État de l'art et problématiques liées aux META pour l'audible,

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1 État de l'art et problématiques liées aux META pour l'audible, Réunion de lancement du GdR META -- Vendredi janvier 16 Vicent Romero-García, Laboratoire d Acoustique de l Université du Maine (LAUM) Nicolas Côte. Institut Supérieur d Électronique et du Numérique (ISEN)

2 Outline Phononic Crystals and Metamaterials: Introduction and state of the art Interaction with the Society Metamaterials and Phononic Crystals against the traffic noise Metamaterials against the neighborhood noise Goals of the GT3 Discussion

$Refraction$ Nature 378,

3 Phononic (Sonic) crystals Sound filtering Refraction Nature 378, 41, (1995) Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 39, () Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 43, (6) Localization and Guiding Low transmission of sound Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 141 (1) Phys. Rev. Lett. 8, 535, (1998) New J. Phys 14, 349, (1) Phys. Rev. B 84, 13 (11) 3 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 46, 3518, (13)

Metamaterials: Definition?? and highlights Artificial, i.e. man-made,

physical PRL$14,$5431$(1)$ constraints from occurring in the

Z. Yang et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 11, 431,(8) Sugimoto, N.

4 Metamaterials: Definition?? and highlights Artificial, i.e. man-made, heterogeneous devices that display new responses precluded by physical PRL$14,$5431$(1)$ constraints from occurring in the constituent materials. (1 / ) B B (1 v Z. Liu, et al. Science 89, 1734 (); N. Fang et al. Nature Materials 5, 45 (6) 4 (1 B B (1 (1 / ) / ) 1 SH / ) B B ( B v Z. Yang et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 11, 431,(8) Sugimoto, N. and Horioka, T. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 97, , 1995 C.E. Bradley Technical Report, 1991 s ) 1 SH / S. Lee et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 14, 5431, (1) s

Simulation 3 Flat wall Appl. Phys. Lett. 13, 6416 (13) Nat. Mat.

Phys. Lett. 97, 1413, (1) Object axis x [m] axis y [m] axis y [m] axis x [m] FIG. 3.

wall, on the o PRL, 16, 5391 (11) bump) without cloak, and on the object cloak.

, Submitted (16) results. Left: Total field, right: reflected field.

, 391 (14) 11, (13) away from the ground plane1431 (z ).

At signal is measured at sampling frequency f f and 1 periods are recorded.

PRL$14,$5431$(1)$ Anomalous propagation tion eﬀect from the top of the bump, inducing a

However, the comparison with the bare object case shows that the cloak remains eﬃcient.

experimentally (Fig. 4). The time signal of the pulse is shown in the inset of the Fig.

of Fig.. Snapshots at two diﬀerent times are plotted: t 11 ms and t 137 ms.

reflected wave packet is fully at the second time.

carpet cloak that makes the object looks itis1fully1 transparent for the incident wave,

when no cloaking metasurface is present.

shows two waves moving away from each other, resulting from the reflection of the incident

The reflected case in the cloaked case, however, displays a quite well reconstructed circular

(1 / ) (1 / ) 1 eff/ B ) (1 Bef f/ ) (1B SH B/ (1 ) SH / ) 1 B Bef Bf (1 B (1 SH / /) s s B

) Our experiments show the capability of the metasurface concept to realize a thin cloak.

It has to be noticed t of the cloak is dependent on the incident robust around the normal

applied for tenna systems in the audible range.

5 What can we do? Focusing sound Cloaking Reflected field Total field axis z [m] axis z [m] Experiments Simulation 3 Flat wall Appl. Phys. Lett. 13, 6416 (13) Nat. Mat. 8, 931 (9) Object & cloak Flat wall Object Object & cloak axis y [m] Appl. Phys. Lett. 97, 1413, (1) Object axis x [m] axis y [m] axis y [m] axis x [m] FIG. 3. Acoustic field (real part) in the horizontal xz-plane in three case: reflection on a flat wall, on the o PRL, 16, 5391 (11) bump) without cloak, and on the object cloak. Top: D numerical simulation (Comsol Multiphysics), bottom Phys. Rev.withLett., Submitted (16) results. Left: Total field, right: reflected field. The source is a monochromatic sourceapl at frequency f 34 Nat. mat., 391 (14) 11, (13) away from the ground plane1431 (z ). 1 points per wavelength are measured in both x and z directions. At signal is measured at sampling frequency f f and 1 periods are recorded. The mean value, amplitude a pressure field are then computed by a least mean square method. PRL$14,$5431$(1)$ Anomalous propagation tion eﬀect from the top of the bump, inducing a wavefront with a time advance when compared to the flat ground PRL$14,$5431$(1)$ case. However, the comparison with the bare object case shows that the cloak remains eﬃcient. Filtering/Absorption (1 Such a case, with a relatively short wave packet, is characterized experimentally (Fig. 4). The time signal of the pulse is shown in the inset of the Fig. 4 and the corresponding spectrum is illustrated by the large band spectrum in the top panel of Fig.. Snapshots at two diﬀerent times are plotted: t 11 ms and t 137 ms. At the first time the incident wave is just about to reach the ground plane, whereas the reflected wave packet is fully at the second time. The snapshot reconstructed at t 11 ms in the case with cloak clearly shows the eﬀect of the carpet cloak that makes the object looks itis1fully1 transparent for the incident wave, though like SHthe diﬀractive eﬀect of the bare object is clearly visible, at the same time, when no cloaking metasurface is present. At the later time, and as in the previous results in the frequency domain, the uncloaked case shows two waves moving away from each other, resulting from the reflection of the incident wave of both sides of the bump. The reflected case in the cloaked case, however, displays a quite well reconstructed circular wave, and a time advanced wave front, as predicted by the numerical simulations. (1 / ) (1 / ) 1 eff/ B ) (1 Bef f/ ) (1B SH B/ (1 ) SH / ) 1 B Bef Bf (1 B (1 SH / /) s s B Bef f v.8 (a) v.6 α.4. ) Our experiments show the capability of the metasurface concept to realize a thin cloak. It has to be de- 4 6 posited, just like a skin, to hide an obje reflecting surface. It has to be noticed t of the cloak is dependent on the incident robust around the normal incidence, and teresting broadband properties for realist The presented cloak could be applied for tenna systems in the audible range. 1 Metamaterials: Physics and engineering explo N. Engheta and R. W. Ziolkowski (IEEE Press 6). Metamaterials: Theory, Design, and Applicati J. Cui, D. R. Smith and R. Liu (Springer, New 3 Acoustic Metamaterials: Negative Refraction ing and Cloaking, edited by R. V. Craster a (Springer, New York, 13). 4 D. Schurig, J.J. Mock, B.J. Justice, S.A. Cumm A.F. Starr, and D.R. Smith, Science, 314, R. Fleury, F. Monticone, and A. ALù, Phys. Rev (15). 6 M. Farhat, S. Guenneau, and S. Enoch, Phys 431 (9). 7 N. Stenger, M. Wilhelm, and M Wegener, Phys 1431 (1). 8 W. J. Parnell, A. N. Norris, and T. Shearer, A 1, (1). 9 S. Brûlé, E. H. Javelaud, S. Enoch, S. Guen Lett. 11, (14). 1 J. Li and J. B. Pendry, Phys. Rev. Lett.11, 11 J. Valentine, J. Li, T. Zentgraf, G. Bartal, an Mater. 8, 568 (9). 1 T. Ergin, N. Stenger, P. Brenner, J.B. Pendry, Science 38, 337 (1). 13 B.-I. Popa and S. A. Cummer, Phys. Rev. B 8 B.-I. Popa, L. Zigoneanu, and S. A. Cummer, 8 New J. Phys. 15, 9317, (14) (Hz) Re(f ) (Hz) 3 1 (b) Submitted to JASA (16) 5 Phys. Rev. Lett. 14, 5431, (1) Nature 55, 14678, (15)

French people are concerned by sound nuisances from Neighborhood Multilayer systems - Acoustic drawbacks: small efficiency at low

6 Interaction with the Society The INSEE* and the TNS-SOFRES** in 14, Traffic Acoustic Barriers - Acoustic drawbacks: shadow geometric region - Structural drawbacks: high resistivity of air - Environmental Impact Phononic crystal + Metamaterials + Absorption 8% of French people are concerned by sound nuisances from Neighborhood Multilayer systems - Acoustic drawbacks: small efficiency at low frequencies Metamaterials + Absorption 6 * Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques ** Marketing Studies and Opinion

Acoustic barriers based on metamaterials and

11, 1494 (11) Environmental Engineering and

Acous. Soc. Am., Vol. 19, pp. 1173-1183 (11).

Environmental Engineering and Management

7 Acoustic barriers based on metamaterials and phononic (sonic) crystals Natural materials Resonance+Periodicity+Absorption J. Sound Vib. 91 (6) 1 16 J. Appl. Phys. 11, 1494 (11) Environmental Engineering and Management Journal 14 (15), 1, J. Acous. Soc. Am., Vol. 19, pp (11). Perceptive effects J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 133 : 47-54, (13). Reduction of air flow resistivity A noise barrier made of a phononic crystal can introduce audible effects Sound examples Timbre modifica6on (street noise): Free-field / PC / Free-standing Environmental Engineering and Management Journal 14 (15), 1, Effect of band gap: Free-field / PC Internoise 14 Photonics 15 7 Appl. Phys. Lett. 94,

8 Thin (deep-subwavelength) absorbers based on metamaterials Mixing absorption and resonances Nat. Commun. 3:756 doi: 1.138/ncomms1758, (1) Appl. Phys. Lett. 15, 191 (14) J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 134 : , 13. J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 136 : , 14. Scientific Reports, 4 : 4674, 14. J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 137 : 73-8, 15. J. Appl. Phys. 117, 1493 (15) Applied Acoustics, 1: 49-54, 16 New J. Phys. 15, 9317, (14) Perfect and broadband absorption Nat. Mat., 3994, DOI:1.3994, (14) Appl. Phys. Lett. 14, 119 (14) Appl. Phys. Lett. 17, 1414 (15) Scientific Reports, 5, 19519,(16) Appl. Phys. Lett. 17, 441 (15)

vicente.romero@univ-lemans.fr Jean-Philippe.Groby@univ-lemans.fr Goals of the GT3 French framework to work, motivate collaborations and flow of information concerning the topic of this GT3.

9 Goals of the GT3 French framework to work, motivate collaborations and flow of information concerning the topic of this GT3. Motivate discussions to share the skills and knowledge of scientists working on acoustic metamaterials and phononic crystals and their industrial partners around the possible industrial applications. Particularly on the topic of: traffic noise and neighborhood noise. European and International visibility of the work on Acoustic Metamaterials and Phononic Crystals developed in the French community. CFA 16 - VISHNO "Acoustic Metamaterials and Phononic Crystal in the audible regime Deadline: 6th March

10 État de l'art et problématiques liées aux META pour l audible, MERCI POUR VOTRE ATTENTION DISCUSSION / QUESTIONS Réunion de lancement du GdR META -- Vendredi janvier 16 Vicent Romero-García, Laboratoire d Acoustique de l Université du Maine (LAUM) Nicolas Côte. Institut Supérieur d Électronique et du Numérique (ISEN)

Three-Dimensional Broadband Omnidirectional Acoustic Ground Cloak

Three-Dimensional Broadband Omnidirectional Acoustic Ground Cloak Lucian Zigoneanu, 1 Bogdan-Ioan Popa, 1 and Steven A. Cummer 1, 1 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, North