Standard Test Method for Propagation Tear Resistance of Plastic Film and Thin Sheeting by Pendulum Method 1

Transcription

1 Desigatio: D Stadard Test Method for Propagatio Tear Resistace of Plastic Film ad Thi Sheetig by Pedulum Method 1 This stadard is issued uder the fixed desigatio D 1922; the umber immediately followig the desigatio idicates the year of origial adoptio or, i the case of revisio, the year of last revisio. A umber i paretheses idicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript epsilo (e) idicates a editorial chage sice the last revisio or reapproval. 1. Scope* 1.1 This test method 2 covers the determiatio of the average force to propagate tearig through a specified legth of plastic film or origid sheetig after the tear has bee started, usig a Elmedorf-type tearig tester. Two specimes are cited, a rectagular type, ad oe with a costat radius testig legth. The latter shall be the preferred or referee specime. 1.2 Because of (1) difficulties i selectig uiformly idetical specimes, (2) the varyig degree of orietatio i some plastic films, ad (3) the difficulty foud i testig highly extesible or highly orieted materials, or both, the reproducibility of the test results may be variable ad, i some cases, ot good or misleadig. Provisios are made i the test method to compesate for oblique directioal tearig which may be foud with some materials. 1.3 The values stated i SI uits are to be regarded as the stadard. The values give i paretheses are for iformatio oly. 1.4 This stadard does ot purport to address all of the safety cocers, if ay, associated with its use. It is the resposibility of the user of this stadard to establish appropriate safety ad health practices ad determie the applicability of regulatory limitatios prior to use. Specific precautioary statemets are give i NOTE 1 This stadard ad ISO are techically equivalet. 2. Refereced Documets 2.1 ASTM Stadards: 1 This test method is uder the jurisdictio of ASTM Committee D20 o Plastics ad is the direct resposibility of Subcommittee D20.19 o Film ad Sheetig. Curret editio approved March 10, Published April Origially approved i Last previous editio approved i 2000 as D a. 2 This test method has bee adapted from TAPPI Stadard Method T 414M-49, Iteral Tearig Resistace of Paper. I testig certai plastic films, problems of reproducibility ad iterpretatio of results are ecoutered which require special treatmet to make the test method of most value. This test method is revised here specifically for use with plastic film ad thi sheetig. For more complete explaatio of certai aspects of the equipmet, its calibratio ad adjustmet, refer to TAPPI Stadard Method T 414M-49. The followig additioal refereces may be of iterest i coectio with this test method: Paiter, E. V., Chu, C. C., ad Morga, H. M., Testig Textiles o the Elmedorf Tear Tester, Textile Research Joural, Vol XX, No. 6, Jue 1950, pp Elmedorf, A., Stregth Test for Paper, Paper, Vol 26, April 21, 1920, p D 374 Test Methods for Thickess of Solid Electrical Isulatio 3 D 618 Practice for Coditioig Plastics for Testig 4 D 689 Test Method for Iteral Tearig Resistace of Paper 5 D 1004 Test Method for Iitial Tear Resistace of Plastic Film ad Sheetig 4 D 4000 Classificatio System for Specifyig Plastic Materials 6 E 691 Practice for Coductig a Iterlaboratory Study to Determie the Precisio of a Test Method ISO Stadard: ISO Plastics Film ad Sheetig Determiatio of Tear Resistace Part 2 Elmedorf Method 8 3. Summary of Test Method 3.1 The force i grams required to propagate tearig across a film or sheetig specime is measured usig a precisely calibrated pedulum device. Actig by gravity, the pedulum swigs through a arc, tearig the specime from a precut slit. The specime is held o oe side by the pedulum ad o the other side by a statioary member. The loss i eergy by the pedulum is idicated by a poiter. The scale idicatio is a fuctio of the force required to tear the specime. 4. Sigificace ad Use 4.1 This test method is of value i rakig relative tearig resistace of various plastic films ad thi sheetig of comparable thickess. Experiece has show the test to have its best reliability o relatively less extesible films ad sheetig. Variable elogatio ad oblique tearig effects o the more extesible films preclude its use as a precise productio-cotrol tool for these types of plastics. This test method should be used for specificatio acceptace testig oly after it has bee demostrated that the data for the particular material are acceptably reproducible. This test method should be used for 3 Aual Book of ASTM Stadards, Vol Aual Book of ASTM Stadards, Vol Aual Book of ASTM Stadards, Vol Aual Book of ASTM Stadards, Vol Aual Book of ASTM Stadards, Vol Available from America Natioal Stadards Istitute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY *A Summary of Chages sectio appears at the ed of this stadard. Copyright ASTM Iteratioal, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Coshohocke, PA , Uited States. 1

2 service evaluatio oly after its usefuless for the particular applicatio has bee demostrated with a umber of differet films. 4.2 This test method has bee widely used as oe idex of the tearig resistace of plastic film ad thi sheetig used i packagig applicatios. While it may ot always be possible to correlate film tearig data with its other mechaical or toughess properties, the apparatus of this test method provides a cotrolled meas for tearig specimes at straiig rates approximatig some of those foud i actual packagig service. 4.3 Due to orietatio durig their maufacture, plastic films ad sheetig frequetly show marked aisotropy i their resistace to tearig. This is further complicated by the fact that some films elogate greatly durig tearig, eve at the relatively rapid rates of loadig ecoutered i this test method. The degree of this elogatio is depedet i tur o film orietatio ad the iheret mechaical properties of the polymer from which it is made. These factors make tear resistace of some films reproducible betwee sets of specimes to 65 % of the mea value, while others may show o better reproducibility tha 650 %. 4.4 Data obtaied by this test method may supplemet that from Test Method D 1004, wherei the specime is straied at a rate of 50 mm [2 i.] per mi. However, specime geometry ad testig speed of the two test methods are dissimilar. The rate of tearig i this test method, while varyig as a fuctio of resistace to tear, is i the rage from 7.6 to 46 m [300 to 1800 i.]/mi. 4.5 There is ot a direct, liear relatioship betwee tearig force ad specime thickess. Data from this test method are expressed as tearig force i milliewtos (or grams-force, if desired), with specime thickess also reported. But sets of data from specimes of dissimilar thickess are usually ot comparable. Therefore, oly data at the same thickess ca be compared. 4.6 For may materials, there may be a specificatio that requires the use of this test method, but with some procedural modificatios that take precedece whe adherig to the specificatio. Therefore, it is advisable to refer to that material specificatio before usig this test method. Table 1 of Classificatio System D 4000 lists the ASTM materials stadards that curretly exist. 5. Apparatus 5.1 Pedulum Impulse-Type Testig Apparatus, 9 cosistig of the followig: Statioary Clamp Movable Clamp, carried o a pedulum, preferably formed by a sector of a wheel or circle, free to swig o a ball bearig or other substatially frictioless bearig Stop Catch, for holdig the pedulum i a raised positio ad for releasig it istataeously Idicatig Device, for registerig the maximum arc through which the pedulum swigs whe released. The pedulum shall carry a circumferetial scale, graduated from 0 to 100 % of the machie capacity so as to read agaist the poiter the average force required to tear a specime 43 mm [1.7 i.]. The poiter ad scale may be replaced by a electroic digital readout. Digital readouts are available which will give test results directly i milliewtos, directly i grams-force, or i percet of pedulum capacity. With the pedulum i its iitial positio ready for test, separate the two clamps by a iterval of 2.54 mm [0.10 i.]. So alig them that the specime clamped i them lies i a plae perpedicular to the plae of oscillatio of the pedulum with the edges of the jaws grippig the specime i a horizotal lie, a perpedicular to which through the axis of suspesio of the pedulum is mm [ i.] i legth ad makes a agle of 27.5 with the plae of the film specime. The clampig surface i each jaw shall be at least 25.4 mm [1 i.] i width ad at least 12.7 mm [0.5 i.] i depth Capacity Istrumets of several capacities, 1960, 3920, 7840, , , mn [200, 400, 800, 1600, 3200, 6400 gf], ad perhaps others are available. These capacities ca be achieved by idividual istrumets, iterchageable pedulum sectors, or augmetig weights. 5.2 Template, Die, or Shear-Type Cutter, 10 for cuttig specimes. 5.3 Razor Blades, sigle-edged, for cuttig specimes where a template is used. 5.4 Thickess-Measurig Device A suitable micrometer, or other thickess gage, readig to mm [ i.] for measurig the thickess of test specimes. The pressure exerted by the gage o the specime beig measured shall ot distort or deform the specime. For thi films, #0.025 mm [0.001 i.], or films that exhibit visual deformatio durig measuremet, a maximum pressure of 70 kpa [10 psi] is recommeded. For thicker or stiffer films, the pressure shall be betwee 160 ad 185 kpa [23 ad 27 psi], i accordace with Method C of Test Methods D Test Specimes 6.1 Test specimes shall be cut, as show i Fig. 1, to form a costat-radius testig legth. This shall be the preferred or referee specime type sice its geometry automatically compesates for the problem of oblique tearig (Note 2 ad Note 3). Alteratively, specimes shall be cut to form a rectagle 76 mm [3 i.] or more i width by 63 mm [2.5 i.] i legth ad plaily marked to deote iteded directio of tear. The 63-mm specime dimesio shall be the directio of tear. Two sets of specimes shall be cut from each sample so that their sides are parallel to (1) the machie directio ad (2) the trasverse directio, respectively, of the material beig tested. Eough specimes shall be cut i each directio to provide a miimum of te tear stregth determiatios. NOTE 2 Specimes havig costat-radius testig legths are desiged to correct for oblique directioal tearig ecoutered i certai aisotropic, elastomeric films, ad origid sheetig. For purposes of 9 Equipmet available from the Thwig-Albert Istrumet Co., Philadelphia, PA 19144, meets the requiremets for this apparatus. 10 The TA63 Sample Cutter, Catalog No. 98, available from the Thwig-Albert Istrumet Co., Philadelphia, PA 19144, has bee foud satisfactory for cuttig specimes. 2

3 FIG. 1 Costat-Radius Test Specime for Tear Resistace Test specime selectio, oblique tearig is defied as tearig i a curved or straight lie that deviates more tha 9.5 mm [ 3 8 i.] from the vertical lie of iteded tear. NOTE 3 Certai film ad sheetig specimes showig oblique tearig may yield data of poor reproducibility because the axis of maximum orietatio varies as much as 30 from the omial machie directio. Whe this is suspected, the sample may be examied by crossed Polaroid plates to determie this directio of maximum orietatio ad the specimes cut alog the axis of aisotropy for testig parallel ad ormal to it. 6.2 Where a metal template is used, the film or sheetig shall be placed o a hard surface. The template shall be held over it ad the specimes cut out usig a sigle-edged razor blade. 6.3 Whe the specime is cut out, a slit 20 mm [0.8 i.] deep may be made at the ceter of the edge perpedicular to the directio to be tested. This leaves exactly 43 mm [1.7 i.] of tearig legth betwee the ed of the slit ad the opposite edge of the specime. This slit may be cut ito the specime after it has bee placed i the testig apparatus. NOTE 4 The pedulum apparatus may be fitted with a sharp-loaded kife to make this slit i the specime after it has bee clamped i the apparatus. The actio of the kife must be such as to make a clea slit exactly 20 mm [0.8 i.] ito the specime from the edge. 7. Adjustmet of Apparatus 7.1 Pedulum Frictio: Older Istrumets To check the pedulum swig for freedom from excess frictio, level the apparatus ad draw a pecil lie o the base or stop mechaism 25.4 mm [1 i.] to the right of the edge of the sector stop. With the sector raised to its iitial positio ad the poiter set agaist its stop, o releasig the sector ad holdig the stop dow, the sector should make at least 20 complete oscillatios before the edge of the sector that egages with the stop o loger passes to the left of the pecil lie. Otherwise, oil ad adjust the bearig Newer Istrumets I recet years, a ew type of frictioless bearig made of sythetic material has bee used. This bearig will ot ecessarily allow the pedulum sector to make 20 complete oscillatios as the older oe did. This does ot mea that there is excess frictio i the pedulum swig. These ewer bearigs should ot be oiled. Cosult the istructios supplied with the istrumet for guidace. 7.2 Poiter Frictio Check the poiter frictio as follows: Set the poiter at zero readig o the scale before releasig the sector, ad after release see that the poiter is ot pushed more tha three scale divisios beyod zero. A readig of more tha three divisios idicates excessive poiter frictio ad the poiter should be removed, the bearig wiped clea, ad a trace of oil or petroleum jelly applied. Whe the poiter frictio has bee reduced, fially adjust the poiter stop. 7.3 Poiter Zero Readig To check the poiter for its zero poit, level the apparatus so that, with the sector free, the lie o the sector idicatig the vertical poit of suspesio coicides with a correspodig poit o the base of the apparatus, usually placed o the stop mechaism. After levelig, operate the apparatus several times with othig i the jaws, the movable jaw beig closed, to ascertai whether the poiter registers zero with o load. If zero is ot registered, adjust the positio of the poiter stop by meas of the poiter stop thumb screw util a zero readig is obtaied. 8. Verificatio of Scale 8.1 The scale may be verified either by the procedure described i Test Method D 689 ad repeated here, or by the method which uses the Elmedorf check weights obtaiable from the maufacturer. The method i Test Method D 689 is relatively time-cosumig ad complicated. The check weight method is relatively simple. 8.2 Test Method D 689 Procedure: To verify the scale, first mark the ceter of gravity of the weight (icludig meas of attachig) by a puched dot o the face of the weight. The clamp a kow weight i grams, W, to the radial edge of the sector beeath the jaws Raise ad set the sector as for tearig a specime ad, by meas of a suitable scale, measure the height i cetimetres, h, of the ceter of gravity of the weight above the surface upo which the apparatus rests. The release the sector, allow it to swig, ad ote the poiter readig. Without touchig the poiter, raise the sector util the edge of the poiter just meets with its stop, i which positio agai determie the height i cetimetres, H, of the ceter of gravity of the weight above the surface The work doe is W (H h) gram-cetimetres. The poiter readig oted above should be the same as that calculated as follows: W~H 2 h!/ Five weights from 75 to 400 g form a suitable rage for calibratio of the apparatus, oe or more beig clamped o the edge of the sector i differet positios. Calculate the work doe i raisig each ad add together Make a record of deviatios of the poiter from the calculated readigs ad make correspodig correctios i the test results at the proper poits o the scale. 3

4 8.2.6 It is uecessary to repeat the calibratio of the istrumet provided it is kept i adjustmet ad o parts become chaged or wor. 8.3 Check Weight Method 11 : Use a set of three check weights calibrated for scale values of 20, 50, ad 80 % of the pedulum capacity. Sets of check weights of these values are available for each pedulum capacity. These weights should be so costructed that each weight ca be iserted i the clamps by the procedure used for a test specime With the pedulum i the raised positio, ope the clamp of the pedulum. Slide the tag of the weight ito positio, ad faste it securely ito the clamp. The body of the weight must be beeath the clamp. Depress the pedulum stop, thus releasig the pedulum. Hold dow the stop util after the tear is completed ad catch the pedulum o the retur swig. Read the idicatig device to the earest divisio Repeat this procedure with each of the check weights. 8.4 Alterative Methods A variety of ew techiques have bee developed for scale verificatio of ewer istrumets icludig optical ecoders utilizig a sigle check weight. For istrumets that are capable of beig verified usig these techiques, the specific procedures recommeded by the istrumet supplier shall be followed. 9. Coditioig 9.1 Coditioig Coditio the test specimes at C [ F] ad % relative humidity for ot less tha 40 h prior to test i accordace with Procedure A of Practice D 618 for these tests where coditioig is required. I cases of disagreemet, the toleraces shall be 61 C [61.8 F] ad 62 % relative humidity. 9.2 Test Coditios Coduct tests i the stadard laboratory atmosphere of C [ F] ad % relative humidity, uless otherwise specified i the test method. I cases of disagreemet, the toleraces shall be 61 C [61.8 F] ad 62 % relative humidity. 10. Procedure 10.1 Test ot less tha te specimes i each of the pricipal film or sheetig directios. Measure ad record the thickess of each specime as the average of three readigs across its ceter i the directio i which it is to be tor. Read the thickess to a precisio of mm [ i.] or better except for sheetig greater tha 0.25-mm [10-mils] thickess, which is read to a precisio of mm [0.001 i.] or better With the pedulum i its raised positio, place the specime midway i the clamps so that its upper edge is parallel to the top of the clamps ad the iitial slit (if it was made whe the specime was cut) is at the bottom of ad betwee the clamps at right agles to their top Slit the firmly clamped specime with the sharp sprig-loaded kife if it has ot bee slit durig cuttig. Lay 11 Elmedorf calibratio check weights are available from the Thwig-Albert Istrumet Co., Philadelphia, PA Use of these weights will permit direct calibratio of the apparatus i a shorter time. the upper testig portio of the specime over i the directio of the pedulum pivot. NOTE 5 The work doe i tearig a specime icludes a certai amout of work to bed cotiuously the film or sheetig as it is tor, to provide for the rubbig of the tor edges of the specime together, ad to lift the specime agaist the force of gravity. Cosequetly, it is ecessary to specify certai empirical requiremets for both the apparatus ad the method to keep the additioal work ot used for tearig to approximately a defiite quatity Release the sector stop ad tear the specime. As the sector completes its retur swig, catch it with the thumb ad forefiger of the left had, beig careful ot to disturb the positio of the poiter Examie the specime. If it tore through the costatradius sectio withi a approximate agle of 60 o either side of the vertical lie of iteded tear, record the poiter readig to the earest 0.5 uit. If the lie of tear was more tha approximately 60 from the vertical, reject the readig ad test a extra specime i its place. If rectagular specimes are tested, reject all specimes that tear obliquely more tha 9.5 mm [ 3 8 i.] from the vertical lie of iteded tear. Test extra specimes to replace those rejected. Whe oblique tearig is frequet, the test may be performed alog ad ormal to the axis of maximum orietatio (see Note 3) istead of alog machie ad trasverse directios. NOTE 6 I additio to tearig i a curved or oblique directio, some specimes may elogate alog the lie of tear to such a extet that the actual tearig legth may be cosiderably more tha the stadard 43-mm [1.7-i.] dimesio. As the degree or legth of this elogatio caot be measured, the data caot be corrected for its effect. However, whe this has occurred, a ote should be icluded i the report of data. This elogatio tedecy of certai films may cause poorer reproducibility. NOTE 7 The maximum accuracy of the pedulum apparatus lies i the scale rage from 20 to 60. Whe thi specimes are beig tested, it may be advisable to test eough specimes sadwiched together to produce a scale readig betwee 20 ad 60. However, certai specimes i the same sadwich may tear obliquely i opposite directios, which may lead to falsely high results. Whe this tearig behavior is ecoutered, sigle specimes must be tested, eve though scale readigs may be i the rage below 20. If tearig loads are i excess of 60, the augmetig weight attachmet may be used to double the capacity of the apparatus or a higher-capacity pedulum may be used. For thi film, it is recommeded that sigle specimes ad a lower-capacity tester be used rather tha several specimes ad a higher capacity machie. If the scale readig is below 10 o a 200-g pedulum, multiple plies may be used. The umber of plies used should be the umber required to brig the readig above Calculatio 11.1 Calculate the average tearig force i milliewtos ad, if desired, i grams-force as follows: If the stadard 1600-gf istrumet with a0to100 scale is used, calculate as follows: average scale readig 16 3 average scale readig If a istrumet of differet grams-force capacity with a 0 to 100 scale is used, calculate as follows: 4

5 average scale readig 3 gf2capacity gf 16 3 average scale readig 3 gf2capacity gf If a istrumet has a SI metric scale (for example, 0 to 1000 graduatios), calculate as follows: 16 3 average scale readig 3 capacity, N N 16 3 average scale readig 3 capacity, N N If a istrumet has a direct-readig scale (for example, digital readout) i milliewtos, calculate as follows: average scale readig average scale readig If a istrumet has a direct-readig scale (for example, digital readout) i grams-force, calculate as follows: average scale readig average scale readig A direct proportioality may ot always exist betwee tearig force ad specime thickess. Therefore, this test method provides for reportig data i milliewtos, or, if desired, grams of force required to propagate tearig with specime thickess reported separately Calculate the arithmetic mea, X, tearig resistace i each pricipal directio of the film or sheetig Calculate the stadard deviatio of the tearig resistace i each pricipal directio to two sigificat figures as follows: s 5 =~(X 2 2 X 2!/~ 2 1! s = estimated stadard deviatio, X = value of a sigle observatio, = umber of observatios, ad X = arithmetic mea of the set of observatios 11.4 The average, stadard deviatio, maximum, ad miimum values of the tearig resistace may be obtaied from the digital readout device, if applicable. 12. Report 12.1 Report the followig iformatio: Complete idetificatio of the sample tested icludig source, maufacturer s ame ad code umber, method of fabricatio, roll or lot umber, ad date received or made, Type ad directio of specimes tested: rectagular or costat radius, parallel or ormal to the machie directio of the film. If tests were performed with referece to a axis of maximum orietatio that did ot coicide with the machie or trasverse directio of the film, the report should also iclude the locatio of this axis relative to the latter directios, Number of specimes tested at oe time, ad the umber tested i each pricipal directio of the film, Average, maximum, ad miimum values for specime thickess ad for machie ad trasverse tearig resistace (if data are obtaied from specimes i both pricipal directios), expressed i milliewtos, or grams-force, if desired to the earest whole umber, Stadard deviatio from the average(s) of the tearig resistace i the machie ad trasverse directios, if both directios are tested, ad Capacity of the tester. 13. Precisio ad Bias Table 1 ad Table 2 are based o a roud robi coducted betwee 1986 ad 1990 i accordace with Practice E 691, ivolvig seve materials tested by seve laboratories. For each material, all the samples were prepared at oe source, ad radomized sectios of film were set to each of the laboratories which prepared the test specimes ad tested them. Each test result was the average of te determiatios. Each laboratory obtaied two test results for each material. Warig The followig explaatios of r ad R ( ) are oly iteded to preset a meaigful way of 12 Supportig data are available from ASTM Headquarters. Request RR:D TABLE 1 Propagatio Tear Resistace (Elmedorf Tear) Machie Directio Material Values Expressed i Uits of Grams Force A B Average S r S R r C R D Polystyree HDPE No HDPE No Polypropylee Polyester LDPE LD LLDPE A S r = withi-laboratory stadard deviatio for the material stated. It is obtaied by poolig the stadard deviatios of the test results from each laboratory: S r 5 [@(~S 1! 2 1 ~S 2! ~S! 2 #/] 1 / 2 (1) B S R = betwee-laboratories stadard deviatio for the material stated. It is a poolig of the amouts by which the average of the test results for each laboratory deviate from the overall average for that material. C r = withi-laboratory repeatability limit = S r. D R = betwee-laboratories reproducibility limit = S R. 5

6 TABLE 2 Propagatio Tear Resistace (Elmedorf Tear) Trasverse Directio Material Values Expressed i Uits of Grams Force A B Average S r S R r C R D Polystyree Polyester LDPE LD HDPE No HDPE No LLDPE Polypropylee A S r = withi-laboratory stadard deviatio for the material stated. It is obtaied by poolig the stadard deviatios of the test results from each laboratory: S r 5 [@(~S 1! 2 1 ~S 2! ~S! 2 #/] 1 / 2 (2) B S R = betwee-laboratories stadard deviatio for the material stated. It is a poolig of the amouts by which the average of the test results for each laboratory deviate from the overall average for that material. C r = withi-laboratory repeatability limit = S r. D R = betwee-laboratories reproducibility limit = S R. cosiderig the approximate precisio of this test method. The data i Table 1 ad Table 2 should ot be rigorously applied to acceptace or rejectio of material, as those data are specific to the roud robi ad may ot be represetative of other lots, coditios, materials, or laboratories. Users of this test method should apply the priciples outlied i Practice E 691 to geerate data specific to their laboratory ad materials, or betwee specific laboratories. The priciples of would the be valid for such data Cocept of r ad R If S r ad S R have bee calculated from a large eough body of data, ad for test results that were the result of testig te specimes: Repeatability Limit, r (Comparig two test results for the same material, obtaied by the same operator usig the same equipmet o the same day.) The two test results should be judged ot equivalet if they differ by more tha the r value for that material Reproducibility Limit, R (Comparig two test results for the same material, obtaied by differet operators usig differet equipmet i differet laboratories.) The two test results should be judged ot equivalet if they differ by more tha the R value for that material Ay judgmet i accordace with or would have a approximate 95 % (0.95) probability of beig correct There are o recogized stadards to estimate bias of this test method. 14. Keywords 14.1 Elmedorf; origid sheetig; plastic film; tear; thi sheetig SUMMARY OF CHANGES This sectio idetifies the locatio of selected chages to this test method. For the coveiece of the user, Committee D20 has highlighted those chages that may impact the use of this test method. This sectio may also iclude descriptios of the chages or reasos for the chages, or both. D : (1) Added paragraph 8.4. D a: (1) Revised gage pressure specificatio (see 5.4). D : (1) Icorporated editorial correctios. (2) Revised subcommittee jurisdictio. (3) Revised gage pressure specificatio (see 5.4). D a: (1) Added a ISO equivalecy statemet. ASTM Iteratioal takes o positio respectig the validity of ay patet rights asserted i coectio with ay item metioed i this stadard. Users of this stadard are expressly advised that determiatio of the validity of ay such patet rights, ad the risk of ifrigemet of such rights, are etirely their ow resposibility. This stadard is subject to revisio at ay time by the resposible techical committee ad must be reviewed every five years ad if ot revised, either reapproved or withdraw. Your commets are ivited either for revisio of this stadard or for additioal stadards ad should be addressed to ASTM Iteratioal Headquarters. Your commets will receive careful cosideratio at a meetig of the resposible techical committee, which you may atted. If you feel that your commets have ot received a fair hearig you should make your views kow to the ASTM Committee o Stadards, at the address show below. This stadard is copyrighted by ASTM Iteratioal, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Coshohocke, PA , Uited States. Idividual reprits (sigle or multiple copies) of this stadard may be obtaied by cotactig ASTM at the above address or at (phoe), (fax), or service@astm.org ( ); or through the ASTM website ( 6