Homework 1 Solutions. The exercises are from Foundations of Mathematical Analysis by Richard Johnsonbaugh and W.E. Pfaffenberger.
|
|
- Toby Arnold
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Homewor 1 Solutios Math 171, Sprig 2010 Hery Adams The exercises are from Foudatios of Mathematical Aalysis by Richard Johsobaugh ad W.E. Pfaffeberger Let h : X Y, g : Y Z, ad f : Z W. Prove that (f g h = f (g h. Solutio. Let x X. Note that ((f g h(x = (f g(h(x = f(g(h(x = f((g h(x = (f (g h(x Sice this is true for all x X, we have (f g h = f (g h Let f : X Y ad A X ad B Y. Prove (a f(f 1 (B B ad (b A f 1 (f(a. Solutio. (a By defiitio, f 1 (B = {x X f(x B}. So if y f(f 1 (B, the y = f(x for some x f 1 (B, that is, f(x B. Hece y = f(x B, so f(f 1 (B B. (b If x A, the f(x f(a, ad so x f 1 (f(a. Hece A f 1 (f(a Prove that ( x = x for all x R. Solutio. Note that x + ( x = 0 = ( x + x, by defiitio of ( x. By the uiqueess i Axiom 5, x is the additive iverse of ( x, that is, ( x = x Let x, y R. Prove that xy = 0 if ad oly if x = 0 or y = 0. Solutio. To show, suppose that either x = 0 or y = 0. The, by Theorem 3.4, xy = 0. To show, let xy = 0. Suppose for a cotradictio that x 0 ad y 0. Sice x ad y are ozero, by Axiom 10 their multiplicative iverses x 1 ad y 1 exist. Hece we have 0 = 0(y 1 x 1 = (xy(y 1 x 1 = xx 1 = 1 This cotradicts Axiom 9, which says 0 1. Hece it must be the case that either x = 0 or y = 0. This shows. We have xy = 0 x = 0 or y = Prove that if xy > 0, the either x > 0 ad y > 0 or x < 0 ad y < 0, x, y R. Solutio. Let xy > 0. By Exercise 3.5, x 0 ad y 0. If x > 0 ad y < 0, the Theorem 4.2 says xy < 0y = 0, a cotradictio. If x < 0 ad y > 0, the Theorem 4.2 says 0 = 0y > xy, a cotradictio. Hece it must be the case that x > 0 ad y > 0 or x < 0 ad y < Prove that x 2 + y 2 2xy for all x, y R. Solutio. Note (x y 2 0. Expadig, we get x 2 2xy + y 2 0. Addig 2xy to both sides, we get x 2 + y 2 2xy. 1
2 5.1. Let X be a set of real umbers with least upper boud a. Prove that if ɛ > 0, there exists x X such that a ɛ < x a. Solutio. Suppose for a cotradictio that there is o such x. The a ɛ is a upper boud for X, ad a ɛ < a. This cotradicts the fact that a is the least upper boud for X: see part (ii of Defiitio 5.2. Hece there must exist some x X such that a ɛ < x a Let X ad Y be sets of real umbers with least upper bouds a ad b, respectively. Prove that a + b is the least upper boud of the set X + Y = {x + y x X, y Y }. Solutio. First ote that if z X + Y, the z = x + y with x X ad y Y, so z = x + y a + b. Hece a + b is a upper boud for X + Y. Next, let c be ay upper boud for X + Y. Suppose for a cotradictio that c < a + b. Let ɛ = a + b c > 0. By Exercise 5.1, there exists x X such that a ɛ 2 < x, ad there exists y Y such that b ɛ 2 < y. Hece c = a + b ɛ = (a ɛ 2 + (b ɛ 2 < x + y, cotradictig the fact that c is a upper boud for X + Y. So it must be that a + b c. Thus a + b is the least upper boud of X + Y Prove the biomial theorem: If a ad b are real umbers ad is a positive iteger, the ( ( ( ( (a + b = a a b b = a b 0 =0 where ( =!!(!. Solutio. This is a proof by iductio o. The base case whe = 1 is clear, as ( 1 0 = 1 = ( 1 1. For the iductive step, assume it holds for m. The for = m + 1, (a + b m+1 = (a + b(a + b m = (a + b(a m + b m + =1 ab m + ba m + m =1 m =1 m [( m + =1 m + 1 =1 m+1 ( m + 1 = a m+1 b =0 ( m a m b by the iductive hypothesis =1 a m +1 b + a m +1 b + ( m a m +1 b + =0 m j=1 j 1 =1 ( m a m b +1 a m b +1 by combiig terms a m+1 j b j let j=+1 i secod sum ( ] m a m+1 b by combiig the sums 1 a m+1 b from Pascal s rule as desired. Hece the biomial theorem holds for all positive itegers Prove that if X is a oempty subset of positive itegers which is bouded above, the X cotais a greatest elemet. 2
3 Solutio. Sice X is bouded above, there exists b P such that x < b for all x X. Hece b x P for all x X. By Theorem 6.10, there exists a least elemet i the oempty set {b x : x X} of positive itegers. That is, there exists some y X such that b y b x for all x X. Subtractig b from both sides ad multiplyig by 1, we get that y x for all x X. Hece X cotais a greatest elemet y Prove the laws of iteger expoets Solutio. (a x m+ = x m x, x R, x 0, m, Z Defiitio 7.3 tells us that x +1 = xx (ad hece x 1 x +1 = x for all P. First we show this is true for all Z. The cases = 0, 1 are clear. Also, if < 1, the we have x +1 = 1 x 1 = 1 x 1 x = 1 1 x 1 = xx x Hece x +1 = xx for all Z. Now, let m Z be arbitrary. We will show that x m+ = x m x by iductio o. The base case = 0 is clear. Suppose the formula is true for. The x m++1 = xx m+ = xx m x = x m x +1 so the formula is true for + 1. This shows the formula is true for all N. Suppose agai the formula is true for. The x m+ 1 = x 1 x m+ = x 1 x m x = x m x 1 so the formula is true for 1. Hece the formula is true for all Z. (b x = 1 x, x R, x 0, Z. If 0, the this is Defiitio 7.3. If > 0, the ote 1 x = 1 1 x = x. (c (xy = x y, x, y R, x 0 y, Z. We prove the formula by iductio o. The base case = 0 is clear. Suppose the formula is true for. The (xy +1 = (xy(xy = xyx y = x +1 y +1 so the formula is true for + 1. This shows the formula is true for all N. Suppose agai the formula is true for. The (xy 1 = (xy 1 (xy = x 1 y 1 x y = x 1 y 1 so the formula is true for 1. Hece the formula is true for all Z. (d (x m = x m, x R, x 0, m, Z Let m Z be arbitrary. We prove the formula by iductio o. The base case = 0 is clear. Suppose the formula is true for. The (x m +1 = (x m (x m = x m x m = x m+m = x m(+1 so the formula is true for + 1. This shows the formula is true for all N. Suppose agai the formula is true for. The (x m 1 = (x m 1 (x m = x m x m = x m+m = x m( 1 so the formula is true for 1. Hece the formula is true for all Z. (e ( x y = x y, x, y R, x 0 y, Z. This follows by replacig y with y 1 i (b. (f If 0 < x < y, the x < y, P 3
4 We prove the formula by iductio o. The base case = 1 is clear. Suppose the formula is true for. The x +1 = xx < xy < yy = y +1 so the formula is true for + 1. This shows the formula is true for all P. (g If < m ad x > 1, the x < x m,, m Z. Let Z be arbitrary. We prove the formula by iductio o m. The base case m = + 1 is clear, as 1 < x implies x < xx = x +1 = x m Suppose the formula is true for m. The x < x m < xx m = x m+1 so the formula is true for m + 1. This shows the formula is true for all m > Prove that o equilateral triagle i the plae ca have all vertices with ratioal coordiates. Solutio. Suppose for a cotradictio that such a triagle exists. Traslate the triagle so that oe vertex is at the origi; ote the ew vertices still have ratioal coordiates. Scale the triagle by the commo deomiator of the ew ratioal coordiates to produce a equilateral triagle with iteger coordiates. Let these coordiates be (0, 0, (a, b, ad (c, d. Let s be the commo legth of each side. We have Expadig the right had side gives so 2(ac + bd = s 2. So Expadig gives s 2 = a 2 + b 2 = c 2 + d 2 = (a c 2 + (b d 2 s 2 = (a 2 + b 2 + (c 2 + d 2 2(ac + bd 4(ac + bd 2 = s 4 = (a 2 + b 2 (c 2 + d 2 4(ac 2 + 8abcd + 4(bd 2 = (ac 2 + (ad 2 + (bc 2 + (bd 2 Cacelig lie terms ad rearragig gives 3(ac + bd 2 = (ad bc 2 The iteger o the left had side has a odd umber of threes i its prime factorizatio, whereas the iteger o the right has a eve umber of threes, which cotradicts uique factorizatio of itegers ito primes. Hece o equilateral triagle i the plae ca have all vertices with ratioal coordiates. (Note: this argumet usig uiqueess of prime factorizatio to show a cotradictio above is essetially the same as the argumet showig 3 is irratioal Prove that every ifiite set has a coutably ifiite subset. Solutio. Let X be a ifiite set. Sice X is oempty, there exists some x 1 X. Note that X \ {x 1 } is oempty, for otherwise X would be a fiite set. Hece there exists some x 2 X \ {x 1 }. For the iductive step, suppose that we have chose {x 1,..., x } X (with the x i disjoit. Note that X \ {x 1,..., x } is oempty, for otherwise X would be a fiite set. Hece there exists some x +1 X \{x 1,..., x }. By iductio, we have costructed a coutably ifiite subset {x 1, x 2, x 3,...} of X Let X be a set. Let S be the set of all fuctios from X ito {0, 1}. Prove that S P (X. How does this exercise coect Example 8.3 ad Corollary 8.5? Solutio. Defie f : S P (X as follows. Give s S, let f(s = {x X : s(x = 1}. Note that f is oe-to-oe, for if f(s = f(s, the {x X : s(x = 1} = {x X : s (x = 1}, ad 4
5 so s = s. Also, f is oto, for if Y P (X, the defie s Y S by s Y (x = 1 if x Y ad s Y (x = 0 otherwise, ad ote that f(s Y = Y. So f is a oe-to-oe fuctio from S oto P (X, givig S P (X. Let X = P, so S is the set of all fuctios from P ito {0,1}, that is, the set of all real sequeces which assume oly the values 0 or 1. By this exercise, S P (P. So S is ucoutable if ad oly if P (P is ucoutable. Hece, Example 8.3 ad this exercise imply Corollary 8.5. Vice-versa, Corollary 8.5 ad this exercise imply Example
2.1. The Algebraic and Order Properties of R Definition. A binary operation on a set F is a function B : F F! F.
CHAPTER 2 The Real Numbers 2.. The Algebraic ad Order Properties of R Defiitio. A biary operatio o a set F is a fuctio B : F F! F. For the biary operatios of + ad, we replace B(a, b) by a + b ad a b, respectively.
More informationCardinality Homework Solutions
Cardiality Homework Solutios April 16, 014 Problem 1. I the followig problems, fid a bijectio from A to B (you eed ot prove that the fuctio you list is a bijectio): (a) A = ( 3, 3), B = (7, 1). (b) A =
More informationCSE 1400 Applied Discrete Mathematics Number Theory and Proofs
CSE 1400 Applied Discrete Mathematics Number Theory ad Proofs Departmet of Computer Scieces College of Egieerig Florida Tech Sprig 01 Problems for Number Theory Backgroud Number theory is the brach of
More informationMath 61CM - Solutions to homework 1
Math 61CM - Solutios to homework 1 Cédric De Groote October 1 st, 2018 Problem 1: Use mathematical iductio to check the validity of the formula j 3 = 2 ( + 1) 2 for = 1, 2,.... Note: The priciple of mathematical
More informationand each factor on the right is clearly greater than 1. which is a contradiction, so n must be prime.
MATH 324 Summer 200 Elemetary Number Theory Solutios to Assigmet 2 Due: Wedesday July 2, 200 Questio [p 74 #6] Show that o iteger of the form 3 + is a prime, other tha 2 = 3 + Solutio: If 3 + is a prime,
More informationMath 299 Supplement: Real Analysis Nov 2013
Math 299 Supplemet: Real Aalysis Nov 203 Algebra Axioms. I Real Aalysis, we work withi the axiomatic system of real umbers: the set R alog with the additio ad multiplicatio operatios +,, ad the iequality
More informationMath 140A Elementary Analysis Homework Questions 1
Math 14A Elemetary Aalysis Homewor Questios 1 1 Itroductio 1.1 The Set N of Natural Numbers 1 Prove that 1 2 2 2 2 1 ( 1(2 1 for all atural umbers. 2 Prove that 3 11 (8 5 4 2 for all N. 4 (a Guess a formula
More informationSeunghee Ye Ma 8: Week 5 Oct 28
Week 5 Summary I Sectio, we go over the Mea Value Theorem ad its applicatios. I Sectio 2, we will recap what we have covered so far this term. Topics Page Mea Value Theorem. Applicatios of the Mea Value
More informationHOMEWORK #4 - MA 504
HOMEWORK #4 - MA 504 PAULINHO TCHATCHATCHA Chapter 2, problem 19. (a) If A ad B are disjoit closed sets i some metric space X, prove that they are separated. (b) Prove the same for disjoit ope set. (c)
More informationMATH 205 HOMEWORK #2 OFFICIAL SOLUTION. (f + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x) = f( x) g( x) = (f + g)( x)
MATH 205 HOMEWORK #2 OFFICIAL SOLUTION Problem 2: Do problems 7-9 o page 40 of Hoffma & Kuze. (7) We will prove this by cotradictio. Suppose that W 1 is ot cotaied i W 2 ad W 2 is ot cotaied i W 1. The
More informationLecture Notes for Analysis Class
Lecture Notes for Aalysis Class Topological Spaces A topology for a set X is a collectio T of subsets of X such that: (a) X ad the empty set are i T (b) Uios of elemets of T are i T (c) Fiite itersectios
More informationMATH 324 Summer 2006 Elementary Number Theory Solutions to Assignment 2 Due: Thursday July 27, 2006
MATH 34 Summer 006 Elemetary Number Theory Solutios to Assigmet Due: Thursday July 7, 006 Departmet of Mathematical ad Statistical Scieces Uiversity of Alberta Questio [p 74 #6] Show that o iteger of the
More informationExercises 1 Sets and functions
Exercises 1 Sets ad fuctios HU Wei September 6, 018 1 Basics Set theory ca be made much more rigorous ad built upo a set of Axioms. But we will cover oly some heuristic ideas. For those iterested studets,
More information(A sequence also can be thought of as the list of function values attained for a function f :ℵ X, where f (n) = x n for n 1.) x 1 x N +k x N +4 x 3
MATH 337 Sequeces Dr. Neal, WKU Let X be a metric space with distace fuctio d. We shall defie the geeral cocept of sequece ad limit i a metric space, the apply the results i particular to some special
More informationMath 104: Homework 2 solutions
Math 04: Homework solutios. A (0, ): Sice this is a ope iterval, the miimum is udefied, ad sice the set is ot bouded above, the maximum is also udefied. if A 0 ad sup A. B { m + : m, N}: This set does
More informationThe Boolean Ring of Intervals
MATH 532 Lebesgue Measure Dr. Neal, WKU We ow shall apply the results obtaied about outer measure to the legth measure o the real lie. Throughout, our space X will be the set of real umbers R. Whe ecessary,
More information1. By using truth tables prove that, for all statements P and Q, the statement
Author: Satiago Salazar Problems I: Mathematical Statemets ad Proofs. By usig truth tables prove that, for all statemets P ad Q, the statemet P Q ad its cotrapositive ot Q (ot P) are equivalet. I example.2.3
More informationSolutions to Math 347 Practice Problems for the final
Solutios to Math 347 Practice Problems for the fial 1) True or False: a) There exist itegers x,y such that 50x + 76y = 6. True: the gcd of 50 ad 76 is, ad 6 is a multiple of. b) The ifiimum of a set is
More informationSolutions to Problem Set 8
8.78 Solutios to Problem Set 8. We ow that ( ) ( + x) x. Now we plug i x, ω, ω ad add the three equatios. If 3 the we ll get a cotributio of + ω + ω + ω + ω 0, whereas if 3 we ll get a cotributio of +
More informationComplex Numbers Solutions
Complex Numbers Solutios Joseph Zoller February 7, 06 Solutios. (009 AIME I Problem ) There is a complex umber with imagiary part 64 ad a positive iteger such that Fid. [Solutio: 697] 4i + + 4i. 4i 4i
More informationThe Structure of Z p when p is Prime
LECTURE 13 The Structure of Z p whe p is Prime Theorem 131 If p > 1 is a iteger, the the followig properties are equivalet (1) p is prime (2) For ay [0] p i Z p, the equatio X = [1] p has a solutio i Z
More informationpage Suppose that S 0, 1 1, 2.
page 10 1. Suppose that S 0, 1 1,. a. What is the set of iterior poits of S? The set of iterior poits of S is 0, 1 1,. b. Give that U is the set of iterior poits of S, evaluate U. 0, 1 1, 0, 1 1, S. The
More informationMath 451: Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry MWF 3pm, Gasson 204 Homework 3 Solutions
Math 451: Euclidea ad No-Euclidea Geometry MWF 3pm, Gasso 204 Homework 3 Solutios Exercises from 1.4 ad 1.5 of the otes: 4.3, 4.10, 4.12, 4.14, 4.15, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5 Exercise 4.3. Explai why Hp, q) = {x
More informationUniversity of Colorado Denver Dept. Math. & Stat. Sciences Applied Analysis Preliminary Exam 13 January 2012, 10:00 am 2:00 pm. Good luck!
Uiversity of Colorado Dever Dept. Math. & Stat. Scieces Applied Aalysis Prelimiary Exam 13 Jauary 01, 10:00 am :00 pm Name: The proctor will let you read the followig coditios before the exam begis, ad
More informationMath 4107: Abstract Algebra I Fall Webwork Assignment1-Groups (5 parts/problems) Solutions are on Webwork.
Math 4107: Abstract Algebra I Fall 2017 Assigmet 1 Solutios 1. Webwork Assigmet1-Groups 5 parts/problems) Solutios are o Webwork. 2. Webwork Assigmet1-Subgroups 5 parts/problems) Solutios are o Webwork.
More informationREAL ANALYSIS II: PROBLEM SET 1 - SOLUTIONS
REAL ANALYSIS II: PROBLEM SET 1 - SOLUTIONS 18th Feb, 016 Defiitio (Lipschitz fuctio). A fuctio f : R R is said to be Lipschitz if there exists a positive real umber c such that for ay x, y i the domai
More informationTopics. Homework Problems. MATH 301 Introduction to Analysis Chapter Four Sequences. 1. Definition of convergence of sequences.
MATH 301 Itroductio to Aalysis Chapter Four Sequeces Topics 1. Defiitio of covergece of sequeces. 2. Fidig ad provig the limit of sequeces. 3. Bouded covergece theorem: Theorem 4.1.8. 4. Theorems 4.1.13
More information1 Introduction. 1.1 Notation and Terminology
1 Itroductio You have already leared some cocepts of calculus such as limit of a sequece, limit, cotiuity, derivative, ad itegral of a fuctio etc. Real Aalysis studies them more rigorously usig a laguage
More informationChapter 2. Periodic points of toral. automorphisms. 2.1 General introduction
Chapter 2 Periodic poits of toral automorphisms 2.1 Geeral itroductio The automorphisms of the two-dimesioal torus are rich mathematical objects possessig iterestig geometric, algebraic, topological ad
More informationDifferent kinds of Mathematical Induction
Differet ids of Mathematical Iductio () Mathematical Iductio Give A N, [ A (a A a A)] A N () (First) Priciple of Mathematical Iductio Let P() be a propositio (ope setece), if we put A { : N p() is true}
More informationANSWERS TO MIDTERM EXAM # 2
MATH 03, FALL 003 ANSWERS TO MIDTERM EXAM # PENN STATE UNIVERSITY Problem 1 (18 pts). State ad prove the Itermediate Value Theorem. Solutio See class otes or Theorem 5.6.1 from our textbook. Problem (18
More informationMath 220A Fall 2007 Homework #2. Will Garner A
Math 0A Fall 007 Homewor # Will Garer Pg 3 #: Show that {cis : a o-egative iteger} is dese i T = {z œ : z = }. For which values of q is {cis(q): a o-egative iteger} dese i T? To show that {cis : a o-egative
More informationMath 2112 Solutions Assignment 5
Math 2112 Solutios Assigmet 5 5.1.1 Idicate which of the followig relatioships are true ad which are false: a. Z Q b. R Q c. Q Z d. Z Z Z e. Q R Q f. Q Z Q g. Z R Z h. Z Q Z a. True. Every positive iteger
More informationLecture 17Section 10.1 Least Upper Bound Axiom
Lecture 7Sectio 0. Least Upper Boud Axiom Sectio 0.2 Sequeces of Real Numbers Jiwe He Real Numbers. Review Basic Properties of R: R beig Ordered Classificatio N = {0,, 2,...} = {atural umbers} Z = {...,
More informationModel Theory 2016, Exercises, Second batch, covering Weeks 5-7, with Solutions
Model Theory 2016, Exercises, Secod batch, coverig Weeks 5-7, with Solutios 3 Exercises from the Notes Exercise 7.6. Show that if T is a theory i a coutable laguage L, haso fiite model, ad is ℵ 0 -categorical,
More informationMath 61CM - Solutions to homework 3
Math 6CM - Solutios to homework 3 Cédric De Groote October 2 th, 208 Problem : Let F be a field, m 0 a fixed oegative iteger ad let V = {a 0 + a x + + a m x m a 0,, a m F} be the vector space cosistig
More information} is said to be a Cauchy sequence provided the following condition is true.
Math 4200, Fial Exam Review I. Itroductio to Proofs 1. Prove the Pythagorea theorem. 2. Show that 43 is a irratioal umber. II. Itroductio to Logic 1. Costruct a truth table for the statemet ( p ad ~ r
More informationWeek 5-6: The Binomial Coefficients
Wee 5-6: The Biomial Coefficiets March 6, 2018 1 Pascal Formula Theorem 11 (Pascal s Formula For itegers ad such that 1, ( ( ( 1 1 + 1 The umbers ( 2 ( 1 2 ( 2 are triagle umbers, that is, The petago umbers
More informationModern Algebra 1 Section 1 Assignment 1. Solution: We have to show that if you knock down any one domino, then it knocks down the one behind it.
Moder Algebra 1 Sectio 1 Assigmet 1 JOHN PERRY Eercise 1 (pg 11 Warm-up c) Suppose we have a ifiite row of domioes, set up o ed What sort of iductio argumet would covice us that ocig dow the first domio
More informationMath 4400/6400 Homework #7 solutions
MATH 4400 problems. Math 4400/6400 Homewor #7 solutios 1. Let p be a prime umber. Show that the order of 1 + p modulo p 2 is exactly p. Hit: Expad (1 + p) p by the biomial theorem, ad recall from MATH
More informationHomework 9. (n + 1)! = 1 1
. Chapter : Questio 8 If N, the Homewor 9 Proof. We will prove this by usig iductio o. 2! + 2 3! + 3 4! + + +! +!. Base step: Whe the left had side is. Whe the right had side is 2! 2 +! 2 which proves
More informationFourier Analysis, Stein and Shakarchi Chapter 8 Dirichlet s Theorem
Fourier Aalysis, Stei ad Shakarchi Chapter 8 Dirichlet s Theorem 208.05.05 Abstract Durig the course Aalysis II i NTU 208 Sprig, this solutio file is latexed by the teachig assistat Yug-Hsiag Huag with
More informationAssignment 5: Solutions
McGill Uiversity Departmet of Mathematics ad Statistics MATH 54 Aalysis, Fall 05 Assigmet 5: Solutios. Let y be a ubouded sequece of positive umbers satisfyig y + > y for all N. Let x be aother sequece
More informationIf a subset E of R contains no open interval, is it of zero measure? For instance, is the set of irrationals in [0, 1] is of measure zero?
2 Lebesgue Measure I Chapter 1 we defied the cocept of a set of measure zero, ad we have observed that every coutable set is of measure zero. Here are some atural questios: If a subset E of R cotais a
More informationTheorem 3. A subset S of a topological space X is compact if and only if every open cover of S by open sets in X has a finite subcover.
Compactess Defiitio 1. A cover or a coverig of a topological space X is a family C of subsets of X whose uio is X. A subcover of a cover C is a subfamily of C which is a cover of X. A ope cover of X is
More informationChapter 3 Inner Product Spaces. Hilbert Spaces
Chapter 3 Ier Product Spaces. Hilbert Spaces 3. Ier Product Spaces. Hilbert Spaces 3.- Defiitio. A ier product space is a vector space X with a ier product defied o X. A Hilbert space is a complete ier
More informationChapter 0. Review of set theory. 0.1 Sets
Chapter 0 Review of set theory Set theory plays a cetral role i the theory of probability. Thus, we will ope this course with a quick review of those otios of set theory which will be used repeatedly.
More informationSequences and Series
Sequeces ad Series Sequeces of real umbers. Real umber system We are familiar with atural umbers ad to some extet the ratioal umbers. While fidig roots of algebraic equatios we see that ratioal umbers
More informationInduction: Solutions
Writig Proofs Misha Lavrov Iductio: Solutios Wester PA ARML Practice March 6, 206. Prove that a 2 2 chessboard with ay oe square removed ca always be covered by shaped tiles. Solutio : We iduct o. For
More informationM A T H F A L L CORRECTION. Algebra I 1 4 / 1 0 / U N I V E R S I T Y O F T O R O N T O
M A T H 2 4 0 F A L L 2 0 1 4 HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT #4 CORRECTION Algebra I 1 4 / 1 0 / 2 0 1 4 U N I V E R S I T Y O F T O R O N T O P r o f e s s o r : D r o r B a r - N a t a Correctio Homework Assigmet
More informationBasic Sets. MTH299 - Examples. Example 1. Let S = {1, {2, 3}, 4}. Indicate whether each statement is true or false. (a) S = 4
Basic Sets Example 1. Let S = {1, {, 3}, 4}. Idicate whether each statemet is true or false. (a) S = 4 False. Note that the elemets of S are 1, the set {, 3}, ad 4. Thus S = 3. (b) {1} S False. While 1
More informationAxioms of Measure Theory
MATH 532 Axioms of Measure Theory Dr. Neal, WKU I. The Space Throughout the course, we shall let X deote a geeric o-empty set. I geeral, we shall ot assume that ay algebraic structure exists o X so that
More informationBasic Sets. Functions. MTH299 - Examples. Example 1. Let S = {1, {2, 3}, 4}. Indicate whether each statement is true or false. (a) S = 4. (e) 2 S.
Basic Sets Example 1. Let S = {1, {2, 3}, 4}. Idicate whether each statemet is true or false. (a) S = 4 (b) {1} S (c) {2, 3} S (d) {1, 4} S (e) 2 S. (f) S = {1, 4, {2, 3}} (g) S Example 2. Compute the
More informationUNIVERSITY OF NORTHERN COLORADO MATHEMATICS CONTEST. First Round For all Colorado Students Grades 7-12 November 3, 2007
UNIVERSITY OF NORTHERN COLORADO MATHEMATICS CONTEST First Roud For all Colorado Studets Grades 7- November, 7 The positive itegers are,,, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,,,,. The Pythagorea Theorem says that a + b =
More informationHere are some examples of algebras: F α = A(G). Also, if A, B A(G) then A, B F α. F α = A(G). In other words, A(G)
MATH 529 Probability Axioms Here we shall use the geeral axioms of a probability measure to derive several importat results ivolvig probabilities of uios ad itersectios. Some more advaced results will
More informationIn number theory we will generally be working with integers, though occasionally fractions and irrationals will come into play.
Number Theory Math 5840 otes. Sectio 1: Axioms. I umber theory we will geerally be workig with itegers, though occasioally fractios ad irratioals will come ito play. Notatio: Z deotes the set of all itegers
More informationAn analog of the arithmetic triangle obtained by replacing the products by the least common multiples
arxiv:10021383v2 [mathnt] 9 Feb 2010 A aalog of the arithmetic triagle obtaied by replacig the products by the least commo multiples Bair FARHI bairfarhi@gmailcom MSC: 11A05 Keywords: Al-Karaji s triagle;
More informationDefinition 4.2. (a) A sequence {x n } in a Banach space X is a basis for X if. unique scalars a n (x) such that x = n. a n (x) x n. (4.
4. BASES I BAACH SPACES 39 4. BASES I BAACH SPACES Sice a Baach space X is a vector space, it must possess a Hamel, or vector space, basis, i.e., a subset {x γ } γ Γ whose fiite liear spa is all of X ad
More informationIt is always the case that unions, intersections, complements, and set differences are preserved by the inverse image of a function.
MATH 532 Measurable Fuctios Dr. Neal, WKU Throughout, let ( X, F, µ) be a measure space ad let (!, F, P ) deote the special case of a probability space. We shall ow begi to study real-valued fuctios defied
More informationFermat s Little Theorem. mod 13 = 0, = }{{} mod 13 = 0. = a a a }{{} mod 13 = a 12 mod 13 = 1, mod 13 = a 13 mod 13 = a.
Departmet of Mathematical Scieces Istructor: Daiva Puciskaite Discrete Mathematics Fermat s Little Theorem 43.. For all a Z 3, calculate a 2 ad a 3. Case a = 0. 0 0 2-times Case a 0. 0 0 3-times a a 2-times
More informationHomework 2. Show that if h is a bounded sesquilinear form on the Hilbert spaces X and Y, then h has the representation
omework 2 1 Let X ad Y be ilbert spaces over C The a sesquiliear form h o X Y is a mappig h : X Y C such that for all x 1, x 2, x X, y 1, y 2, y Y ad all scalars α, β C we have (a) h(x 1 + x 2, y) h(x
More informationRead carefully the instructions on the answer book and make sure that the particulars required are entered on each answer book.
THE UNIVERSITY OF WARWICK FIRST YEAR EXAMINATION: Jauary 2009 Aalysis I Time Allowed:.5 hours Read carefully the istructios o the aswer book ad make sure that the particulars required are etered o each
More information1+x 1 + α+x. x = 2(α x2 ) 1+x
Math 2030 Homework 6 Solutios # [Problem 5] For coveiece we let α lim sup a ad β lim sup b. Without loss of geerality let us assume that α β. If α the by assumptio β < so i this case α + β. By Theorem
More informationThe natural exponential function
The atural expoetial fuctio Attila Máté Brookly College of the City Uiversity of New York December, 205 Cotets The atural expoetial fuctio for real x. Beroulli s iequality.....................................2
More informationBertrand s Postulate
Bertrad s Postulate Lola Thompso Ross Program July 3, 2009 Lola Thompso (Ross Program Bertrad s Postulate July 3, 2009 1 / 33 Bertrad s Postulate I ve said it oce ad I ll say it agai: There s always a
More informationSequences. Notation. Convergence of a Sequence
Sequeces A sequece is essetially just a list. Defiitio (Sequece of Real Numbers). A sequece of real umbers is a fuctio Z (, ) R for some real umber. Do t let the descriptio of the domai cofuse you; it
More informationBertrand s Postulate. Theorem (Bertrand s Postulate): For every positive integer n, there is a prime p satisfying n < p 2n.
Bertrad s Postulate Our goal is to prove the followig Theorem Bertrad s Postulate: For every positive iteger, there is a prime p satisfyig < p We remark that Bertrad s Postulate is true by ispectio for,,
More informationHomework 2 January 19, 2006 Math 522. Direction: This homework is due on January 26, In order to receive full credit, answer
Homework 2 Jauary 9, 26 Math 522 Directio: This homework is due o Jauary 26, 26. I order to receive full credit, aswer each problem completely ad must show all work.. What is the set of the uits (that
More informationTEACHER CERTIFICATION STUDY GUIDE
COMPETENCY 1. ALGEBRA SKILL 1.1 1.1a. ALGEBRAIC STRUCTURES Kow why the real ad complex umbers are each a field, ad that particular rigs are ot fields (e.g., itegers, polyomial rigs, matrix rigs) Algebra
More informationAnalytic Continuation
Aalytic Cotiuatio The stadard example of this is give by Example Let h (z) = 1 + z + z 2 + z 3 +... kow to coverge oly for z < 1. I fact h (z) = 1/ (1 z) for such z. Yet H (z) = 1/ (1 z) is defied for
More informationf(x)g(x) dx is an inner product on D.
Ark9: Exercises for MAT2400 Fourier series The exercises o this sheet cover the sectios 4.9 to 4.13. They are iteded for the groups o Thursday, April 12 ad Friday, March 30 ad April 13. NB: No group o
More information1 Lecture 2: Sequence, Series and power series (8/14/2012)
Summer Jump-Start Program for Aalysis, 202 Sog-Yig Li Lecture 2: Sequece, Series ad power series (8/4/202). More o sequeces Example.. Let {x } ad {y } be two bouded sequeces. Show lim sup (x + y ) lim
More informationLecture 10: Mathematical Preliminaries
Lecture : Mathematical Prelimiaries Obective: Reviewig mathematical cocepts ad tools that are frequetly used i the aalysis of algorithms. Lecture # Slide # I this
More informationNICK DUFRESNE. 1 1 p(x). To determine some formulas for the generating function of the Schröder numbers, r(x) = a(x) =
AN INTRODUCTION TO SCHRÖDER AND UNKNOWN NUMBERS NICK DUFRESNE Abstract. I this article we will itroduce two types of lattice paths, Schröder paths ad Ukow paths. We will examie differet properties of each,
More informationM17 MAT25-21 HOMEWORK 5 SOLUTIONS
M17 MAT5-1 HOMEWORK 5 SOLUTIONS 1. To Had I Cauchy Codesatio Test. Exercise 1: Applicatio of the Cauchy Codesatio Test Use the Cauchy Codesatio Test to prove that 1 diverges. Solutio 1. Give the series
More information+ {JEE Advace 03} Sept 0 Name: Batch (Day) Phoe No. IT IS NOT ENOUGH TO HAVE A GOOD MIND, THE MAIN THING IS TO USE IT WELL Marks: 00. If A (α, β) = (a) A( α, β) = A( α, β) (c) Adj (A ( α, β)) = Sol : We
More informationMATH 6101 Fall Problems. Problems 11/9/2008. Series and a Famous Unsolved Problem (2-1)(2 + 1) ( 4) 12-Nov-2008 MATH
/9/008 MATH 60 Fall 008 Series ad a Famous Usolved Problem = = + + + + ( - )( + ) 3 3 5 5 7 7 9 -Nov-008 MATH 60 ( 4) = + 5 48 -Nov-008 MATH 60 3 /9/008 ( )! = + -Nov-008 MATH 60 4 3 4 5 + + + + + + +
More information3 Gauss map and continued fractions
ICTP, Trieste, July 08 Gauss map ad cotiued fractios I this lecture we will itroduce the Gauss map, which is very importat for its coectio with cotiued fractios i umber theory. The Gauss map G : [0, ]
More informationMA541 : Real Analysis. Tutorial and Practice Problems - 1 Hints and Solutions
MA54 : Real Aalysis Tutorial ad Practice Problems - Hits ad Solutios. Suppose that S is a oempty subset of real umbers that is bouded (i.e. bouded above as well as below). Prove that if S sup S. What ca
More informationB Supplemental Notes 2 Hypergeometric, Binomial, Poisson and Multinomial Random Variables and Borel Sets
B671-672 Supplemetal otes 2 Hypergeometric, Biomial, Poisso ad Multiomial Radom Variables ad Borel Sets 1 Biomial Approximatio to the Hypergeometric Recall that the Hypergeometric istributio is fx = x
More informationA) is empty. B) is a finite set. C) can be a countably infinite set. D) can be an uncountable set.
M.A./M.Sc. (Mathematics) Etrace Examiatio 016-17 Max Time: hours Max Marks: 150 Istructios: There are 50 questios. Every questio has four choices of which exactly oe is correct. For correct aswer, 3 marks
More informationRADICAL EXPRESSION. If a and x are real numbers and n is a positive integer, then x is an. n th root theorems: Example 1 Simplify
Example 1 Simplify 1.2A Radical Operatios a) 4 2 b) 16 1 2 c) 16 d) 2 e) 8 1 f) 8 What is the relatioship betwee a, b, c? What is the relatioship betwee d, e, f? If x = a, the x = = th root theorems: RADICAL
More informationThe multiplicative structure of finite field and a construction of LRC
IERG6120 Codig for Distributed Storage Systems Lecture 8-06/10/2016 The multiplicative structure of fiite field ad a costructio of LRC Lecturer: Keeth Shum Scribe: Zhouyi Hu Notatios: We use the otatio
More informationAPPENDIX F Complex Numbers
APPENDIX F Complex Numbers Operatios with Complex Numbers Complex Solutios of Quadratic Equatios Polar Form of a Complex Number Powers ad Roots of Complex Numbers Operatios with Complex Numbers Some equatios
More informationSolution. 1 Solutions of Homework 1. Sangchul Lee. October 27, Problem 1.1
Solutio Sagchul Lee October 7, 017 1 Solutios of Homework 1 Problem 1.1 Let Ω,F,P) be a probability space. Show that if {A : N} F such that A := lim A exists, the PA) = lim PA ). Proof. Usig the cotiuity
More informationExam 2 CMSC 203 Fall 2009 Name SOLUTION KEY Show All Work! 1. (16 points) Circle T if the corresponding statement is True or F if it is False.
1 (1 poits) Circle T if the correspodig statemet is True or F if it is False T F For ay positive iteger,, GCD(, 1) = 1 T F Every positive iteger is either prime or composite T F If a b mod p, the (a/p)
More informationDavenport-Schinzel Sequences and their Geometric Applications
Advaced Computatioal Geometry Sprig 2004 Daveport-Schizel Sequeces ad their Geometric Applicatios Prof. Joseph Mitchell Scribe: Mohit Gupta 1 Overview I this lecture, we itroduce the cocept of Daveport-Schizel
More informationPROBLEM SET 5 SOLUTIONS 126 = , 37 = , 15 = , 7 = 7 1.
Math 7 Sprig 06 PROBLEM SET 5 SOLUTIONS Notatios. Give a real umber x, we will defie sequeces (a k ), (x k ), (p k ), (q k ) as i lecture.. (a) (5 pts) Fid the simple cotiued fractio represetatios of 6
More informationTHE KENNESAW STATE UNIVERSITY HIGH SCHOOL MATHEMATICS COMPETITION PART II Calculators are NOT permitted Time allowed: 2 hours
THE 06-07 KENNESAW STATE UNIVERSITY HIGH SCHOOL MATHEMATICS COMPETITION PART II Calculators are NOT permitted Time allowed: hours Let x, y, ad A all be positive itegers with x y a) Prove that there are
More informationANSWERS SOLUTIONS iiii i. and 1. Thus, we have. i i i. i, A.
013 ΜΑΘ Natioal Covetio ANSWERS (1) C A A A B (6) B D D A B (11) C D D A A (16) D B A A C (1) D B C B C (6) D C B C C 1. We have SOLUTIONS 1 3 11 61 iiii 131161 i 013 013, C.. The powers of i cycle betwee
More informationSequences and Series of Functions
Chapter 6 Sequeces ad Series of Fuctios 6.1. Covergece of a Sequece of Fuctios Poitwise Covergece. Defiitio 6.1. Let, for each N, fuctio f : A R be defied. If, for each x A, the sequece (f (x)) coverges
More informationLimit superior and limit inferior c Prof. Philip Pennance 1 -Draft: April 17, 2017
Limit erior ad limit iferior c Prof. Philip Peace -Draft: April 7, 207. Defiitio. The limit erior of a sequece a is the exteded real umber defied by lim a = lim a k k Similarly, the limit iferior of a
More informationMATH301 Real Analysis (2008 Fall) Tutorial Note #7. k=1 f k (x) converges pointwise to S(x) on E if and
MATH01 Real Aalysis (2008 Fall) Tutorial Note #7 Sequece ad Series of fuctio 1: Poitwise Covergece ad Uiform Covergece Part I: Poitwise Covergece Defiitio of poitwise covergece: A sequece of fuctios f
More informationMath 5705: Enumerative Combinatorics, Fall 2018: Homework 3
Uiversity of Miesota, School of Mathematics Math 5705: Eumerative Combiatorics, all 2018: Homewor 3 Darij Griberg October 15, 2018 due date: Wedesday, 10 October 2018 at the begiig of class, or before
More information1 Generating functions for balls in boxes
Math 566 Fall 05 Some otes o geeratig fuctios Give a sequece a 0, a, a,..., a,..., a geeratig fuctio some way of represetig the sequece as a fuctio. There are may ways to do this, with the most commo ways
More information2 Banach spaces and Hilbert spaces
2 Baach spaces ad Hilbert spaces Tryig to do aalysis i the ratioal umbers is difficult for example cosider the set {x Q : x 2 2}. This set is o-empty ad bouded above but does ot have a least upper boud
More informationConvergence of random variables. (telegram style notes) P.J.C. Spreij
Covergece of radom variables (telegram style otes).j.c. Spreij this versio: September 6, 2005 Itroductio As we kow, radom variables are by defiitio measurable fuctios o some uderlyig measurable space
More informationCS 336. of n 1 objects with order unimportant but repetition allowed.
CS 336. The importat issue is the logic you used to arrive at your aswer.. Use extra paper to determie your solutios the eatly trascribe them oto these sheets. 3. Do ot submit the scratch sheets. However,
More informationj=1 dz Res(f, z j ) = 1 d k 1 dz k 1 (z c)k f(z) Res(f, c) = lim z c (k 1)! Res g, c = f(c) g (c)
Problem. Compute the itegrals C r d for Z, where C r = ad r >. Recall that C r has the couter-clockwise orietatio. Solutio: We will use the idue Theorem to solve this oe. We could istead use other (perhaps
More informationLESSON 2: SIMPLIFYING RADICALS
High School: Workig with Epressios LESSON : SIMPLIFYING RADICALS N.RN.. C N.RN.. B 5 5 C t t t t t E a b a a b N.RN.. 4 6 N.RN. 4. N.RN. 5. N.RN. 6. 7 8 N.RN. 7. A 7 N.RN. 8. 6 80 448 4 5 6 48 00 6 6 6
More information