MODELING THE OCCUPANT BEHAVIOR RELATING TO WINDOW AND AIR CONDITIONER OPERATION BASED ON SURVEY RESULTS

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1 Proceedngs of BS3: 3th Conference of Internatonal Buldng Performance Smuon Assocaton, Chambéry, France, August 6-8 MODELING THE OCCUPANT BEHAVIOR RELATING TO WINDOW AND AIR CONDITIONER OPERATION BASED ON SURVEY RESULTS Rakuto Yasue, Hrom Habara, Ayako Nakamch and Yoshyuk Shmoda Dvson of Sustanable Energy and Envronmental Engneerng, Graduate School of Engneerng, Osaka Unversty - Yamadaoka, Suta, Osaka, , Japan ABSTRACT The occupant behavor reed to wndow and ar condtoner operaton has a large nfluence on the coolng energy consumpton. The occupant behavor model developed n a prevous work has been modfed on the bass of the results of a survey conducted n to smue the varety of occupant behavors regardng the preferred temperature set pont for coolng. The reducton n coolng energy consumpton acheved upon changng the temperature set pont of an ar condtoner could be estmated by applyng the modfed model. Ths method s expected to nfluence the estmaton results, especally for the ntermedate season. INTRODUCTION A reducton n the coolng energy consumpton s mportant when dscussng energy conservaton n resdental buldngs n summer and the ntermedate season. Although there are many factors determnng the coolng energy consumpton, the occupant behavor reed to wndow and ar condtoner operaton has a specal nfluence. Furthermore, ths behavor depends on the occupants characterstcs. Therefore, t s mportant to properly understand both the occupant behavor and ts varety when dscussng the coolng energy consumpton. In 7, we proposed an occupant behavor model reed to wndow and ar condtoner operaton that could be appled to estmate the coolng energy use through smuons (Habara et al., 7). The model was developed based on the results of a survey on the usage of ar condtoners. However, the occupants wndow-openng/closng behavor was not examned completely at that tme. In addton, the varety of occupant behavors was not taken nto account n the prevous model. Ths paper dscusses ) modfcatons of the occupant behavor model reed to wndow and ar condtoner operaton based on advanced survey results, and ) dfferences n the coolng energy consumpton obtaned from a varety of occupant behavors by changng the parameters of the modfed model. SURVEY AND MODELING METHOD Survey overvew A survey on the occupant behavor reed to wndow and ar condtoner operaton was conducted n 45 houses of the Kansa regon n Japan. The survey overvew s shown n Table, and the survey tems are preted n Table. The outsde temperature, ndoor temperature, and humdty of the surveyed houses were recorded by data loggers contanng small sors. The open-close states of the wndows were detected usng magnetc proxmty sors. The on-off states of the ar condtoners were determned from the fluctuatng ar temperatures at ther outlets. The outsde temperatures, on-off states of the ar Area Perod Room Basc Informaton Envronment Data Thermal Control Behavor Occupaton Table Survey Overvew Kansa Regon, Japan I)Jul. 7 Jul. 6, II) Aug. 7 Aug. 6, III)Aug. 8 Sep. 6, IV) Sep. 8 Sep. 7, V) Oct. 9 Oct. 8, Lvng Room, Master Table Survey Items Address House Buldng Style Constructon Year Famly Structure Outsde Temperature Indoor Temperature Indoor Humdty Ar Condtoner On-Off Coolng Set Pont Operaton Mode Wndow Openng-Closng Reason to Open/Close Wndow Electrc Fan Usage Stayng Hours In a Room Actvty

2 Proceedngs of BS3: 3th Conference of Internatonal Buldng Performance Smuon Assocaton, Chambéry, France, August 6-8 condtoners and states of the wndows were recorded at one-mnute ntervals, whereas the ndoor temperatures and humdtes were recorded at or mn ntervals. Addtonally, to nvestgate the occupant behavor n more detal, recordng papers were dstrbuted on whch notes could be made regardng the operaton of wndows, ar condtoners and electrc fans, as well as the occupaton of all the famly members. Survey results Frst, the analyzed houses were selected by screenng the houses whose occupancy status was not recorded n detal as well as those whose usage of ar condtoners and natural venton was exceedngly hgh compared wth the other surveyed houses. The number of analyzed houses was for the lvng rooms and for the master bedrooms. Fgure shows the observed frequency of occupancy n the surveyed rooms at a gven tme of the day. The occupants stayed n the lvng room from 6 am to am, and n the master bedroom from 9 pm to 7 am. The data obtaned durng the above-mentoned tmes of the day was analyzed to examne the reonshp between ar condtoner and wndow operaton and room temperature. The plots n Fgure show the cumuve reve frequences of the ar condtoner off-to-on operaton and the wndow close-to-open operaton n the surveyed room. A sgmod functon was used to analyze the data regardng the probablty that the occupants wll turn on the ar condtoners or open the wndows at a gven ndoor temperature. The sgmod functon s shown n Equaton (): P ( t) () ( t ) a where P(t) s the probablty, as descrbed above, a s the slope of the curve, θ s the ndoor temperature when P(t) s 5%, and t s a gven ndoor temperature. As shown n Fgure, the value of a for the ar condtoner off-to-on operaton s larger than that for the wndow close-to-open operaton, whch suggests that the ar condtoner operaton could be more temperature-dependent. The value of θ for the wndow close-to-open operaton s 3.5 C, that s,.4 C below the value for the ar condtoner off-to-on operaton n lvng rooms and master bedrooms. Ths result ndcates that the occupants operate the wndows, rather than the ar condtoners, at lower temperatures. Fgure 3 shows the frequency of ar condtoner off-toon operaton at a gven ndoor temperature, whch s determned by the average room temperature that s reached 3 mn or more after startng the ar Frequency of occupancy [-] Lvng Room Master Tme of day Fgure Hourly frequency of occupancy Cumuve reve frequency [%]. AC(observed) AC(regressed) Wndow(observed) Wndow(regressed) Indoor Temperature [ ] (a) Lvng room (b) Master bedroom Fgure Comparson of the frequency off ar condtoner off-to-on operaton wth wndow close-to-open operaton Cumuve reve frequency [%]. AC(observed) AC(regressed) Wndow(observed) Wndow(regressed) Indoor Temperature [ ] Frequency[-] Indoor temperature [ ] Cumuve reve frequency[%] Frequency[-] Indoor temperature [ ] Cumuve reve frequency[%] (a) Lvng room (b) Master bedroom Fgure 3 Comparson of the frequency of ar condtoner off-to-on operaton by the average of observed temperature n ar condtonng

3 Proceedngs of BS3: 3th Conference of Internatonal Buldng Performance Smuon Assocaton, Chambéry, France, August 6-8 condtonng process. At an observed room temperature (under ar condtonng) of 8 C, the most frequent ar condtoner off-to-on operaton occurred at 8 and 9 C, whereas at an observed temperature of 9 C, the most frequent ar condtoner off-to-on operaton took place at 9 and 3 C. The parameters of the sgmod functon for each of the observed room temperatures (under ar condtonng) are shown n Table 3. The dfference n θ between the observed room temperatures of the lvng rooms and the master bedrooms was. and.8 C, respectvely. The value of a was larger at an average observed temperature of 8 C than t was at 9 C. These results suggest that the occupants would requre a more comfortable envronment as they prefer a cooler room temperature. Modelng the occupant behavor An occupant behavor model reed to ar condtoner and wndow operaton was developed based on the assumpton that the occupants wll decde on the operaton of ar condtoners and wndows accordng to current thermal envronmental condtons. The types of thermal control behavor are: ) usng an ar condtoner (herenafter referred to as Ar condtoner ), ) usng natural venton through large openngs (herenafter referred to as Venton ), and 3) usng nether an ar condtoner nor natural venton (herenafter referred to as Closed ). The flowchart of the model s shown n Fgure 4. The operaton s determned from the occupancy and the room temperature at every tme step accordng to the followng steps: Step : If nobody stays n the room at the next tme step, the ar condtoners are turned off and the wndows are closed. Step : If the ar condtoners are runnng and a sble coolng load exsts, the states of the ar condtoners and wndows are mantaned. Step 3: If the ndoor temperature rses above the acceptable temperature for ar condtoner off-to-on operaton, the ar condtoners are turned on and the wndows are closed. Step 4: If the ar condtoners are not turned on n Step 3 and natural venton s not avalable, the wndows are kept closed. Step 5: If the ar condtoners are not turned on n Step 3 and the wndows are opened at the current tme step, the wndows are kept open. Step 6: In the case n whch the ar condtoners are not turned on n Step 3 and the wndows are closed at the current tme step, f the ndoor temperature s hgher than the acceptable temperature for wndow close-toopen operaton, the wndows are opened. If the ndoor temperature s lower than the acceptable temperature for wndow close-to-open operaton, the wndows are kept closed. Step 7: Even f the wndows are opened n Steps 5 or 6, f the wnd velocty s greater than. m/s, the wndows are closed. Here, the acceptable temperature s θ, whch s the parameter of sgmodal functon, as shown n Table 3. SIMULATION MODEL The smuon model (Habara et al., 7) conssts of a thermal model, a radaton model, a venton model, an ar condtoner model and a thermal control behavor model. The flowchart of the smuon model s shown n Fgure 5 and the detals of each component model are descrbed below. In addton, the ndoor temperature smued by the thermal model was smlar to measured value n the exstng resdental buldng. Thermal model The room-ar temperature and the absolute humdty were calcued usng a heat-balance equaton assumng a perfect mxng of the ar. The equaton for sble heat s as follows [Eq. ()]: dθ CV = dt n k Table 3 Parameters of the sgmodal functon Room Lvng Room Master Fgure 4 Flowchart of the thermal control behavor model M α j= c, j Operaton Mode ( θw, j-θ ) A j+ρc paθa-ρc paθ n C p k k- C pk+s, +L, k Parameter of sgmodal functon a θ Wndow Wndow () where C s the thermal capacty of the room [J/(m 3 K)], V s the volume of ar n the room [m 3 ], dθ / dt s the tme dervatve of the room-ar

4 Proceedngs of BS3: 3th Conference of Internatonal Buldng Performance Smuon Assocaton, Chambéry, France, August 6-8 temperature, M s the number of wall surfaces, α c, j s the convectve heat transfer coeffcent between the wall surface j [W/(m K)] and the room ar, θ w, j s the surface temperature of the wall [ C], s the ar temperature of a room [ C], θ a s the outsde-ar temperature [ C], A j s the area of the wall surface [m ], s the ar densty [kg/m 3 ], C p s the specfc heat at constant pressure [kj/(kg K)], j s the arflow from space to space [m 3 /s], n s the number of rooms, S, s the nternal heat emsson from human bodes and electrc applances [W], and L, s the sble coolng load [W]. The equaton for ent heat s gven by [Eq. (3)]: j ρ dx G V = ργ dt n k a X a -ργ a X n k X k- k X +L, +L, k, (3) where G s the mosture capacty [J/( m 3 g/kg(da))], dx / dt s the tme dervatve of the absolute room humdty, γ s the heat of vaporzaton [J/kg], X s the absolute humdty of the room [g/kg(da)], X a s the absolute external humdty [g/kg(da)],, s the nternal mosture emsson from human bodes and electrc applances [W], and L, s the ent coolng load [W]. The thermal and mosture capactes of the room ar were set to.6 kj/(m 3 K) and 5. kj/(m 3 g/kg(da)), respectvely, ncludng those of the furnture. The arflow j was calcued by the venton model. Radaton model The radate heat transfer was calcued consderng the surroundngs, thereby takng shadngs and other mpedments nto account. Drect solar radaton was assumed to dffuse perfectly, both on the buldng surface and on the ground. The proporton of specularto-dffuse reflecton was :9 on the nner surface of the wndow glasses and : on that of the walls. In addton, the exchange of long-wave radaton and dffusely reflected solar radaton between nner Fgure 5 Flowchart of the smuon model j j θ L surfaces was smued by the Gebhart absorpton coeffcent method (Gebhart et al., 959). Venton model The arflow through large openngs and cracks was smued by applyng the arflow network model combned wth the pressure calcuon method. The characterstcs of the large openngs and cracks are descrbed by Equatons (4) and (5), respectvely: = 36αA Δp, (4) ρ p n = aδ, (5) where s the arflow rate [m 3 /h], α s the dscharge coeffcent, A s the openng area [m ], ρ s the ar densty [m ], Δ p s the pressure dfference [Pa], a s the ar-leakage coeffcent [m/(s Pa n )], and n s the pressure exponent. Ar condtoner model The energy consumpton and the coeffcent of performance (COP) were estmated usng expermental formulas (Hoso et al., ), some of whch have been ncorporated nto the new Japanese standard, enforced n 9. The normalzed energy consumpton ( Pr ) s repreted by the energy consumpton ( P [W]) whereas the rated energy consumpton ( P rtd [W]) s calcued as follows [Eq. (6)]: Pr P f qr, (6) Prtd where qr f s a functon of the outsde temperature (θ [ C]) and the modfed load rate ( qr ) [Eqs. (7) ()]: 3 ( qr ) a3qr aqr aqr a, (7) f a = , (8) 3 θ a = , (9) θ a =.34θ.4963, () - a = , () θ

5 Proceedngs of BS3: 3th Conference of Internatonal Buldng Performance Smuon Assocaton, Chambéry, France, August 6-8 Here, qr s obtaned by modfyng the load rate ( qr ) to offset the dfferences n the measurement condtons of the exhaust arflow and the ntake ar humdty between the ent load ( L [W]) and the rated coolng capacty ( [W]) [Eq. ()]: qr qr C af C hm rtd L rtd C af C hm, () where C (=.85) and C af hm (=.5) are the correcton coeffcents for the exhaust arflow and the ntake ar humdty, respectvely. The ent load ( L [W]) s calcued usng the sble load ( L [W]) n the thermal model, and the sble heat factor ( SHF ), whch s estmated from Equatons (3) (6) (Hoso et al., ): L L ( -), (3) SHF SHF =. ( R <.385), (4) h SHF =.774Rh -.94R h (.385 R h.9), (5) SHF =.8 (.9 < R h ), (6) where R s the reve humdty [%]. The coolng h capacty s determned from the balance between the total coolng load ( L L [W]) and the mum coolng capacty of an ar condtoner ( [W]) [Eqs. (7) ()]:. all, (7) SHF L L, (8) L L L -SHF, (9) L L, () L L L, () If the total coolng load s greater than the mum coolng capacty of an ar condtoner, the room temperature does not reach the temperature set pont of the ar condtoner, and the surplus coolng load s carred over to the next tme step. The mum coolng capacty of an ar condtoner s repreted by Equaton (): where Caf Chm qr qrtd () qr s the rato of the mum coolng capacty to the rated coolng capacty at a gven outsde temperature, whch s calcued by Equaton (3): qr r r r r -, (3) where s the rato between the mum rated coolng capacty ( q [W]) and the rated coolng capacty ( q [W]), and s gven n the ar-condtoner rtd catalogue [Eq. (4)]: q q r r (4) rtd SIMULATION SETUP Outsde condtons Rectangular buldngs (north-south wdth: 7.43 m, east-west wdth: m, heght: 5.9 m) were spaced at ntervals of 6 m. Weather data measured from July to October 3 was obtaned from the Automated Meteorologcal Data Acquston System (AMeDAS). Fgure 6 shows the daly average temperatures and humdtes durng the measurement perod. Daly avrage temperature [ o C] Buldng and equpment The house plan was based on the standard house model proposed by the Archtectural Insttute of Japan (AIJ), as shown n Fgure 7. The house was a wooden constructon wth.65 m deep overhangs above each wndow. The thermal nsuon satsfed the Japanese 999 standards, whch means that the coeffcent of heat loss was about.7 W/(m K) and was calcued by Equaton (5): q Temperature / 7/5 7/9 8/ 8/6 9/9 9/3 /7 / Fgure 6 Daly average outsde temperatures and humdtes K S l l loss l (5) S o Humdty where q s the coeffcent of heat loss [W/(m K)], K s the overall coeffcent of heat-transfer of the l buldng envelop l [W/(m K)], S s the area of the l buldng envelop l [m ], s the heat loss by loss venton [J/(K s)] and S s the total floor area of o the buldng [m ]. The szes of the openng areas and the venton parameters are gven n Table 4. The artghtness of the ar-ntake openngs and the nner doors was obtaned from avalable expermental results (Shmzu et al., 995), whereas that of the exteror doors was set n proporton to the openng areas. The artghtness of the whole house was assumed to be 5. cm /m, whch satsfes the Japanese 999 standards. Ar-ntake and Daly avrage humdty [%]

6 Proceedngs of BS3: 3th Conference of Internatonal Buldng Performance Smuon Assocaton, Chambéry, France, August 6-8 4,95 3,85 4,95 3,85 F W3 Storeroom V F D 3m 3 /h W4 W3 W3 Table 4 Szes of the openng areas and venton parameters Exteror openngs Inxteror openngs Other Openng V Ktchen Tolet Entrance Lvng room V 8,645 3,85 9,8,73 W Ar ntake openng for whole house venton system W3 W3.5.5 Star case 8,645 Chld room Chld room W W W,73,75 9,73 D W3 W Wash room D5 Japanese-style room V W3 W3 3,64,8,8 exhaust openngs for mechancal venton were placed as shown n Fgure 7, wth the ar-exhaust rate for the whole house venton set to.5 ACH (ar changes per hour), accordng to the Japanese law. The local venton system worked at 3 m 3 /h n the ktchen whle cookng and at 4 m 3 /h n the bathroom for h after bathng. The wnd pressure coeffcent, whch s requred to calcue the natural venton rate, was smued by a computatonal flud dynamcs model. The specfcatons for lghtng and ar condtonng were set accordng to the area of the rooms, as shown n Tables 5 and 6, n agreement wth the gudelnes. Lfestyle The famly consdered n ths paper conssted of four members, namely, a couple (a male offce worker and a housewfe) and two chldren (a female hgh-school student and a male junor-hgh-school student). The Tolet W D4 W W W Bath room Ar exhaust fan for whole house venton system.83 4m 3 /h W3 7,8 Whole house venton rate.5ach 3,64,8,8 Fgure 7 Venton system setup Type Sze [m ] Ar leakage coeffcent [m/(s Pa n )] V V Pressure exponen [-] W W.4.58 W W D..35 D D D ,8 Ar exhaust fan for local venton system Dscharge coeffcent [-] (always closed) V Star case Table 5 Specfcatons for ar condtoners and lghtng F F Lvng room Chldroom Chldroom Lvng room Chldroom Chldroom Inner heat emmson rate [W] Inner heat emmson rate [W] Room name Rated Maxmum Spec of ar COP coolng capacty coolng capacty condtoner [kw] [kw] [-] a b c (a) Weekday (b) Holday Fgure 8 Occupaton schedule (a) Sensble heat-emsson rate Awake Awake Lvng room Chldroom Chldroom Sleepng Sleepng : 6: : 8: : 4 3 Area [m ] Volume [m 3 ] Spec of ar condtoner Table 6 Detals of the ar condtoner specfcaton Lvng room Chldroom Chldroom : 6: : 8: : (b) Latent heat-emsson rate Lamp wattage [W] Ktchen Lvng room c 55 Japanese-style room Bathroom Wash room Tolet Entrance Corrdor Storeroom c 55 Chld room b 8 Chld room a 8 Tolet Corrdor Star case Fgure 9 Inner heat-emsson pattern for a weekday occupaton schedule and the use of domestc applances (excludng ar condtoners and lghtng equpment) were determned from survey results (Broadcastng Culture Research Insttute, ). Fgure 8 shows the occupaton schedule for a weekday

7 Proceedngs of BS3: 3th Conference of Internatonal Buldng Performance Smuon Assocaton, Chambéry, France, August 6-8 and a holday, and Fgure 9 descrbes the heatemsson pattern for a typcal weekday. The lghtng system was turned on when the room llumnance was below 75lx wthout lghtng. The lace curtan (rate of arflow declne:.35) was always closed whereas the shade curtan (rate of arflow declne:.58) was only closed durng sleepng hours. The use of ar condtoners and natural venton n each room was determned by the thermal control behavor model. Durng the coolng hours, all the openngs were closed, whereas durng the natural venton hours, the wndows and exteror doors facng the target rooms were opened whle all the nner doors remaned closed. Four cases were set up to determne the nfluence of the modelng method of occupant behavor reed to wndow and ar condtoner operaton on the coolng energy consumpton: In Cases and, the occupants only used ar condtoners for coolng. The temperature set ponts of the ar condtoners were 8 and 9 C for Cases and, respectvely, and the nstruments were turned on f the calcued room temperatures were above those set ponts. In Cases 3 and 4, the occupants selected between ar condtonng and natural venton for coolng, accordng to the room temperature. The room-temperature ranges for the ar condtoner off-to-on and the wndow-openng behavors were determned from the survey results, as shown n Table 3. The parameters for each case are summarzed n Table 7. The coolng energy consumpton was smued every 5 mn. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Table 8 shows the results of a perodc evaluaton of the ar condtoners. The coolng electrc power consumpton decreased by 9.% n Case 3 compared to Case because the occupants selected Venton nstead of Ar condtoner at outsde temperatures Room name Lvng room Total Dfference (Total) between 7 and 9 C, as shown n Fgure. By changng the temperature set pont of the ar condtoners, the electrc power consumpton could be reduced by 5.% when comparng Cases and, and even by 3.4% when comparng Cases 3 and 4. Fgure shows the monthly electrc power consumpton of an ar condtoner n the lvng room. The dfferences n the reducton rates between Cases and and Cases 3 and 4 were small n August but large n July and September. As descrbed n Fgure, the reducton was almost the same between Cases and and Cases 3 and 4 at temperatures above 9 C (whch are mostly experenced n August) whereas dfferences could be observed at temperatures between 4 and 9 C (usually experenced n July and September). These results suggest that the occupant behavor modelng method may greatly nfluence the estmaton of the reducton rate of coolng energy consumpton by changng the temperature set pont of an ar condtoner. Especally durng the ntermedate season, for example, n July and September, the occupant behavor model reed to ar condtoner and wndow operaton could play an mportant role n smung the energy use n a resdental house. CONCLUSION Table 8 Perodc evaluaton of ar condtoners Calcuon case Perodc total coolng capacty of ar condtoner Table 7 Setup for each of the four cases studed Case Temperature of turnng on ar condtoner Lvng Master Room The occupant behavor model reed to wndow and ar condtoner operaton was modfed, based on survey results, to smue the varety of occupant Perodc electrc power consumpton Perodc ventng hours Temperature of openng wndow Lvng Room Master Case Case Case Case Perodc coolng hours [MJ] [MJ] [h] [h] Case Case Case Case Case Case Case Case Case Case Case Case Case VS Case3-9.9% -9.% % Case VS Case -.7% -5.% - -.% Case3 VS Case4-3.% -3.4% 8.8% -.7% Temperature set pont of ar condtoners

8 Proceedngs of BS3: 3th Conference of Internatonal Buldng Performance Smuon Assocaton, Chambéry, France, August 6-8 Frequency[-] Ar condtoner Close Venton % 9% 8% 7% 6% 5% 4% 3% % % % Outsde temperature[ ] Frequency[-] Ar condtoner Close Venton % 9% 8% 7% 6% 5% 4% 3% % % % Outsde temperature[ ] Reducton of the electrc power consumpton [MJ] Case3 VS Case CaseVS Case Outsde temperature [ ] Monthly electrc power consumpton [MJ] (a) Case Fgure Frequency of thermal control behavor n the lvng room at a gven outsde temperature Case Case Case3 Case4 Case Case Case3 Case4 Case Case Case3 Case4 Case Case Case3 Case4 July August September October Fgure Monthly electrc power consumpton and ts reducton n the lvng room behavors regardng the preferred temperature set pont for coolng. The reducton n coolng energy consumpton acheved by changng the temperature set pont of an ar condtoner could be estmated by applyng the modfed behavor model. The most remarkable results of ths study are: The lower room-temperature lmt for the use of natural venton was 4.5 C n lvng rooms and master bedrooms. The room temperature at whch the occupants started usng ther ar condtoners dffered from the observed room temperature under ar condtonng. It was 7.5 and 7.6 C n the lvng rooms and master bedrooms, respectvely, when the observed room temperature was 8 C, and 8.3 and 8. C n the lvng rooms and master bedrooms, respectvely, when the observed room temperature was 9 C. The smuon results suggest that ths modelng method of occupant behavor could have a great nfluence on estmatng the reducton rate of coolng energy consumpton by changng the temperature set pont of an ar condtoner. Ths study reveals that the occupants preference for a partcular room temperature for coolng could be one of the factors determnng the varety of occupant behavors as well as the energy consumpton. The next step s to analyze other possble factors that may affect Reducton [MJ] (b) Case3 the occupant behavor reed to ar condtoner and wndow operaton. REFERENCES Fgure Daly reducton of the electrc power consumpton by changng the temperature set pont of an ar condtoner n the lvng room Gebhart B. et al. 959, A New Method for Calcung Radant Exchanges, ASHEAE Trans, No.59, pp.3-33 Broadcastng Culture Research Insttute,, Japan Broadcastng Corporaton. NHK data book natonal tme use survey, Natonal Prefectural. Tokyo: Japan Broadcast Publshng [n Japanese] Habara H. et al. 5, An Occupant Indoor Thermal Envronment Control behavor Model to Estmate Resdental Coolng Energy Consumpton, Proceedngs of The th Internatonal Conference on Indoor Ar ualty and Clmate, pp Habara H. et al. 7, Influence of Temperature, Radaton and Arflow Vared by Buldngs on Cross Venton and Coolng Energy Consumpton n a Resdental House, Journal of Envronmental Engneerng, AIJ, No.63, pp.3- [In Japanese] Habara H. et al. 9, Verfcaton of the Effect of Cross Venton on Energy Conservaton by Smung Occupant Behavor, The Internatonal Journal of Venton, Vol.8, No.3 pp Hoso A. et al., Calcuon method of COP of resdental ar condtoner based on measurement: heatng/coolng COP and energy consumpton of resdental ar condtoner (part ), Journal of Envronmental Engneerng, AIJ, No.654, pp [In Japanese] Shmzu N. et al. 995, Pressure drop for ar of each parts for buldng, Proceedngs of The Annual Meetng of SHASE, pp.69-6 [In Japanese]