Yoann KERMAÏDIC PSeGe workshop
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1 HPGe detector development for LEGEND Yoann KERMAÏDIC PSeGe workshop Milan September 2017
2 Milano, Y. Kermaidic - PSeGe workshop 2 The physics case of LEGEND : 0νββ decay Large Enriched Germanium Experiment for Neutrinoless bb beta Decay We look for neutrinoless double beta decays in 76 Ge n p n m )) W + W + + e 0 ν, R ν, L + e 0 Such process: ü violates the Lepton Number by 2 units = New Physics! ü determines the nature of neutrinos: Majorana particle ν = ν' ü gives information on the ν mass via m )) p
3 Milano, Y. Kermaidic - PSeGe workshop 3 0νββ decay experimental signature A = 76 Z+2 Q ββ = 2039 kev 0ν T 1/2 Sum of e - energies / Q )) experimentally probed half-life 0ν T /2 = g A G 0ν 0ν 2 m M ββ 2 m e 2 g A axial vector coupling cnst = 1.25 M 0ν nuclear matrix element G CD phase space factor m E electron mass m )) coupling strength (function of lightest ν mass)
4 Physical interpretation Ton scale Current sensitivity cosmology 0ν T /2 = g A G 0ν 0ν 2 m M ββ 2 m e 2 PRD 96, (2017) m D L [ev 2 ] Hierarchy Normal Inverted ν 3 ν 2 ν 1 Ton scale Current sensitivity 0? ν 2 ν 1 ν 3 H m )) = F m G GIJ U EG L U = 3x3 PMNS matrix Milano, Y. Kermaidic - PSeGe workshop 4
5 Milano, Y. Kermaidic - PSeGe workshop 5 Sensitivity and background expectation Experimental sensitivity: T 0ν 1/2 M. t N M.t B.ΔE No bkg observed in the region of interest Large number of bkg events in the R.O.I Background expectation: N bkg = M. t. B. ΔE M. t Exposure [kg.yr] ΔE Energy resolution [kev] B Background index [cts/kev/kg/yr]
6 Milano, Y. Kermaidic - PSeGe workshop 6 The 76 Ge as a good candidate Experimental sensitivity: T 0ν 1/2 M. t N M.t B.ΔE No bkg observed in the region of interest Large number of bkg events in the R.O.I Background expectation: Ge based experiment N bkg = M. t. B. ΔE cts M. t Exposure 18.2 kg.yr ΔE Energy resolution 2.93 Q )) B Background index 1 x 10-3 cts/kev/kg/yr + High detection efficiency : source = detector GERDA BEGe detectors Nature 544 (2017) 47 + TAUP17 data release
7 Milano, Y. Kermaidic - PSeGe workshop 7 Background suppression in GERDA Passive shielding : 590 m 3 pure water tank Active shielding : muon + LAr veto ØLiquid Ar serves as a coolant Analysis cuts : Pulse shape discrimination Ø Ge Detector Array: 10 coaxial + 30 BEGe Ge det. array LAr cryostat water tank
8 Milano, Y. Kermaidic - PSeGe workshop 8 Pulse Shape Discrimination for BEGe 0νββ & 2νββ = single site event (SSE) i.e. localized energy deposition (~1 mm 3 ) Background = multi site event (MSE) mainly 0νββ γ 2νββ PSD goal: Discriminate between SSE and MSE PSD parameter: A/E for BEGe detectors E à Energy deposited in the detector A à Maximum of the current amplitude FADC
9 Pulse Shape Discrimination for BEGe 0νββ & 2νββ = single site event (SSE) i.e. localized energy deposition (~1 mm 3 ) Background = multi site event (MSE) mainly γ 0νββ 2νββ PSD goal: Discriminate between SSE and MSE PSD parameter: A/E for BEGe detectors E à Energy deposited in the detector A à Maximum of the current amplitude Signal amplitude (ADC channel) Current (a. u.) Time (ns) !! Top Side MSE Top Side MSE FADC Milano, Time (ns) Y. Kermaidic - PSeGe workshop 9
10 Milano, Y. Kermaidic - PSeGe workshop 10 Current status of GERDA Accepted Alpha MSE No events at Q )) ± ΔE after all cut so far in unblinded GERDA data (see TAUP 2017 conference slides)
11 Current status of GERDA Alpha Accepted MSE GERDA ( 76 Ge) KamLAND Zen ( 136 Xe) Median sensitivity yr Lj yr 90% CL limit Lj yr yr Exposure 470 mol.yr 3700 mol.yr Background 5-20 cts/(ton.roi.yr) cts/(ton.roi.yr) Next generation Ge based experiment well motivated by the GERDA/MAJORANA Demonstrator experiences in reducing the background No events at Q )) ± ΔE after all cut so far in unblinded GERDA data (see TAUP 2017 conference slides) Milano, Y. Kermaidic - PSeGe workshop 11
12 Milano, Y. Kermaidic - PSeGe workshop 12 A 50 years story Year of last publication Collaboration Mass Ge type Detector type 1967 Fiorini & al 1.2 kg Natural Coaxial 2002 IGEX 6.4 kg Enriched Coaxial 2003 HDM 11 kg Coaxial 2013 GERDA ph I 16 kg 2017 GERDA ph II kg 2017 MAJORANA Demonstrator Enr. + Nat kg Enr. + Nat. 6 x Coaxial + 5 x BEGe 10 x Coaxial + 30 BEGe 35 x P-PC + 33 BEGe Completed On going
13 A 50 years story which continues! Year of last publication Collaboration Mass Ge type Detector type 1967 Fiorini & al 1.2 kg Natural Coaxial 2002 IGEX 6.4 kg Enriched Coaxial 2003 HDM 11 kg Coaxial 2013 GERDA ph I 16 kg 2017 GERDA ph II kg 2017 MAJORANA Demonstrator Enr. + Nat kg Enr. + Nat. 6 x Coaxial + 5 x BEGe 10 x Coaxial + 30 BEGe 35 x P-PC + 33 BEGe LEGEND 200 / 1000 kg Enriched P-PC / BEGe / Inverted Coax GERDA infrastructure (D. Radford NIMA 665, LNGS - Italy Milano, Y. Kermaidic - PSeGe workshop 13 Completed On going Future
14 Milano, Y. Kermaidic - PSeGeworkshop 14 New detector type envisioned A ton scale project implies large detectors: m > 1.5 kg (2-3 kg x ) Background level reduction requires high Pulse Shape Discrimination (PSD) performance reduced amount of surrounding materials (cable, holders, ) p+ n+ coaxial Large mass Low PSD perf. BEGe P-PC Inverted coaxial Small mass Small mass Large mass High PSD perf. High PSD perf. High PSD perf.
![5 3] kg ADL simulation (upgraded AGATA software) Bias voltage < 4000 V to keep LC](/docs-images/81/84401353/images/15-1.jpg "at the 10 pa level Passivation layer thickness: 0.7 1.")
15 Detector configuration requirements R&D focused on p-type inverted coaxial detector with m = [1.5 3] kg ADL simulation (upgraded AGATA software) Bias voltage < 4000 V to keep LC at the 10 pa level Passivation layer thickness: mm to remove alpha E-field configuration such that E stu > V/cm Ø Impurity concentration ~ 10 JC /cm 3 Ø Gradient ~ 1 10 JC /cm 3 Benefit from the funnel effect to keep high PSD performance -> BEGe-like p-contact Milano, Y. Kermaidic - PSeGe workshop 15
16 0νββ decay experiment compatibility Energy resolution (kev) Energy (kev) 208 Tl DEP ham_aoe_norm 1 1 Entries 241 Am top Mean Std Dev Energy resolution Det-X Ge-14 Ge-14 manufacturer Homogeneity of the E-field Am side 0 deg 241 Am side 90 deg 241 Am side 180 deg 241 Am side 270 deg Ge-14 Two natural Ge inverted coaxial detectors characterized so far in vacuum cryostat (1.5 kg and 2.7 kg) in Mol (Be) and Dresden (Ge) Q (A/E - 1)/σ bb A/E Milano, Y. Kermaidic - PSeGe workshop Energy (kev) (%) 228 Th source spectrum before/after PSD cut Energy (kev) Survival fraction after PSD HADES Dredsen Data Simulation (MaGe + ADL) GERDA BEGe 208 Tl DEP Bi FEP Tl SEP Tl FEP
17 Milano, Y. Kermaidic - PSeGe workshop 17 A word about simulation Two software currently used for field and trace calculations: ADL (AGATA) & SigGen (D. Radford) Limiting factors: - impurity concentration (linear gradient assumed) - electronic response (from pulser data or RC circuit model) Some activities apart from new detector design studies: MAJORANA: Fit of individual waveform from data with an accuracy at the 1/1000 level -> Position sensitivity! GERDA: Current effort put on the full detector array energy spectrum simulation after LAr/PSD cuts for 228 Th calibration/0νββ/2νββ/bkg spectrum. amplitude Ø Monte-Carlo simulation for energy deposition Ø ADL simulation to produce waveforms which are used in the PSD analysis res. Ø Goal: Obtain 0νββ signal efficiency after cuts
18 Milano, Y. Kermaidic - PSeGe workshop 18 Summary 0νββ has far reaching consequences for Particle Physics Current experiments sensitivity cannot discriminate the mass hierarchy Ø Need to build a ton scale experiment Ø Further reduce the background index GERDA and MAJORANA Demonstrator have demonstrated the pertinence of a future ton-scale Germanium based project LEGEND collaboration has been formed in 2016 Ø Ge detector R&D effort focused on inverted coaxial technology Ø Proof of compatibility achieved with 2 detectors Ø Significant effort put in detector response simulation (ADL & SigGen)
19 LEGEND : 47 Institutions, 219 Scientists Univ. New Mexico L'Aquila Univ. and INFN Gran Sasso Science Inst. Lab. Naz. Gran Sasso Univ. Texas Tsinghua Univ. Lawrence Berkeley Natl. Lab. Leibniz Inst. Crystal Growth Comenius Univ. Lab. Naz. Sud Univ. of North Carolina Sichuan Univ. Univ. of South Carolina Jagiellonian Univ. Nucl. Res. Russian Acad. Sci. Queens Univ. Los Alamos Natl. Lab. Banaras Hindu Univ. Joint Res. Centre, Geel Univ. Tennessee Lund Univ. Univ. of Dortmund Chalmers Univ. Tech. Argonne Natl. lab. INFN Milano Bicocca Tech. Univ. Dresden Max Planck Inst., Heidelberg Univ. Liverpool Milano Univ. and Milano INFN Joint Inst. Nucl. Res. Inst. Dokuz EylulUniv. Univ. College London Natl. Res. Center Kurchatov Inst. Lab. for Exper. Nucl. Phy. MEPhI Max Planck Inst., Munich Tech. Univ. Munich Oak Ridge Natl. Lab. Padova Univ. and Padova INFN Czech Tech. Univ. Prague Princeton Univ. North Carolina State Univ. South Dakota School Mines Tech. Univ. Washington Academia Sinica Univ. Tuebingen Slide: J.F. Wilkerson TAUP 2017 Univ. South Dakota Milano, Y. Kermaidic - PSeGe workshop Univ. Zurich 19
20 Milano, Y. Kermaidic - PSeGe workshop 20
21 LEGEND st step Reuse existing GERDA infrastructure at LNGS. Modifications of internal cryostat piping so can accommodate up to 200 kg of detectors. Improvements - use some larger Ge detectors ( kg) - improve LAr scintillator light collection (2x in test stand) - lower mass, cleaner cables - lower noise electronics Estimate background improvement by ~ x5 over GERDA/MAJORANA (Goal 0.6 c /(FWMH t y)) - intrinsic : including 68 Ge/ 60 Co all OK - external Th/U: cleaner materials based on those used in MJD - surface events : alpha & β rejection via PSD - 42 Ar : better suppression & mitigation - muon induced : OK Contingent upon funding, data taking by 2021 Milano, Y. Kermaidic - PSeGe workshop Slide: J.F. Wilkerson TAUP
22 LEGEND 1000 Baseline design 1000 kg BG goal (x30 lower) : 0.1 c /(FWHM t y) 4-5 payloads in LAr cryostat in separate 3 m 3 volumes, payload 200/250 kg, with ~100+ detectors. Every payload independent with individual lock LAr detector volume separated by thin (electro-formed) Cu from main cryostat volume. Use depleted LAr in inner detector volumes Modest sized LAr cryostat in water tank (6 m LAr, m layer of water) or large LAr cryostat w/o water (9 m ) with separate neutron moderator Milano, Y. Kermaidic - PSeGe workshop Slide: J.F. Wilkerson TAUP
23 The MAJORANA Demonstrator Goals: - Demonstrate backgrounds low enough to justify building a tonne scale expt. - Establish feasibility to construct & field modular arrays of Ge detectors. - Searches for additional physics beyond the standard model. Operating underground at 4850 Sanford Underground Research Facility Background Goal in the 0νββ peak region of interest (4 kev at 2039 kev) 3 counts/(roi t y) (after analysis cuts) Assay U.L. currently 3.5 scales to 1 count/(roi t y) for a tonne experiment 44.1-kg of Ge detectors Ø 29.7 kg of 88% enriched 76 Ge crystals Ø 14.4 kg of nat Ge Ø Detector Technology: P-type, point-contact. 2 independent cryostats Ø ultra-clean, electroformed Cu Ø 22 kg of detectors per cryostat Ø naturally scalable Ultra low-activity components and construction Compact Shield Ø low-background passive Cu and Pb Ø shield with active muon veto N. Abgrall et al., Adv. High Ener. Phys. 2014, (2013); arxiv: Milano, Y. Kermaidic - PSeGe workshop Slide: J.F. Wilkerson TAUP
24 The Germanium Detector Array plastic scintillator panels muon veto low activity PMTs low-mass, lowactivity electronics lock system clean room wavelength shifting fibers with SiPM read-out Ge detector array low acitivity PMTs low mass 64 m 3 LAr cryostat detector holder 590 m 3 ultra-pure water neutron moderator/absorber coolant, shielding muon Cherenkov veto BEGe detector Milano, Y. Kermaidic - PSeGe workshop Slide: L. Pandola TAUP
25 Milano, Y. Kermaidic - PSeGe workshop 25 Projected limits for GERDA Current status Phase I
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