Klaus Jungmann 2006 EDM Experiments

Transcription

1 Klaus Jungmann 2006 EDM Experiments

2 Heavy Quarks and Leptons Munich, Germany Fundamental Symmetries and Forces Discrete Symmetries Fundamental Fermions Models Beyond Standard Theory Precision Experiments How to Compare Experiments Other approaches to same Physics Questions only scratching some examples Klaus Jungmann, KVI, University of Groningen

3 3rd International Symposium on LEPTON MOMENTS Centerville, Cape Cod, MA June 2006 Large fraction of all EDM experiments represented Plurality of Old Approaches New Experiments Novel Ideas discussed Ramsey Price established: destillation

4 Forces and Symmetries Local Symmetries Forces fundamental interactions? Global Symmetries Conservation Laws energy momentum electric charge lepton number charged lepton family number baryon number..

5 Fundamental Interactions Standard Model Gravitation Magnetism Electricity Strong Electro - Magnetism Maxwell Physics within the Standard Model Weak not yet known? Glashow, Salam, t'hooft, Veltman,Weinberg Electro -Weak Standard Model Grand Grant Unification Physics outside Standard Model Searches for New Physics?

6 TRIμP Possibilities to Test New Models High Energies & direct observations Low Energies & Precision Measurement

7 Parity P is violated β-decay Time Reversal T Reported violated directly in K-decay CPT Invariance CPT No observed violation reported yet, searched for Strong theorem Combined Charge Conjugation and Parity CP K, B mesons with CPT assumed CP violation implies Tviolation

8 The World according to Escher start P C T matter anti-matter identical to start mirror image time time Time Reversal Violation can be measured at low energies anti-particle particle e + e - From H.W. Wilschut

9 At present we have activities in particular to study: Parity Parity Nonconservation in Atoms Nuclear Anapole Moments Parity Violation in Electron-Scattering Time Reversal and CP-Violation Electric Dipole Moments R and D Coefficients in β-decay CPT Invariance

10 At present we have activities in particular to study: Parity Parity Nonconservation in Atoms Nuclear Anapole Moments Parity Violation in Electron-Scattering Time Reversal and CP-Violation Electric Dipole Moments R and D Coefficients in β-decay CPT Invariance

11 Possible Gains from Parity Violation Experiments In past: - excellent test of Standard Model single Ra + ion future plans Q weak Now: - running of weak mixing angle - sensitivity to some leptoquark models, Z - s-quark content of nucleon - neutron distributions in nuclei - anapole moments - Cs, Fr Atomic Parity Violation experiments are going on - electron scattering & hadron forward scattering going on

12 At present we have activities in particular to study: Parity Parity Nonconservation in Atoms Nuclear Anapole Moments Parity Violation in Electron-Scattering Time Reversal and CP-Violation Electric Dipole Moments R and D Coefficients in β-decay CPT Invariance

13 At present we have activities in particular to study: Parity Parity Nonconservation in Atoms Nuclear Anapole Moments Parity Violation in Electron-Scattering Time Reversal and CP-Violation Electric Dipole Moments R and D Coefficients in β-decay CPT Invariance

14 Matter Antimatter Asymmetry MAY be explained by (Sacharov) - Baryon number violation - Thermal non - equilibrium - CP- violation Beware: There are other routes! e.g. Matter Antimatter Asymmetry MAY be also explained by (Kostelecky et al.): - Baryon number violation - CPT - violation

15 μ x c - 1 { e cm (electron) J = e cm (nucleon) J z z X J J is the only vector characterizing a non-degenerate quantum state magnetic moment: μ x = g μ x c -1 J electric dipole moment: d x = η μ x c -1 J magneton: μ x = eħ / (2m x )

16 Permanent Electric Dipole Moments Violate Discrete Fundamental Symmetries EDM violates: Parity Time reversal CP- conservation (if CPT conservation assumed) Standard Model values are tiny, hence: H= -(d E+µ B) J/J d - electric dipole moment µ - magnetic dipole mom J - Spin An observed EDM would be Sign of New Physics beyond Standard Theory

17 Permanent Electric Dipole Moments are predicted by the Standard Model and a variety of Models Beyond Standard Theory Strong CP Violation LeftRight Symmetry Supersymmetry Higgs Models Technicolor... }No status in Physics, yet Not even wrong There is no indication whatsoever given by nature, yet, which would justify to prefer any of these possibilities

18 A neutral system composed of charged objects re-arranges in an external electric field such that the net force on it cancels on average. This may give rise to significant shielding of the field at the location of the particle of interest (strong) enhancement of the EDM effect Schiff corrections need to be looked at very carefully there is a need for theoretical support

19 Enhancement of EDM in Atomic Shell Heavy Atoms d A /d e 10 Z 3 α 2 Induced Dipol Moment Polarizability in nucleus as well as atomic shell d A = Σ n < nl -d e (β-1) σ E n (l+1) > < n (l+1) -er nl > E nl E n (l+1) + c.c. Example: Tl ~ -585, Fr ~ 1150, Ra ~

20 Neutron has EDM of the Nucleon e.g. Nucleus carries Nucleon EDM plus EDM from CP-odd Nucleon-Nucleon Forces Nucleus may induce EDM into Atom screening dipole operator Schiff operator

21 Mercury Electron

22 Apparent progress in Mercury Systematics is an THE issue From: N. Fortson, Lepton Moments 2006

23 Neutron Muon

24 Theoretical work close to Experiment and more in Speculative Spheres

25 Some EDM Experiments compared d (muon) < molecules: 199 Hg Start TRIμP d e (SM) < Radium potential after E.Hinds

26 EDM Limits as of summer 2006 Particle Exp. Limit [10-27 e cm] SM [factor to go] Possible New Physics [factor to go] e (Tl) < μ < 1.05 * τ < 3.1 * n < Tl (odd p) < Hg (odd n) < various - Why so many? - Which is THE BEST candidate to choose? None is THE BEST - We need many experiments!

27 EDMs Where do they come from? (are they just painted to particles? Why different experiments? ) electron intrinsic? quark intrinsic? muon second generation different? neutron/ proton from quark EDM? property of strong interactions? new interactions? deuteron basic nuclear forces CP violating? pion exchange? 6 Li many body nuclear mechanism? heavy nuclei (e.g. Ra, Fr) enhancement by CP-odd nuclear forces, nuclear shape atoms can have large enhancement, sensitive to electron or nucleus EDMs molecules large enhancement factors, sensitive to... electron EDM

28 TRIμP Possible Sources of EDMs

29 Why a deuteron edm experiment Deuteron: Neutron: C.P. Liu and R.G.E Timmermans, Phys.Rev.C 70, (2004)

30 Generic EDM Experiment Preparation of pure J state Polarization Interaction with E - field η contains all physics contains all physics e e cm values by themselves not very helpful Spin Rotation Analysis of state μ x = eħ/2m e x Determination of Ensemble Spin average Electric Dipole Moment: d = η μ x c -1 J Spin precession : ω e = d Ε Ε J h Ε J Example: d=10-24 e cm, E=100 kv/cm, J=1/2 ω e = 15.2 mhz

31 Generic EDM Experiment Sensitivity P ε N T τ E Polarization Efficiency Flux of particles [1/s] Measurements Time [s] Spin Coherence Time [s] Electric Field [V/cm] δ d = h P ε Τ N * τ Ε Work on high Polarization, high Field high Efficiency long Coherence Time one day gives more statistics than needed to reach previous experimental limits ~1 ~ /s s 10 5 V/cm Need to understand systematics Ω 7*10-29 e cm

32 Lines of attack towards an EDM Free Particles particle EDM unique information new insights new techniques challenging technology neutron muon deuteron bare nuclei? Electric Dipole Moment Hg Xe Tl Cs Rb Ra Rn Atoms nuclear EDM electron EDM enhancements challenging technology electron EDM strong enhancements new techniques poor spectroscopic data available Molecules YbF PbO PbF HfF +,ThF + goal: new source of CP garnets (Gd 3 Ga 5 O 12 ) (Gd 3 Fe 2 Fe 3 O 12 ) lq. He? electron EDM strong enhancements systematics?? Solid State

33 Molecules strong Enhancement through internal fields YbF, PbO Radioactive Atoms fortunate atomic level scheme in Radium nuclear enhancement through deformations Charged particles Schiff Theorem circumvented in non-trivial geometry novel idea to exploit motional electric fields in storage rings muon, nuclei, deuteron, molecules (ThF + ) Condensed matter alkali atoms in solid He neutrons in superfluid He magnetization in paramagnetic material liquid Xe Atoms using novel ideas Xe with nuclear maser Rb, Cs in optical lattices

34 Molecules strong Enhancement through internal fields YbF, PbO Radioactive Atoms fortunate atomic level scheme in Radium nuclear enhancement through deformations Charged particles Schiff Theorem circumvented in non-trivial geometry novel idea to exploit motional electric fields in storage rings muon, nuclei, deuteron, molecules (ThF + ) Condensed matter alkali atoms in solid He neutrons in superfluid He magnetization in paramagnetic material liquid Xe Atoms using novel ideas Xe with nuclear maser Rb, Cs in optical lattices

35 Permanent Electric Dipole Moments Radium Atom

36 Radium Permanent Electric Dipole Moment Benefits of Radium near degeneracy of 3 P 1 and 3 D 2 ~ enhancement 6 some nuclei strongly deformed nuclear enhancement 50~ ~1000 (?is Schiff operator correct?) 3 D : electron spins parallel electron EDM 1 S : electron Spins anti-parallel Ra also interesting for weak interaction effects Anapole moment, weak charge (Dzuba el al., PRA 6, ) atomic / nuclear EDM

37 from: J. Engel

38 Laser Cooling Chart Ba Ra Next Species

39 Colloing & Trapping of Heavy Alkali Earth: Ra 2.2*10 8 s -1 7s 7p 1 P 1 3*10 5 7s 6d 1 D 2 1*10 5 s -1 3*10 4 s -1 4*10 3 s -1 7s 7p 3 P Repumping necessary s 6d 3 D Repumping Cooling Transition 1.6*10 6 s *10-1 s -1 Weaker line, second stage cooling 7s 2 1 S 0 Preliminary Transition Rates as calculated by K. Pachucky (also by V. Dzuba et al.) L. Willmann

40 Counts Velocity [m/s] Enhancement of atomic flux relative to MB velocity distribution First time Laser Cooling of Barium Maxwell Boltzman (MB) velocity distribution Velocity[m/s] Counts Velocity [m/s] Fluorescence increase with cooling laser and repumpers IR tuned to 200 m/s velocity class IR tuned to 40 m/s velocity class L. Willmann et al.

41 Production Target Magnetic Separator Ion Catcher RFQ Cooler MOT AGOR cyclotron Nuclear Physics Atomic Physics TRIμP Facility (dedicated to Fundamental Interactions) MeV kev ev mev Magnetic separator D Q Q D Q Q Ion catcher (thermal ioniser or gas-cell) Q Q D D Q Q Production target AGOR cyclotron Beyond the Standard Model TeV Physics Particle Physics nev RFQ cooler/buncher MOT MOT Low energy beam line

42 R. Holt, Lepton Moments 2006:

43 from R. Holt, Argonne

44 Molecules strong Enhancement through internal fields YbF, PbO Radioactive Atoms fortunate atomic level scheme in Radium nuclear enhancement through deformations Charged particles Schiff Theorem circumvented in non-trivial geometry novel idea to exploit motional electric fields in storage rings muon, nuclei, deuteron, molecules (ThF + ) Condensed matter alkali atoms in solid He neutrons in superfluid He magnetization in paramagnetic material liquid Xe Atoms using novel ideas Xe with nuclear maser Rb, Cs in optical lattices

45 (g-2) μ : Result after a long series of precision measurements and theory efforts Spin precession in (electro-) magnetic field 3.3 σ?!? (g-2) μ remains a challenge for theory S. Eidelman, ICHEP 2006

46 d μ = 3*10-22 *(a NP μ / 3*10-9 ) * tan φ CP e cm

47 Spin precession in (electro-) magnetic field One Serious Problem: N μ available at present presently: dμ < ecm (95% C.L.) better value expected to come out soon(radial E-field to freeze spin)

48 Deuteron is stable: Different polarimeter needed X d + X d + X d + Spin precession in (electro-) magnetic field X d +

49 Searches for EDMs s in charged particles: Novel Method invented Motional Electric Fields exploited International Collaboration (USA, Russia, Japan, Italy, Germany, NL, ) R m possible sites discussed: BNL, KVI, Frascati, Limit d D < ecm EDM collaboration Can be >10 times more sensitive than neutron d n, best test for Θ QCD, Various technical realizations being discussed.

50 Some Candidate Nuclei for EDM in Ring Searches Nucleus La Sb Cs Fr 6 3 Li 2 1 H Ge Tm Spin J 7/2 7/2 7/2 3/ /2 1/2 μ/μ N Reduced Anomaly a < T 1/2 30y 22 min 82.8 m 3.6 m More complete lists: I.B. Khriplovich, K. Jungmann GSI EDM Workshop, 1999

51 Parity Parity Nonconservation in Atoms Nuclear Anapole Moments Parity Violation in Electron-Scattering Time Reversal and CP-Violation Electric Dipole Moments R and D Coefficients in β-decay CPT Invariance

52 TRIμP New Interactions in Nuclear β-decay In Standard Model: Weak Interaction is V-A In general β-decay could be also S, P, T β + Vector [Tensor] [ ] ν e Scalar [Axial vector] [ ] β + ν e R and D test both Time Reversal Violation D most potential R scalar and tensor (EDM, a) technique D measurements yield a, A, b, B

53 TRIμP New Interactions in Nuclear β-decay In Standard Model: Weak Interaction is V-A In general β-decay could be also S, P, T β + Vector [Tensor] [ ] ν e Scalar [Axial vector] [ ] β Na < 1 mk ν e Recoil nucleus has up to few 10 ev energy need atomic traps for precision measurements

54 Principle : MOT + RIMS (dn/de) de Not SM β detector SM MeV MCP stop -V 0 0 +V 0 V 0 (kev) start TOF E // X,Y E

55 Parity Parity Nonconservation in Atoms Nuclear Anapole Moments Parity Violation in Electron-Scattering Time Reversal and CP-Violation Electric Dipole Moments R and D Coefficients in β-decay CPT Invariance

56 CPT Lorentz Invariance, preferred reference frame Particle Antiparticle properties Spin Fermions and Bosons only.

57 CPT Violation Lorentz Invariance Violation What is best CPT test? often quoted: K 0 -K 0 mass difference (10-18 ) e - -e + g- factors (2* ) We need an interaction with a finite strength! New Ansatz (Kostelecky) K n GeV GeV p GeV e GeV μ GeV Future: Anti hydrogen 10 -?? GeV a μ,b μ? μ (iγ D μ break m m 0 0 CPT tests r K K K = m 0 K g g + a a + r = e e = e e e g avg a avg CPT a μ,b μ,c μν Are they comparable - Which one is appropriate m a μ γ μ Use common ground, e.g. energies generic CPTand Lorentz violating DIRAC equation b μ γ γ μ 5 μ qa μ,d μν,h μν break Lorentz Invar. Leptons in External Magnetic Field r l Bluhm, Kostelecky, Russell, Phys. Rev. D 57,3932 (1998) For g-2 Experiments : Dehmelt, Mittleman,Van Dyck, Schwinberg, Phys.Rev.Lett. - 83, 4694 (1999)? 1 μν μ μ H σ + ic γ D ν + id γ γ D ν ) ψ = 0 2 μν μν μν 5 id i μ + Δω = ω l ω l a a a + E l E l spin up spin down = E l spin up r l ω = η m c r e c 2 l a l a a electron: muon: avg l 3 4b l + ηδω a m c 2 l r μ

58 CPT and Lorentz Invariance from Muon Experiments Muonium: new interaction below 2* GeV Muon g-2: new interaction below V.W. Hughes et al., Phys.Rev. Lett. 87, (2001) 3* GeV (CERN&BNL combined) order of magnitude better expected from BNL when analysis will be completed (2006)

59 Summing up

60 EDM Searches Many objects need to be tested need e*cm free guidance by theory Systems under observation: point particles nucleons Nuclei Atoms Molecules Methods e,μ,τ n, p 2 H, 223 Fr, Xe, Tl, Cs, Hg, Rn, Ra, PbO, YbF, TlF, ThF +, Classical (Cells, Atomic & Molecular Beams) Modern (Traps, Fountains, Interferences) Innovative (Radioactive Species, Storage Rings, {Particles} in Condensed Matter, masers, ) There are many promising approaches to the questions: Is there any EDM? And what is the Source for an EDM?

61 Let s s just do it Large number of Possibilities Conclusions - Find Physics beyond Standard Theory - EDM searches offer a particular nice way at low energies - HE CP-violation searches and LE T-violation T violation searches complementary Urgent issues to be solved in Theory and Experiment - Spectroscopic Groundwork - Schiff Moments - Relation to other approaches towards T-violationT We need NOT one EDM experiment BUT MANY Novel Approaches promise Significant Progress towards - finding New Physics - limiting Parameters in Speculative Models

62 Thank YOU!