A New Wide-Band Double-Negative Metamaterial for C- and S-Band Applications

Transcription

1 Mateials 2015, 8, 57-71; doi: /ma Aticle OPEN ACCESS mateials ISSN A New Wide-Band Double-Negative Metamateial fo C- and S-Band Applications Md Ikbal Hossain 1, *, Mohammad Rashed Iqbal Fauque 1, Mohammad Taiqul Islam 2 and Mohammad Habib Ullah 3 1 Space Science Cente (ANGKASA), Reseach Cente Building, Univesiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selango D.E , Malaysia; ashed@ukm.edu.my 2 Depatment of Electical, Electonic and Systems Engineeing, Faculty of Engineeing and Built Envionment, Univesiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selango D.E , Malaysia; taiqul@ukm.edu.my 3 Depatment of Electical Engineeing, Faculty of Engineeing, Univesity of Malaya, Kuala Lumpu 50603, Malaysia; mhullah@yahoo.com * Autho to whom coespondence should be addessed; ikbal@siswa.ukm.edu.my; Tel.: ; Fax: Academic Edito: Jung Ho Je Received: 26 Septembe 2014 / Accepted: 25 Novembe 2014 / Published: 24 Decembe 2014 Abstact: A new design and analysis of a wide-band double-negative metamateial, consideing a fequency ange of 0.5 to 7 GHz, is pesented in this pape. Fou diffeent unit cells with vaying design paametes ae analyzed to evaluate the ects of the unit-cell size on the esonance fequencies of the metamateial. Moeove, open and inteconnected 2 2 aay stuctues of unit cells ae analyzed. The finite-diffeence time-domain (FDTD) method, based on the Compute Simulation Technology (CST) Micowave Studio, is utilized in the majoity of this investigation. The expeimental potion of the study was pefomed in a semi-anechoic chambe. Good ageement is obseved between the simulated and measued S paametes of the developed unit cell and aay. The designed unit cell exhibits negative pemittivity and pemeability simultaneously at S-band (2.95 GHz to 4.00 GHz) micowave fequencies. In addition, the designed unit cell can also opeate as a double-negative medium thoughout the C band (4.00 GHz to 4.95 GHz and 5.00 GHz to 5.57 GHz). At a numbe of othe fequencies, it exhibits a single negative value. The two aay configuations cause a slight shift in the esonance fequencies of the metamateial and hence lead to a slight shift of the single- and double-negative fequency anges of the metamateial.

2 Mateials 2015, 8 58 Keywods: C-band; finite-diffeence time-domain (FDTD) method; double-negative (DNG) metamateial; metamateial unit-cell; metamateial aay; S-band 1. Intoduction Metamateials, o left-handed media, have been fequently discussed in ecent yeas because they exhibit cetain extaodinay electomagnetic popeties at specific fequency bands. Essentially, metamateials ae atificially constucted mateials that can exhibit negative pemittivity and/o negative pemeability [1,2]. The chaacteistic behavio of metamateials can be achieved by implementing cetain atificial mateial stuctues athe than by using specific chemical compositions. Metamateials can be classified into thee categoies: zeo-index mateials, single-negative media, and double-negative media. When both the pemittivity and the pemeability of a mateial ae equal to zeo ove a cetain fequency ange, then it is called a zeo-index mateial [3,4]. A mateial with eithe a negative pemittivity o a negative pemeability is known as a single-negative (SNG) medium [5]. On the othe hand, a mateial with both negative pemittivity and negative pemeability is called a double-negative (DNG) medium [6]. In 1968, Victo Veselago [7] intoduced the fist DNG media with negative ε and μ, which exhibited cetain unique popeties compaed with odinay mateial. In 2000, a DNG mateial was successfully demonstated by Smith et al. [8] to exhibit negative ε and μ simultaneously. Because of thei extaodinay featues, metamateials can be used fo a wide vaiety of applications. Supe lenses fabicated using metamateials demonstate esolutions thee times bette than those of odinay lenses [9]. Metamateials can also be used in biomedical applications [10] and invisibility cloaks [11]. Moeove, metamateials ae widely used in vaious types of antennas. Antenna pefomance is enhanced by the use of metamateial [12,13]. The use of metamateial in antennas also educes thei electomagnetic health hazads by educing the specific absoption ate (SAR) of associated adiation in the human head [2,14]. In [15], a metamateial absobe fo teahetz fequencies was poposed. In [16], a double S-shaped metamateial was poposed fo Ku-band applications. In [1], the design and fabication of metamateials fo X-band application wee epoted. The esults evealed double-negative chaacteistics ove a ange of 9.2 GHz to 10.1 GHz, a fequency bandwidth of appoximately 1 GHz. In [17], a metamateial-embedded micostip patch antenna was poposed fo WLAN application. The esults indicated a negative value of pemeability spanning a naow fequency band fom 8 to 8.4 GHz. In the study epoted in [18], a metamateial aay was used fo the enhancement of antenna gain in the S band. The pesented esults indicated negative pemittivity (ɛ) ove a naow band (2.23 GHz to 2.4 GHz). Howeve, the size of the pesented metamateial aay was not compatible with that of moden handsets. In [19], an H-shaped metamateial was poposed fo multiband micowave applications. Double left-handed chaacteistics wee obseved in the C (0.5 GHz bandwidth) and S (0.3 GHz bandwidth) bands, but the size of the unit cell would not be suitable fo most micowave applications. The size of the metamateial unit-cell design poposed in [19] is mm 2, which is quite a bit lage than that of the unit-cell design pesented in this manuscipt. The atio of esonant wavelength (λ0) to unit-cell size of [19] is not lage enough and hence, it is not suitable to opeate a

3 Mateials 2015, 8 59 sub wavelength egime. In addition, the thickness of the substate of the unit cell in [19] is twice that used hee. Howeve, this design povides moe DNG bandwidth in the C- and S-bands compaed with that of [19]. In this pape, the design and analysis of a new wide-band metamateial fo micowave C- and S-band applications ae pesented. The poposed metamateial exhibits negative pemittivity and pemeability simultaneously ove bandwidths of appoximately 1.05 GHz in the micowave C band and appoximately 1.62 GHz in the micowave S band. Moeove, the pesent design is compact in size and hence low in fabication cost. This metamateial can be used in moden compact devices such as cellula phones, electonic devices, biomedical equipment, etc. 2. Metamateial Constuction The developed metamateial stuctue is depicted in Figue 1a, with the substate. The developed stuctue consists of two G-shaped split-squae esonatos connected to each othe. The stuctue is fabicated fom a coppe sheet of mm in thickness, and the substate mateial is FR-4 glass epoxy. The dielectic constant and tangent loss of the substate ae 4.3 and 0.025, espectively. Fo the design of the metamateial, a squae-shaped substate of 0.8 mm in thickness is used. Fou diffeent unit cells (12 12 mm 2, mm 2, mm 2, and mm 2 ) with vaying stuctue and substate paametes wee analyzed to evaluate the ects of the unit-cell size on the esonance fequencies of the metamateial. All paametes of the fou diffeent unit cells ae listed in Table 1, whee the unit cells ae labeled A, B, C, and D in ode of inceasing size. A fabicated pototype of unit cell A was used fo measuement puposes, as indicated in Figue 1b. The stuctue behaves as an LC esonato cicuit. In this stuctue, the length of the pinted metal stip is esponsible fo the inductance, and the splits ae the oigin of the capacitance. Togethe, this inductance and capacitance detemine the esonance fequencies of the mateial. Figue 1. Metamateial unit cell A: poposed geomety; and fabicated pototype.

4 Mateials 2015, Numeical Methods Table 1. Unit-cell design paametes. Unit-Cell Paametes Value (mm) Unit Cell A Unit Cell B Unit Cell C Unit Cell D a b c d l m n The eflection and tansmission paametes of the metamateial unit cells and aays wee calculated to detemine the electomagnetic behavios of the poposed stuctues. The Nicolson Rose Wei (NRW) method [20,21] was utilized to extact the ective elative pemittivity ( ε ), pemeability ( μ ) and efactive index (n). The etieval of ective paametes fom eflection and tansmission data depends on the facts that unit-cell dimension should be much smalle than the opeating wavelength in the media [22 24]. At the inteface between the slab (thickness d) and fee space, the eflection coicient can be expessed as follows: Z Z whee Z0 is the elative impedance in tems of pemittivity and pemeability The S paametes S11 and S21 ae expessed as follows: S S (1) Z0 μ /ε (2) (1 ) z 2 2 (3) 1 z 2 (1 z ) 2 2 (4) 1 z whee the tansmission coicient is expessed as z exp( j( w / c) μεd, whee c is the velocity of light, and ω 2πf is the angula fequency. Using a simila appoach to that descibed in [1], the following equations can be witten: μ 2 c(1 S21 S11) jω d(1 S S ) ε cS ωd 11 μ j (6) (5) n με (7)

5 Mateials 2015, 8 61 The scatteing paametes of the unit cell wee calculated using the FDTD method in CST Micowave Studio (Compute Simulation Technology AG, Damstadt, Gemany). In the simulation setup, pefect electic and magnetic boundaies wee imposed on the metamateial unit cell, and the cell was placed between two waveguide pots fo testing. Figue 2 illustates the oientation of the metamateial unit cell in the CST MWS Studio simulation setup. The pefectly electically conducting and pefectly magnetically conducting bounday conditions wee defined in the x and y diections in the simulation setup, and the stuctue was excited by a unifom plane wave popagating in the z diection. The fequency ange of 0.5 GHz to 7 GHz was consideed by the fequency-domain solve fo the simulation of the metamateial stuctue. A tetahedal mesh with the adaptive mesh scheme was utilized in this investigation. Moeove, the open and inteconnected aay is tested using simila boundaies and mesh setting as a unit cell. Figue 2. Simulation set-up fo the metamateial unit cell in the Compute Simulation Technology Micowave Studio (CST MWS). 4. Results and Discussion In this pape, the electomagnetic behavio of the poposed metamateial is explained using the eal values of the ective pemittivity ( ε ), ective pemeability ( μ ), and efactive index (n) fo the unit cells and aays. In addition, the tansmission paamete S21 fo each unit cells is pesented to claify the chaacteistics of the metamateial Unit Cells Figue 3a pesents the S21 cuves fo the fou diffeent unit cells fom 0.5 GHz to 7 GHz. The unit cells have simila stuctues but diffeent sizes. The esults eveal a significant vaiation in the esonant fequencies caused by the vaiation in unit-cell size. Unit cell A (12 12 mm 2 ) poduces esonance at 2.1 and 5.6 GHz. Fo unit cell B (16 16 mm 2 ), these esonance fequencies ae shifted to 1.4 and 3.8 GHz, espectively. Fo a futhe incease in size, unit cell C (20 20 mm 2 ) exhibits thee esonances at 1.12, 2.94 and 5.43 GHz. Similaly, unit cell D (24 24 mm 2 ) exhibits esonances at fequencies of 0.92, 2.4, 4.4, and 5.02 GHz. As the size of the stuctue inceases, the esonance fequencies shift towad lowe fequencies and the numbe of esonances inceases. It is also obseved that the esonances at highe fequencies ae not as stong as those at lowe fequencies fo all unit cells.

6 Mateials 2015, 8 62 The eal pats of the ective pemittivities and pemeabilities of the unit cells ae plotted in Figue 3b,c, espectively. The diffeent unit cells exhibit slight vaiation in metamateial chaacteistics. Unit cell A exhibits negative ε values fo fequencies fom 2.95 to 4.96 GHz and fom 5.67 to 6 GHz and negative μ values fom 2.95 to 5.82 GHz. Thus, unit cell A behaves as a double-negative medium ove fequency anges of 2.95 to 4.96 GHz and 5.67 to 5.82 GHz and as a single-negative metamateial fom 4.96 to 5.67 GHz and fom 5.82 to 6 GHz. Unit cell B exhibits double-negative chaacteistics fom 2.95 to 5.53 GHz and single-negative chaacteistics fom 1.37 to 1.4 GHz and fom 5.53 to 5.89 GHz. Similaly, unit cell C exhibits two negative values ove anges fom 2.92 to 5.1 GHz and fom 5.45 to 5.75 GHz and a single negative value ove anges fom 1.04 to 1.25 GHz, fom 5.1 to 5.45 GHz, and fom 5.75 to 5.88 GHz. Finally, unit cell D behaves as a single-negative metamateial fom 0.85 to 1.09 GHz, fom 4.96 to 5.03 GHz, and fom 5.57 to 5.88 GHz and as a double-negative metamateial at fequencies fom 2.95 to 4.96 GHz and fom 5.03 to 5.57 GHz. Figue 3d pesents the eal pats of the ective efactive indices of the diffeent unit cells. The pesented esults clealy demonstate that unit cells of lage size behave as metamateials ove boade anges of fequency. Figue 4 depicts the suface cuent distibutions of the unit cells at 3.5 GHz, whee all unit cells exhibit double-negative chaacteistics. Fo unit cells of diffeent sizes, the maximum suface cuent occus at diffeent phases. Fo unit cell A, the maximum suface cuent is 114 A/m at a phase of 22. Unit cell B poduces a maximum suface cuent of 163 A/m at a phase of 67. Similaly, the maximum suface cuent fo unit cell C is 250 A/m at a phase of 18, and that fo unit cell D is 154 A/m at a phase of 30. In the negative-pemeability fequency ange of a unit cell, the cuent begins to lag with espect to the applied field. (c) (d) Figue 3. S21 cuves fo the diffeent unit cells; eal pat of the ective pemittivity; (c) eal pat of the ective pemeability; and (d) eal pat of the efactive index.

7 Mateials 2015, 8 63 (c) (d) Figue 4. Suface cuent distibutions of unit cells at 3.5 GHz, unit cell A; unit cell B; (c) unit cell C; and (d) unit cell D Aays Two types of aay configuations ae investigated in this section fo all unit cells. Fist, an aay configuation called the open aay configuation, in which the unit cells ae not connected to each othe, as illustated in Figue 5a, is consideed. Second, an aay of inteconnected unit cells, called the inteconnected aay configuation and depicted in Figue 5b, is consideed. Fabicated pototypes of open and inteconnected 2 2 aays of unit cell A ae shown in Figue 5c,d, espectively. The ective paametes of the aays ae pesented fo a fequency ange of 0.5 GHz to 6 GHz. (c) (d) Figue aay configuation of unit cells: open aay stuctue; inteconnected aay stuctue; (c) pototype of an open aay; and (d) pototype of an inteconnected aay.

8 Mateials 2015, Aays of Unit Cell A Figue 6a,b pesents the eal pats of the ective paametes of the open and inteconnected aays, espectively, of unit cell A. The open and inteconnected aays exhibit slight shifts of thei esonance points with espect to the unit-cell chaacteistics. The open aay exhibits double negative values fom 2.95 to 4.93 GHz and fom 5.75 to 5.83 GHz, and the inteconnected aay exhibits this behavio fom 2.95 to 4.47 GHz and fom 4.83 to 5.89 GHz. In addition, the inteconnected aay povides nea-zeo ε values ove a fequency ange of 1.3 to 1.5 GHz. The suface cuent distibutions of the open and inteconnected aays at the same fequency ae pesented in Figue 7. The inteconnected aay yields a slightly highe suface cuent with some phase diffeence. Figue 6. Real pats of the ective paametes of 2 2 aays of unit cell A: open aay and inteconnected aay. Figue 7. Suface cuent distibutions of 2 2 aays of unit cell A at 3.5 GHz: open aay and inteconnected aay Aays of Unit Cell B Figue 8 pesents the eal pats of the ective paametes of the open and inteconnected aays of unit cell B. The open aay exhibits negative ε ove thee diffeent fequency anges: fom 1.3 to 1.42 GHz, fom 2.95 to 5.24 GHz, and fom 5.52 to 5.8 GHz. On the othe hand, fo the inteconnected aay, a shift is obseved in the lowest-fequency esonance band; the inteconnected aay exhibits

9 Mateials 2015, 8 65 negative ε values fom 0.9 to 1.27 GHz. Fo the othe two fequency anges, the inteconnected aay exhibits simila values to those of the open aay. Moeove, both aays exhibit negative μ values fom 2.95 to 2.9 GHz. Figue 9 pesents the suface cuent distibutions of the open and inteconnected aays of unit cell B at 3.5 GHz. The suface cuent density is moe significant in the inteconnection egion fo the inteconnected aay. Figue 8. Real pats of the ective paametes of 2 2 aays of unit cell B: open aay and inteconnected aay. Figue 9. Suface cuent distibutions of 2 2 aay of unit cell B at 3.5 GHz: open aay and inteconnected aay.

10 Mateials 2015, Aays of Unit Cell C Figue 10 pesents the eal pats of the ective paametes fo aays of unit cell C. As in the case of the aays of unit cells A and B, the open aay of unit cell C exhibits chaacteistics vey simila to those of the coesponding unit cell, and the diffeences obseved fo the inteconnected aay pimaily affect the ε values in the lowe-fequency ange. The open aay exhibits double negative values fom 2.94 to 5.12 GHz and fom 5.7 to 5.87 GHz, and the inteconnected aay exhibits double-negative behavio fom 2.95 to 5.46 GHz and fom 5.82 to 5.85 GHz. The esults indicate slight fequency shifts of both the double-negative and single-negative egions fo the inteconnected aay configuation. The suface cuent distibutions of the open and inteconnected aays ae pesented in Figue 11. The maximum values of the suface cuent fo the open and inteconnected aays ae 143 A/m and 156 A/m, espectively. Figue 10. Real pats of the ective paametes of 2 2 aays of unit cell C: open aay and inteconnected aay.

11 Mateials 2015, 8 67 Figue 11. Suface cuent distibutions of 2 2 aays of unit cell C at 3.5 GHz: open aay and inteconnected aay Aays of Unit Cell D Figue 12 pesents the eal pats of cell D. Fo the open aay, ε, μ, and n fo the open and inteconnected aays of unit ε becomes negative ove fequency anges fom 0.82 to 1.09 GHz, fom 2.95 to 5.21 GHz, fom 5.26 to 5.4 GHz, and fom 5.88 to 6 GHz. On the othe hand, the anges in which the inteconnected aay exhibits negative ε values ae shifted to lowe fequencies: fom 0.57 to 0.99 GHz, fom 2.95 to 5.21 GHz, and fom 5.36 to 5.55 GHz. Both aays exhibit negative pemeability in the same fequency ange. Figue 13 pesents the suface cuent distibutions of the open and inteconnected aays of unit cell D. Figue 12. Real pats of the ective paametes of 2 2 aays of unit cell D: open aay and inteconnected aay.

12 Mateials 2015, 8 68 Figue 13. Suface cuent distibutions of 2 2 aay of unit cell D at 3.5 GHz: open aay and inteconnected aay. 5. Expeimental Validation A pototype of unit cell A was fabicated fo measuement to validate the simulation esults. Open and inteconnected 2 2 aays of unit cell A wee also fabicated. The expeiments wee pefomed in a semi-anechoic chambe using two boadband hon antennas placed 1.5 m apat. The pototypes wee placed between the hon antennas in the same plane, analogous to the simulation geomety. An Agilent E8363D vecto netwok analyze was utilized to detemine the tansmission paametes. The expeimental set-up in the anechoic chambe is depicted in Figue 14. Figue 14. Expeimental set-up fo the measuement of S paametes. The simulated and measued S paametes (S11 and S21) of the unit cell A and the aays theeof ae pesented in Figue 15. The esults eveal that the measued tansmission (S21) and eflection (S11) paametes of the unit-cell and the aays agee well with the coesponding simulations. Fo the unit cell and the aays, the measued S11 value exhibits a slight shift in the esonances towad lowe fequencies than those indicated by the simulation. This shift can most likely be attibuted to fabication eo and connecto issues. Fo the tansmission paamete specta of the unit cell and the aays, no noticeable fequency shifts wee obseved in the measued S21 esonances compaed with the simulations.

13 Mateials 2015, 8 69 Figue 15. S paametes fo unit cell A and aays theeof: eflection paametes (S11) and tansmission paametes (S21). 6. Conclusions In this pape, a new design fo a metamateial unit-cell stuctue and coesponding aay configuations ae pesented. The ective paametes and tansmission coicients of the poposed metamateial wee analyzed ove a fequency ange fom 0.5 to 7 GHz. The esults eveal double- and single-negative metamateial chaacteistics of the unit cells and aays in multiple fequency bands thoughout this ange. The designed unit cell exhibits double-negative chaacteistics at S-band and C-band micowave fequencies. The esults also indicate that fo unit cells of lage size, the negative metamateial chaacteistics shift towad lowe fequencies. The inteconnected aay configuation allows fo a highe suface cuent by vitue of the inteconnection of the unit cells and leads to a futhe shift of the esonance fequencies to lowe-fequency anges. Moeove, the sizes and tansmission coicients of the poposed metamateial unit cells and aays ae sufficiently small fo implementation in moden adio, satellite, and cellula communication applications. Acknowledgments This wok was suppoted by the Univesiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, unde gants DPP and DIP

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