by the large radiative collisional decay rate m entioned previously. II. T e m p o r a l Ana l y s is In order to analyze the tem poral characteristics o f the em is sion, ( 1 ) w as solved num erically for typical discharge param e ters. A ll the levels that take place in the excitation deexcitation processes giving rise to laser action w ere included. The elec tron tem perature is increased until the shape o f the calculated spontaneous em ission reproduces the experim ental results. A fter that, the stim ulated em ission term s (2) and (3) w ere included in ( 1 ), and the w hole system w as solved together w ith (4) and (5). C alculations show s that laser oscillations are dependent on the pum ping rate o f the levels. A s expected, they appear n ear threshold, in agreem ent w ith previous w ork [16]. This fact w as m ore clearly observed in lines belonging to higher ionization stages such as X e II and X e III, since, u n d er our experim ental conditions, they operate near threshold. This is theoretically supported by the low er transition probability for the upper laser levels belonging to several o f these lines. N ear threshold, the calculated em ission presents a large n um ber o f oscillations. This situation holds, for exam ple, w hen A 32 is low, as in the typical case for X e III. Fig. 5 show s the tem poral evolution o f the spontaneous and stim ulated em ission for the À line o f the X e III. The result agrees w ith that show n in Fig. 1 for the sam e line. W hen the electron tem perature is increased from threshold, oscillations disappear and the stim ulated em ission follow s the tem poral shape o f the spontaneous em ission. This agrees w ith the fact that the low er laser level radiative decay rate is m uch larger than that for the upper laser level (Table I). Fig. 6 show s the tem poral shape o f the spontaneous em ission for a X e II transition and the À stim ulated em ission, reproducing Fig. 6. Calculated output o f the spontaneous and stimulated emission for the A = A line belonging to Xe II. the experim ental observation o f Fig. 2. Further increases o f the electron tem perature produce an intense single laser pulse, as w as show n in previous w orks [ 1 0 ], [16]. III. C o n c l u s io n s The tem poral evolution o f m ore than 20 U visible xenon laser lines and their corresponding spontaneous em ission from a m ultiionic low pressure plasm a is analyzed using tim eresolved spectroscopy. R H F calculations on X e III to X e IX w ere carried out to determ ine spontaneous transition proba b ilities and lifetim es o f relevant levels involved in the laser em ission. R esults show that the upper laser spontaneous tran sition rate to the low er laser level is larger than to the rest o f the levels. M oreover, the u p p er level lifetim e is one o r tw o orders o f m agnitude greater than that for the low er state. U sing a collisional radiative m odel based on electron im pact and cascade processes, w e studied the dynam ics o f the plasm a. The num erical solution o f this m odel, including the stim ulated term s, predict the observed oscillations near threshold w hich agrees w ith experim ental results. It can also be u sed to determ ine the optim um lasing conditions for each line. The results also indicated that, u n d er certain experim ental conditions, the strong A line can also be m ade to lase in an extended m ode, giving rise to a quasi C W tem poral profile, sim ilar to the visible lines reported in [29]. We found in m ost o f the laser lines that b oth the electron im pact and recom bination m echanism s are responsible for population inversion. The agreem ent betw een experim ental sm all signal m easured gain and the calculated gain values supports the proposed m odel. The m odel is being applied to other m ulti ionic rare gas laser system s. 253 Re f er enc es [1] W. B. Bridges and A. N. Chester, isible and U laser oscillations at 118 wavelengths in ionized neon, argon, krypton, xenon, oxygen, and other gases, Appl. Opt., vol. 4, pp , [2], Spectroscopy of ion lasers, IEEE J. Quantum Electron., vol. QE1, pp , [3] P. K. Cheo and H. G. Cooper, Ultraviolet ion laser transitions between 2300 and 4000 A, J. Appl. Phys., vol. 36, pp , 1965.
6 SOBRAL et al: EXCITATION MECHANISMS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A MULTIIONIC XENON LASER 1313 [4] E. Gallego Lluesma, A. Tagliaferri, C. Massone, M. Garavaglia, and M. Gallardo, Ionic assignment of unidentified of xenon laser lines, J. Opt. Soc. Amer., vol. 63, pp , [5] T. W. Hansch, A. L. Schawlow, and P. Toschek, Simple dye laser repetitively pumped by a xenon ion laser, IEEE J. Quantum Electron., vol. QE9, pp , [6] D. W. Fahey and L. D. Schearer, A xenon ion pumped blue dye laser, IEEE J. Quantum Electron., vol. QE14, pp , [7] L. D. Schearer, A highpower pulsed xenon ion laser as a pump source for a tunable dye laser, IEEE J. Quantum Electron., vol. QE11, pp. [21] W. Persson, C. Wahlstrom, G. Bertuccelli, H. Di Rocco, J. Reyna Almandos, and M. Gallardo, Spectrum of doubly ionized xenon (Xe III), Phys. Scr., vol. 38, pp , [22] J. Marling, Ultraviolet ion laser performance and spectroscopy Part I: New strong noblegas transitions below 2500 A, IEEE J. Quantum Electron., vol. QE11, pp , [23] A. Tauheed, Y. Joshi,. Kaufman, J. Sugar, and E. Pinnington, Analysis of the 5s25p2 (5s5p3 + 5s25p5d + 5s25p6s) transitions of fourtimes ionized xenon (Xe ), J. Opt. Soc. Amer. B, vol. 10, pp , , [24] M. Gallardo and J. Reyna Almandos, private communication. [8] J. Pinard and L. Liberman, A frequency locked, single mode pulsed [25] C. Willett, Introduction to Gas Lasers: Population Inversion Mechanisms. dye laser. Application to single frequency tunable U generation, Opt. Oxford, U.K.: Pergamon, Commun., vol. 20, pp , [26] M. Pockl, M. Hebenstreit, T. Neger, and F. Aumayr, Timedependent [9] J. Tocho, R. Duchowicz, M. Gallardo, and M. Garavaglia, Frequency collisionalradiative model for capillary discharge plasmas, J. Appl. locking in doublepumped dye laser, IEEE J. Quantum Electron., vol. QE17, pp , [10] R. Duchowicz, D. Schinca, and M. Gallardo, New analysis for the Phys., vol. 76, pp , [27] H. Griem, Semiempirical formulas for the electronimpact widths and shifts of isolated ion lines in plasmas, Phys. Rev., vol. 165, pp , assignment o f U visible ionic Xe laser lines, IEEE J. Quantum Electron., vol. 30, pp , [28] W. Simmons and R. Witte, Highpower pulsed xenon ion lasers, IEEE [11] M. Gallardo, M. Raineri, J. Reyna Almandos, H. Sobral, and F. J. Quantum Electron., vol. QE6, pp , Callegari, Revised and extended analysis in four times ionized xenon [29] W. Bridges and G. Mercer, CW operation of high ionization states in a Xe, J. Quantitative and Radiative Transfer, vol. 61, pp , xenon laser, IEEEJ. Quantum Electron., vol. QE5, pp , [12] M. Larsson, A. Gonzalez, R. Hallin, F. Heijkenskjold, R. Hutton, A. Langereis, B. Nynstrom, B. Sullivan, and A. Wonnstrom, Wavelengths and energy levels of Xe II and Xe III obtained by collision based spectroscopy, Phys. Scr., vol. 51, pp. 6975, H. Sobral, photograph and biography not available at the time of publication. [13] M. Wang, A. Amesen, R. Hallin, F. Heijkenskjold, A. Langereis, M. Larsson, C. Nordling, and A. Wonnstrom, Collisionbased spectroscopy ofx e III Rydberg states, / Opt. Soc. Amer. B, vol. 13, pp , [14] A. Papayoanou, R. Buser, and I. Gumeiner, Parameters in a dynamically M. Raineri, photograph and biography not available at the time of publication. compressed xenon plasma laser, IEEE J. Quantum Electron., vol. QE9, pp , [15] W. Sasaki and S. Saito, Doublepulsed output with a Xe I laser excited by long current pulse discharges, Appl. Opt., vol. 19, pp. 5 6, D. Schinca, photograph and biography not available at the time of publication. [16] H. Sobral, D. Schinca, R. Duchowicz, and M. Gallardo, Gain switching and oscillations in a ionic pulsed xenon laser, Pure Appl. Opt., vol. 5, pp , [17] H. Sobral, D. Schinca, M. Gallardo, and R. Duchowicz, Time dependent study o f a multiionic xenon plasma, J. Appl. Phvs., vol. 85, pp. cation. M. Gallardo, photograph and biography not available at the time of publi 6973, [18] I. Sobelman, L. ainshtein, and E. Yukov, Excitations of Atoms and Broadening of Spectral Lines. Berlin, Germany: Springererlag, [19] A. Siegman, Lasers. Mill alley, CA: University Sci., [20] R. Cowan, The Theory of Atomic Structure and Spectra. Berkeley, CA: R. Duchowicz, photograph and biography not available at the time of UC Berkeley, publication. 254
386 Brazilian Journal of Physics, vol. 30, no. 2, June, 2000 Atomic Transitions for the Doubly Ionized Argon Spectrum, Ar III 1 F. R. T. Luna, 2 F. Br
386 Brazilian Journal of Physics, vol. 30, no. 2, June, 2000 Atomic Transitions for the Doubly Ionized Argon Spectrum, Ar III 1 F. R. T. Luna, 2 F. Bredice, 3 G. H. Cavalcanti, and 1;4 A. G. Trigueiros,
More informationNov Julien Michel
Int roduct ion t o Free Ene rgy Calculat ions ov. 2005 Julien Michel Predict ing Binding Free Energies A A Recept or B B Recept or Can we predict if A or B will bind? Can we predict the stronger binder?
More informationOPTICA PURA Y APLICADA - Vol
OPTICA PURA Y APLICADA - Vol. 16-1983 CLASSIFIED LINES IN THE SPECTRUM OF Xe II G. BERTUCCELLI*, J. REYNA ALMANDOS, O. DI ROCCO* and M. GALLARDO * Universidad Nacional del Centro, 7000 Tandil, Rep. Argentina
More informationCanadian Journal of Physics. Extended Analysis of Xe VII and Xe VIII
Canadian Journal of Physics Extended Analysis of Xe VII and Xe VIII Journal: Canadian Journal of Physics Manuscript ID cjp-2016-0728.r1 Manuscript Type: Review Date Submitted by the Author: 05-Dec-2016
More informationLaser Physics OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS SIMON HOOKER COLIN WEBB. and. Department of Physics, University of Oxford
Laser Physics SIMON HOOKER and COLIN WEBB Department of Physics, University of Oxford OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS Contents 1 Introduction 1.1 The laser 1.2 Electromagnetic radiation in a closed cavity 1.2.1
More informationLasers... the optical cavity
Lasers... the optical cavity history principle, intuitive aspects, characteristics 2 levels systems Ti: Helium Al2O3 - Neon model-locked laser laser VCSEL bragg mirrors cleaved facets 13 ptical and/or
More informationEXTREME ULTRAVIOLET AND SOFT X-RAY LASERS
Chapter 7 EXTREME ULTRAVIOLET AND SOFT X-RAY LASERS Hot dense plasma lasing medium d θ λ λ Visible laser pump Ch07_00VG.ai The Processes of Absorption, Spontaneous Emission, and Stimulated Emission Absorption
More informationReal Gas Equation of State for Methane
Kaliningrad 2012 1. Commission Regulation (EC) No 692/2008 of 18 July 2008. http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/sectors/automotive/environment/eurovi/index_ en. htm, p. 130. 2. Payne J. F. B., Skyrme G. Int.
More informationEnergy Levels, Oscillator Strengths, and Transition Probabilities of Ni XIX and Cu XX
Optics and Photonics Journal, 2014, 4, 54-89 Published Online March 2014 in SciRes. http://www.scirp.org/journal/opj http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/opj.2014.43008 Energy Levels, Oscillator Strengths, and Transition
More informationС-4. Simulation of Smoke Particles Coagulation in the Exhaust System of Piston Engine
Kaliningrad 2012 Simulation of Smoke Particles Coagulation in the Exhaust System of Piston Engine С-4 Sergey M. Frolov1, Konstantin A. Avdeev1, Vladislav S. Ivanov1, Branislav Basara2, Peter Priesching2,
More informationProcedures for Computing Classification Consistency and Accuracy Indices with Multiple Categories
esearcli R eport Semes 2 0 0 0 Procedures for Computing Classification Consistency and Accuracy Indices with Multiple Categories Won-Chan Lee Bradley A. Hanson Robert L. Brennan ACT O c t o b e r For additional
More informationLarge chunks. voids. Use of Shale in Highway Embankments
Use of Shale in Highway Embankments C. W. Lovell R esearch Engineer Joint Highway R esearch Project School of Civil E ngineering P urdue University IN T R O D U C T IO N Poor perform ance of m idw estern
More informationModern optics Lasers
Chapter 13 Phys 322 Lecture 36 Modern optics Lasers Reminder: Please complete the online course evaluation Last lecture: Review discussion (no quiz) LASER = Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of
More informationAnalysis and Experimental Study of Vibration System Characteristics of Ultrasonic Compound Electrical Machining
UDC 539.4 Analysis and Experimental Study of Vibration System Characteristics of Ultrasonic Compound Electrical Machining Z. Q. D eng, Y. W. Z h u,1 F. W ang, X. G u, an d D. Y ang Collage of Mechanical
More informationA Study of Drink Driving and Recidivism in the State of Victoria Australia, during the Fiscal Years 1992/ /96 (Inclusive)
A Study of Drink Driving and Recidivism in the State of Victia Australia, during the Fiscal Years 1992/93-1995/96 (Inclusive) M ichael M o l o n e y, D iane P a l a ia V ictia Police Fce, T raffic A lcohol
More informationPhys 2310 Fri. Dec. 12, 2014 Today s Topics. Begin Chapter 13: Lasers Reading for Next Time
Phys 2310 Fri. Dec. 12, 2014 Today s Topics Begin Chapter 13: Lasers Reading for Next Time 1 Reading this Week By Fri.: Ch. 13 (13.1, 13.3) Lasers, Holography 2 Homework this Week No Homework this chapter.
More information(b) Spontaneous emission. Absorption, spontaneous (random photon) emission and stimulated emission.
Lecture 10 Stimulated Emission Devices Lasers Stimulated emission and light amplification Einstein coefficients Optical fiber amplifiers Gas laser and He-Ne Laser The output spectrum of a gas laser Laser
More informationPhys 2310 Mon. Dec. 4, 2017 Today s Topics. Begin supplementary material: Lasers Reading for Next Time
Phys 2310 Mon. Dec. 4, 2017 Today s Topics Begin supplementary material: Lasers Reading for Next Time 1 By Wed.: Reading this Week Lasers, Holography 2 Homework this Week No Homework this chapter. Finish
More informationStimulated Emission Devices: LASERS
Stimulated Emission Devices: LASERS 1. Stimulated Emission and Photon Amplification E 2 E 2 E 2 hυ hυ hυ In hυ Out hυ E 1 E 1 E 1 (a) Absorption (b) Spontaneous emission (c) Stimulated emission The Principle
More informationChapter9. Amplification of light. Lasers Part 2
Chapter9. Amplification of light. Lasers Part 06... Changhee Lee School of Electrical and Computer Engineering Seoul National Univ. chlee7@snu.ac.kr /9 9. Stimulated emission and thermal radiation The
More informationLaser Excitation Dynamics of Argon Metastables Generated in Atmospheric Pressure Flows by Microwave Frequency Microplasma Arrays
Physical Sciences Inc. Laser Excitation Dynamics of Argon Metastables Generated in Atmospheric Pressure Flows by Microwave Frequency Microplasma Arrays W.T. Rawlins, K.L. Galbally-Kinney, S.J. Davis Physical
More informationIN RECENT YEARS, Cr -doped crystals have attracted a
2286 IEEE JOURNAL OF QUANTUM ELECTRONICS, VOL. 33, NO. 12, DECEMBER 1997 Optimization of Cr -Doped Saturable-Absorber -Switched Lasers Xingyu Zhang, Shengzhi Zhao, Qingpu Wang, Qidi Zhang, Lianke Sun,
More informationPrecision VUV spectroscopy of Ar I at 105 nm
J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 32 (999) L5 L56. Printed in the UK PII: S0953-4075(99)05625-4 LETTER TO THE EDITOR Precision VUV spectroscopy of Ar I at 05 nm I Velchev, W Hogervorst and W Ubachs Vrije
More informationGENETIC ALGORlIHMS WITH AN APPLICATION TO NONLINEAR TRANSPORTATION PROBLEMS
101 GENETIC ALGORlIHMS WITH AN APPLICATION TO NONLINEAR TRANSPORTATION PROBLEMS MATTHEW HOBBS ISOR, VICTORIA UNIVERSITY WELLINGTON Abstract In this paper I will describe the theory and implementation of
More informationRedacted for Privacy (Major pro ssor)
AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Electrical and Electronics EDWIN KARL FREYTAG for the M.S. in Engineering (Name) (Degree) (Major) Date thesis is presented September 1, 1966 Title GAS RATIO AND PRESSURE EFFECTS
More informationEUV spectra from the NIST EBIT
EUV spectra from the NIST EBIT D. Kilbane and G. O Sullivan Atomic and Molecular Plasma Physics group, UCD, Ireland J. D. Gillaspy, Yu. Ralchenko and J. Reader National Institute of Standards and Technology,
More information(2009) Journal of Rem ote Sensing (, 2006) 2. 1 (, 1999), : ( : 2007CB714402) ;
100724619 (2009) 0220183207 Journal of Rem ote Sensing 1, 2, 3, 3, 3, 1 1., 100101; 2., 100049; 3., 100080 :,,, 3, ( ),1%,, :,,, : TP79 : A 1 20,,,,;, (, 1999),,,,, (, 2006),,,,, 2 2. 1 : 2007209217; :
More informationSupplementary Materials
Supplementary Materials Sample characterization The presence of Si-QDs is established by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), by which the average QD diameter of d QD 2.2 ± 0.5 nm has been determined
More informationExcitation-Wavelength Dependent and Time-Resolved Photoluminescence Studies of Europium Doped GaN Grown by Interrupted Growth Epitaxy (IGE)
Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. Vol. 866 2005 Materials Research Society V3.5.1 Excitation-Wavelength Dependent and Time-Resolved Photoluminescence Studies of Europium Doped GaN Grown by Interrupted Growth
More informationWhat are S M U s? SMU = Software Maintenance Upgrade Software patch del iv ery u nit wh ich once ins tal l ed and activ ated prov ides a point-fix for
SMU 101 2 0 0 7 C i s c o S y s t e m s, I n c. A l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d. 1 What are S M U s? SMU = Software Maintenance Upgrade Software patch del iv ery u nit wh ich once ins tal l ed and activ
More informationLaser Types Two main types depending on time operation Continuous Wave (CW) Pulsed operation Pulsed is easier, CW more useful
Main Requirements of the Laser Optical Resonator Cavity Laser Gain Medium of 2, 3 or 4 level types in the Cavity Sufficient means of Excitation (called pumping) eg. light, current, chemical reaction Population
More informationRichard Miles and Arthur Dogariu. Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
Richard Miles and Arthur Dogariu Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA Workshop on Oxygen Plasma Kinetics Sept 20, 2016 Financial support: ONR and MetroLaser
More informationStimulated Emission. Electrons can absorb photons from medium. Accelerated electrons emit light to return their ground state
Lecture 15 Stimulated Emission Devices- Lasers Stimulated emission and light amplification Einstein coefficients Optical fiber amplifiers Gas laser and He-Ne Laser The output spectrum of a gas laser Laser
More informationWhat Makes a Laser Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation Main Requirements of the Laser Laser Gain Medium (provides the light
What Makes a Laser Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation Main Requirements of the Laser Laser Gain Medium (provides the light amplification) Optical Resonator Cavity (greatly increase
More informationATOMIC AND LASER SPECTROSCOPY
ALAN CORNEY ATOMIC AND LASER SPECTROSCOPY CLARENDON PRESS OXFORD 1977 Contents 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Planck's radiation law. 1 1.2. The photoelectric effect 4 1.3. Early atomic spectroscopy 5 1.4. The postulates
More informationPlasmonic properties and sizing of core-shell Cu-Cu 2 O nanoparticles fabricated by femtosecond laser ablation in liquids ABSTRACT
Plasmonic properties and sizing of core-shell Cu-Cu O nanoparticles fabricated by femtosecond laser ablation in liquids J. M. J. Santillán 1, F. A. Videla 1,, D. C. Schinca 1, and L. B. Scaffardi 1, 1
More informationUnit-2 LASER. Syllabus: Properties of lasers, types of lasers, derivation of Einstein A & B Coefficients, Working He-Ne and Ruby lasers.
Unit-2 LASER Syllabus: Properties of lasers, types of lasers, derivation of Einstein A & B Coefficients, Working He-Ne and Ruby lasers. Page 1 LASER: The word LASER is acronym for light amplification by
More informationAtomic structure and dynamics
Atomic structure and dynamics -- need and requirements for accurate atomic calculations Analysis and interpretation of optical and x-ray spectra (astro physics) Isotope shifts and hyperfine structures
More informationShift and broadening of emission lines in Nd 3+ :YAG laser crystal influenced by input energy
PRAMANA c Indian Academy of Sciences Vol. 86, No. 6 journal of June 16 physics pp. 1307 1312 Shift and broadening of emission lines in Nd 3+ :YAG laser crystal influenced by input energy SEYED EBRAHIM
More informationComparison of hollow cathode and Penning discharges for metastable He production
INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS PUBLISHING Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 11 (2002) 426 430 Comparison of hollow cathode and Penning discharges for metastable He production PLASMA SOURCES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PII:
More informationSurface Plasmon Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. By: Jonathan Massey-Allard Graham Zell Justin Lau
Surface Plasmon Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation By: Jonathan Massey-Allard Graham Zell Justin Lau Surface Plasmons (SPs) Quanta of electron oscillations in a plasma. o Electron gas in
More informationThe M echanism of Factor VIII Inactivation by H um an Antibodies
ANNALS O F CLINICAL A N D LABORATORY SC IE N C E, Vol. 15, No. 1 Copyright 1985, Institute for Clinical Science, Inc. The M echanism of Factor VIII Inactivation by H um an Antibodies II. The Effect of
More informationFew thoughts on PFA, from the calorim etric point of view
1 Few thoughts on PFA, from the calorim etric point of view discussing pad siz e, M oliere radius, distance from the interaction point. H enri Videau 2 H ave you had anytim e a close view at show ers?
More informationPhotonics applications II. Ion-doped ChGs
Photonics applications II Ion-doped ChGs 1 ChG as a host for doping; pros and cons - Important - Condensed summary Low phonon energy; Enabling emission at longer wavelengths Reduced nonradiative multiphonon
More informationFine Structure Calculations of Atomic Data for Ar XVI
Journal of Modern Physics, 2015, 6, 1609-1630 Published Online September 2015 in SciRes. http://www.scirp.org/journal/jmp http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jmp.2015.611163 Fine Structure Calculations of Atomic
More informationLaserphysik. Prof. Yong Lei & Dr. Yang Xu. Fachgebiet Angewandte Nanophysik, Institut für Physik
Laserphysik Prof. Yong Lei & Dr. Yang Xu Fachgebiet Angewandte Nanophysik, Institut für Physik Contact: yong.lei@tu-ilmenau.de; yang.xu@tu-ilmenau.de Office: Heisenbergbau V 202, Unterpörlitzer Straße
More informationJoint ICTP-IAEA Workshop on Fusion Plasma Modelling using Atomic and Molecular Data January 2012
2327-4 Joint ICTP- Workshop on Fusion Plasma Modelling using Atomic and Molecular Data 23-27 January 2012 Atomic Processes Modeling in Plasmas Modeling Spectroscopic Observables from Plasmas Hyun-Kyung
More informationCollisional radiative model
Lenka Dosoudilová Lenka Dosoudilová 1 / 14 Motivation Equations Approximative models Emission coefficient Particles J ij = 1 4π n j A ij hν ij, atoms in ground state atoms in excited states resonance metastable
More informationConstruction of a 100-TW laser and its applications in EUV laser, wakefield accelerator, and nonlinear optics
Construction of a 100-TW laser and its applications in EUV laser, wakefield accelerator, and nonlinear optics Jyhpyng Wang ( ) Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences Academia Sinica, Taiwan National
More informationChemistry Instrumental Analysis Lecture 5. Chem 4631
Chemistry 4631 Instrumental Analysis Lecture 5 Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation High Intensities Narrow Bandwidths Coherent Outputs Applications CD/DVD Readers Fiber Optics Spectroscopy
More informationAcademic and Research Staff. Prof. R. Weiss. Graduate Students. G. D. Blum T. R. Brown S. Ezekiel
VII. GRAVITATION RESEARCH Academic and Research Staff Prof. R. Weiss Graduate Students G. D. Blum T. R. Brown S. Ezekiel RESEARCH OBJECTIVES Research in this group is concerned with an experimental investigation
More informationHyperfine structure and isotope shift measurements on 4d 10 1 S 0 4d 9 5p J = 1 transitions in Pd I using deep-uv cw laser spectroscopy
Eur. Phys. J. D 19, 25 29 (22) DOI: 1.114/epjd/e2251 THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL D c EDP Sciences Società Italiana di Fisica Springer-Verlag 22 Hyperfine structure and isotope shift measurements on 4d
More informationA L A BA M A L A W R E V IE W
A L A BA M A L A W R E V IE W Volume 52 Fall 2000 Number 1 B E F O R E D I S A B I L I T Y C I V I L R I G HT S : C I V I L W A R P E N S I O N S A N D TH E P O L I T I C S O F D I S A B I L I T Y I N
More information2.B Laser Ionization of Noble Gases by Coulomb Barrier Suppression
ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENTS 2.B Laser Ionization of Noble Gases by Coulomb Barrier Suppression Introduction The ionization of atoms and ions in high-intensity laser fields allows a study of atomic
More information5 Quantum Wells. 1. Use a Multimeter to test the resistance of your laser; Record the resistance for both polarities.
Measurement Lab 0: Resistance The Diode laser is basically a diode junction. Same as all the other semiconductor diode junctions, e should be able to see difference in resistance for different polarities.
More informationInstructor: Welcome to. Phys 774: Principles of Spectroscopy. Fall How can we produce EM waves? Spectrum of Electromagnetic Radiation and Light
Welcome to Phys 774: Principles of Spectroscopy Fall 2007 Instructor: Andrei Sirenko Associate Professor at the Dept. of Physics, NJIT http://web.njit.edu/~sirenko 476 Tiernan Office hours: After the classes
More informationFigure 1 Relaxation processes within an excited state or the ground state.
Excited State Processes and Application to Lasers The technology of the laser (Light Amplified by Stimulated Emission of Radiation) was developed in the early 1960s. The technology is based on an understanding
More informationstudy of low-lying correlation satellites below 25 ev in xenon probed by pulsed-field-ionizationzero-kinetic-energy
High resolution study of low-lying correlation satellites below 25 ev in xenon probed by pulsed-field-ionization-zero-kineticenergy photoelectron spectroscopy Article (Published Version) Shiell, R C, Evans,
More informationExtreme ultraviolet spectroscopy of highly charged argon ions at the Berlin EBIT
Extreme ultraviolet spectroscopy of highly charged argon ions at the Berlin EBIT C. Biedermann, R. Radtke, G. Fussmann, F.I. Allen Institut für Physik der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Lehrstuhl Plasmaphysik,
More information3B/16. L a force portante des fondations en coins
3B16 T h e U ltim a te B e a r in g C a p a c ity o f W e d g e -sh a p e d F o u n d a t io n s L a force portante des fondations en coins by P ro fe sso r G. G. M e y e r h o f, D. S c., P h. D., F.
More informationLine-profile Analysis of Excitation Spectroscopy in Even 5p 5 ( 2 P 1/2 )nl [K ] J (l =1, 3) Autoionizing Resonances of Xe
CHINESE JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS VOLUME 26, NUMBER 4 AUGUST 27, 2013 ARTICLE Line-profile Analysis of Excitation Spectroscopy in Even 5p 5 ( 2 P 1/2 )nl [K ] J (l =1, 3) Autoionizing Resonances of Xe
More information1. Introduction. 2. New approaches
New Approaches To An Indium Ion Optical Frequency Standard Kazuhiro HAYASAKA National Institute of Information and Communications Technology(NICT) e-mail:hayasaka@nict.go.jp ECTI200 . Introduction Outline
More informationEE 472 Solutions to some chapter 4 problems
EE 472 Solutions to some chapter 4 problems 4.4. Erbium doped fiber amplifier An EDFA is pumped at 1480 nm. N1 and N2 are the concentrations of Er 3+ at the levels E 1 and E 2 respectively as shown in
More informationMetal Vapour Lasers Use vapoured metal as a gain medium Developed by W. Silfvast (1966) Two types: Ionized Metal vapour (He-Cd) Neutral Metal vapour
Metal Vapour Lasers Use vapoured metal as a gain medium Developed by W. Silfvast (1966) Two types: Ionized Metal vapour (He-Cd) Neutral Metal vapour (Cu) All operate by vaporizing metal in container Helium
More informationThe near-infrared spectra and distribution of excited states of electrodeless discharge rubidium vapour lamps
The near-infrared spectra and distribution of excited states of electrodeless discharge rubidium vapour lamps Sun Qin-Qing( ) a)b), Miao Xin-Yu( ) a), Sheng Rong-Wu( ) c), and Chen Jing-Biao( ) a)b) a)
More informationM R S Internet Journal of Nitride Semiconductor Research
M R S Internet Journal of Nitride Semiconductor Research Volume 2, Article 25 Properties of the Biexciton and the Electron-Hole-Plasma in Highly Excited GaN J.-Chr. Holst, L. Eckey, A. Hoffmann, I. Broser
More informationLaser Types Two main types depending on time operation Continuous Wave (CW) Pulsed operation Pulsed is easier, CW more useful
What Makes a Laser Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation Main Requirements of the Laser Laser Gain Medium (provides the light amplification) Optical Resonator Cavity (greatly increase
More informationImpact of Drink-drive Enforcement and Public Education Programs in Victoria, Australia
Impact of Drink-drive Enforcement and Public Education Programs in Victoria, Australia D avid H ealy, T ransport A ccident C om m ission B A C K G R O U N D In D ecem ber 1989, the T ransport A ccident
More informationImproving the stability of longitudinal and transverse laser modes
Optics Communications 239 (24) 147 151 www.elsevier.com/locate/optcom Improving the stability of longitudinal and transverse laser modes G. Machavariani *, N. Davidson, A.A. Ishaaya, A.A. Friesem Department
More informationBenefits of cryogenic cooling on the operation of a pulsed CO 2 laser
PRAMANA c Indian Academy of Sciences Vol. 82, No. 1 journal of January 2014 physics pp. 147 152 Benefits of cryogenic cooling on the operation of a pulsed CO 2 laser UTPAL NUNDY BH-2-76, Kendriya Vihar,
More informationOPTI 511R, Spring 2018 Problem Set 10 Prof. R.J. Jones Due Thursday, April 19
OPTI 511R, Spring 2018 Problem Set 10 Prof. R.J. Jones Due Thursday, April 19 1. (a) Suppose you want to use a lens focus a Gaussian laser beam of wavelength λ in order to obtain a beam waist radius w
More informationSUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
Supplementary Information Speckle-free laser imaging using random laser illumination Brandon Redding 1*, Michael A. Choma 2,3*, Hui Cao 1,4* 1 Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven,
More informationApplied physics. Amplifier Concept. Physics B Chemis'a'y 9 Springer-Verlag Basic Concept
Appl. Phys. B 35, 227-231 (1984) Applied physics Physics B Chemis'a'y 9 Springer-Verlag 1984 A New Blue-Green XeF(C Amplifier Concept A) Excimer Laser Y. Nachshon and F.K. Tittel Department of Electrical
More informationLaser heating of noble gas droplet sprays: EUV source efficiency considerations
Laser heating of noble gas droplet sprays: EUV source efficiency considerations S.J. McNaught, J. Fan, E. Parra and H.M. Milchberg Institute for Physical Science and Technology University of Maryland College
More informationlaser with Q-switching for generation of terahertz radiation Multiline CO 2 Journal of Physics: Conference Series PAPER OPEN ACCESS
Journal of Physics: Conference Series PAPER OPEN ACCESS Multiline CO 2 laser with Q-switching for generation of terahertz radiation To cite this article: A A Ionin et al 2017 J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 941 012004
More informationNew Concept of DPSSL
New Concept of DPSSL - Tuning laser parameters by controlling temperature - Junji Kawanaka Contributors ILS/UEC Tokyo S. Tokita, T. Norimatsu, N. Miyanaga, Y. Izawa H. Nishioka, K. Ueda M. Fujita Institute
More informationExternal (differential) quantum efficiency Number of additional photons emitted / number of additional electrons injected
Semiconductor Lasers Comparison with LEDs The light emitted by a laser is generally more directional, more intense and has a narrower frequency distribution than light from an LED. The external efficiency
More informationSignal regeneration - optical amplifiers
Signal regeneration - optical amplifiers In any atom or solid, the state of the electrons can change by: 1) Stimulated absorption - in the presence of a light wave, a photon is absorbed, the electron is
More informationOptical Gain and Multi-Quantum Excitation in Optically Pumped Alkali Atom Rare Gas Mixtures
Physical Sciences Inc. Optical Gain and Multi-Quantum Excitation in Optically Pumped Alkali Atom Rare Gas Mixtures Kristin L. Galbally-Kinney, Wilson T. Rawlins, and Steven J. Davis 20 New England Business
More informationI/O7 I/O6 GND I/O5 I/O4. Pin Con fig u ra tion Pin Con fig u ra tion
2M x 8 HIGH SPEED LOW POWER ASYRONOUS CMOS STATIC RAM Ex tended Tem per a ture TTS2MWV8 FEATURES High Speed access times 25, 35ns High-perfromace, low power CMOS process Multiple center power and ground
More informationAnalysis of the x-ray spectrum emitted by laser-produced plasma of dysprosium
Marcus et al. Vol. 24, No. 5/ May 2007/J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 1187 Analysis of the x-ray spectrum emitted by laser-produced plasma of dysprosium Gilad Marcus, Einat Louzon, Zohar Henis, and Shlomo Maman Soreq
More informationPDF hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University Nijmegen
PDF hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University Nijmegen The following full text is an author's version which may differ from the publisher's version. For additional information about this
More information850 nm EMISSION IN Er:YLiF 4 UPCONVERSION LASERS
LASERS AND PLASMA PHYSICS 850 nm EMISSION IN Er:YLiF 4 UPCONVERSION LASERS OCTAVIAN TOMA 1, SERBAN GEORGESCU 1 1 National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 409 Atomistilor Street, Magurele,
More informationOPTI510R: Photonics. Khanh Kieu College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona Meinel building R.626
OPTI510R: Photonics Khanh Kieu College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona kkieu@optics.arizona.edu Meinel building R.626 Announcements HW #5 due today April 11 th class will be at 2PM instead of
More informationSpectroscopic investigations of a dielectric-surface-discharge plasma source
PHYSICS OF PLASMAS VOLUME 7, NUMBER 9 SEPTEMBER 2000 Spectroscopic investigations of a dielectric-surface-discharge plasma source R. Arad, a) K. Tsigutkin, Yu. V. Ralchenko, and Y. Maron Faculty of Physics,
More informationJournal of Advances in Applied Sciences and Technology (2015) Vol. 2 Issue 2-3 Page 27-33
STUDY OF VARIATIO I FRACTIOAL ABUDACE, EXCITATIO RATE COEFFICIET AD COTRIBUTIO FUCTIO OF SPECTRAL LIE (Λ=340 A O ) OF Fe XVI IO AS A FUCTIO OF ELECTRO TEMPERATURE. A.. Jadhav Department of Electronics,
More informationLASERS. Amplifiers: Broad-band communications (avoid down-conversion)
L- LASERS Representative applications: Amplifiers: Broad-band communications (avoid down-conversion) Oscillators: Blasting: Energy States: Hydrogen atom Frequency/distance reference, local oscillators,
More informationChapter-4 Stimulated emission devices LASERS
Semiconductor Laser Diodes Chapter-4 Stimulated emission devices LASERS The Road Ahead Lasers Basic Principles Applications Gas Lasers Semiconductor Lasers Semiconductor Lasers in Optical Networks Improvement
More information1) Introduction 2) Photo electric effect 3) Dual nature of matter 4) Bohr s atom model 5) LASERS
1) Introduction 2) Photo electric effect 3) Dual nature of matter 4) Bohr s atom model 5) LASERS 1. Introduction Types of electron emission, Dunnington s method, different types of spectra, Fraunhoffer
More informationMicrowave Enhanced Combustion and New Methods for Combustion Diagnostics
Microwave Enhanced Combustion and New Methods for Combustion Diagnostics Richard Miles, Michael Shneider, Sohail Zaidi,Arthur D ogariu James Michael, Tat Loon Chng, Chris Limbach Mathew Edw ards 2011 Plasm
More informationLasers & Holography. Ulrich Heintz Brown University. 4/5/2016 Ulrich Heintz - PHYS 1560 Lecture 10 1
Lasers & Holography Ulrich Heintz Brown University 4/5/2016 Ulrich Heintz - PHYS 1560 Lecture 10 1 Lecture schedule Date Topic Thu, Jan 28 Introductory meeting Tue, Feb 2 Safety training Thu, Feb 4 Lab
More informationPrinciples of Lasers. Cheng Wang. Phone: Office: SEM 318
Principles of Lasers Cheng Wang Phone: 20685263 Office: SEM 318 wangcheng1@shanghaitech.edu.cn The course 2 4 credits, 64 credit hours, 16 weeks, 32 lectures 70% exame, 30% project including lab Reference:
More informationAPPLICATION OF AUTOMATION IN THE STUDY AND PREDICTION OF TIDES AT THE FRENCH NAVAL HYDROGRAPHIC SERVICE
APPLICATION OF AUTOMATION IN THE STUDY AND PREDICTION OF TIDES AT THE FRENCH NAVAL HYDROGRAPHIC SERVICE by L. R o u m é g o u x Ingénieur H ydrographe en Chef, C hief of the T idal Section The considerable
More informationPresented by Arkajit Dey, Matthew Low, Efrem Rensi, Eric Prawira Tan, Jason Thorsen, Michael Vartanian, Weitao Wu.
Presented by Arkajit Dey, Matthew Low, Efrem Rensi, Eric Prawira Tan, Jason Thorsen, Michael Vartanian, Weitao Wu. I ntroduction Transient Chaos Sim ulation and Anim ation Return Map I Return Map I I Modified
More informationTIDAL PREDICTION WITH A SMALL PERSONAL COMPUTER
International Hydrographic Review, Monaco, LXII (2), July 1985 TIDAL PREDICTION WITH A SMALL PERSONAL COMPUTER by A.S. F R A N C O 1*1 ABSTRACT This paper show s how a personal com puter with 16Kb only
More informationIlk SPECTROSCOPIC OBSERVATIONS OF ARCS IN CURRENT LIMITING FUSE THROUGH SAND. T. Chikata* Y. Ueda** Y. Mural** T. Miyamoto**
Ilk SPECTROSCOPIC OBSERVATIONS OF ARCS IN CURRENT LIMITING FUSE THROUGH SAND T. Chikata* Y. Ueda** Y. Mural** T. Miyamoto** Mitsubishi Electric Corporation ABSTRACT Time-resolved spectroscopic observations
More informationLasers and Electro-optics
Lasers and Electro-optics Second Edition CHRISTOPHER C. DAVIS University of Maryland III ^0 CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Preface to the Second Edition page xv 1 Electromagnetic waves, light, and lasers 1
More informationIntrod uction to Num erical Analysis for Eng ineers
Introd uction to Num erical Analysis for Eng ineers System s of Linear Equations Cram er s Rule Gaussian Elim ination Num erical im plem entation Num erical stability: Partial Pivoting, Equilibration,
More informationTemperature-dependent spectroscopic analysis of F 2 + ** and F 2 + **-like color centers in LiF
Journal of Luminescence 91 (2000) 147 153 Temperature-dependent spectroscopic analysis of F 2 + ** and F 2 + **-like color centers in LiF Neil W. Jenkins a, *, Sergey B. Mirov a, Vladimir V. Fedorov b
More informationRotary D ie-cut System RD series. RD series. Rotary D ie-cut System
Rotary D ie-cut System RD series RD series Rotary D ie-cut System Si m p l e, h i g h q u a l i t y, c o m p a c t r o t a r y Di e -c u t s y s t e Improve your die cutting process! Easy change over the
More information