To Be or Not To Be: Majorana Neutrinos, Grand Unification, and the Existence of the Universe
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1 To Be or Not To Be: Majorana Neutrinos, Grand Unification, and the Existence of the Universe Assistant Professor, University of Washington Aug. 3, 2015
2 The Neutrino Meitner and Hahn (1911): 210 Bi ( Radium E ) 2
3 The Neutrino Meitner and Hahn (1911): 210 Po ( Radium F ) e - ( β ) 3
4 The Neutrino? Meitner and Hahn (1911): 210 Po e - 4
5 The Neutrino Wolfgang Pauli s desparate remedy (1931): n q = 0 spin = ½ m m p color = Po e - 5
6 The Neutrino Enrico Fermi (1934): Little neutral one ν Possible interactions: EM Strong Weak (Gravity) 210 Po e - 6
7 Neutrinos and Antineutrinos β - decay ν e - H fusion H D ν H e + 7
8 Neutrinos and Antineutrinos β - decay n ν H e - e + H fusion H D ν 37 Ar H e + 37 Cl e - 8
9 Neutrinos and Antineutrinos Nuclear Reactor Scintillator (CxHy) ν PMTs The Sun Cleaning fluid (Cl) ν + Ar detector 9
10 Neutrinos and Antineutrinos Nuclear Reactor Scintillator (CxHy) ν Cowan and Reines (1956) PMTs The Sun Cleaning fluid (Cl) ν Ray Davis Jr. (1964) + Ar detector 10
11 Neutrino Handedness neutrinos: left-handed ν Direction of motion Direction of spin antineutrinos: right-handed ν 11
12 Neutrino Flavors 12 Zazzle Apparel
13 Standard Model Neutrinos q = 0 color = 0 spin = ½ 3 flavors (e, μ, τ) left-handed ν, right-handed ν m ν < 2 ev (me / ) The Standard Model Particles m ν = 0? 13 Credit: Fermilab
14 Neutrino Oscillation νe partially νx νe 14 KamLAND Collaboration, Phys. Rev. D 83, (2011).
15 Neutrino Oscillation νe = Ue1ν1 + Ue2ν2 + Ue3ν3 νe partially νx νe m2 2 - m KamLAND Collaboration, Phys. Rev. D 83, (2011).
16 Neutrino Oscillation νe = Ue1ν1 + Ue2ν2 + Ue3ν3 νe partially νx νe m2 2 - m KamLAND Collaboration, Phys. Rev. D 83, (2011).
17 Incorporating ν Mass Higgs Field 17 H. Murayama, Physics World (May 2002).
18 Incorporating ν Mass Higgs Field md md 18 H. Murayama, Physics World (May 2002).
19 Incorporating ν Mass Higgs Field md Not in SM md 19 H. Murayama, Physics World (May 2002).
20 Incorporating ν Mass md Not in SM md 20 H. Murayama, Physics World (May 2002).
21 Incorporating ν Mass mm mm Ettore Majorana 21 E. Majorana, Il Nuovo Cimento 14, 171 (1937). English translation: Soryushiron Kenkyu 63, 149 (1981).
22 Dirac vs Majorana ν Dirac (ν ν) νl produces - νr doesn t interact νl doesn t interact νr produces + 22 Following B. Kayser. See also: Jentschura and Wundt, J. Phys. G 41, (2014).
23 Dirac vs Majorana ν Dirac (ν ν) Majorana (ν = ν) νl produces - ( ) νl produces - νr doesn t interact ( ) νr produces + νl doesn t interact Requires Q = -Q = 0 Implies L is not conserved νr produces + 23 Following B. Kayser. See also: Jentschura and Wundt, J. Phys. G 41, (2014).
24 Seesaw Mechanism mass M, τ ~ 1/M md NR md 24 H. Murayama, Physics World (May 2002).
25 Seesaw Mechanism mass M, τ ~ 1/M md NR md M md md 25 H. Murayama, Physics World (May 2002).
26 Seesaw Mechanism mass M, τ ~ 1/M md NR md M md md Majorana mass term mν ~ md 2 /M 26 H. Murayama, Physics World (May 2002).
27 Seesaw Mechanism mass M, τ ~ 1/M md NR md M md md Majorana mass term mν ~ md 2 /M M md m ν for md ~ GeV-TeV: m ν ~ mev-ev M ~ GeV 27 H. Murayama, Physics World (May 2002).
28 Grand Unification 28 GUT scale Plank scale = ħc/g
29 Grand Unification 29
30 Matter-Antimatter Asymmetry The Big Bang The Universe Today matter + antimatter matter only 30
31 Sakharov Conditions Interactions out of thermal equilibrium C (charge) and CP (charge-parity) violation Baryon number violation (baryogenesis) 31 A. Sakharov, JETP 5, 24 (1967).
32 Leptogenesis Decay of heavy Majorana neutrino (N) into SM leptons ( ± ) and Higgs (H): - + N N H H 32 Following B. Kayser.
33 Leptogenesis Decay of heavy Majorana neutrino (N) into SM leptons ( ± ) and Higgs (H): N - H N + H CP violation in ν sector could give these different branching ratios SM processes could convert L to B: baryogenesis! Majorana neutrinos could be the reason we exist! 33 Following B. Kayser.
34 Double-Beta Decay M Z 34
35 Double-Beta Decay 2νββ e - e - νe νe W - W - > Nuclear Process > (A, Z) (A, Z+2) 35
36 Double-Beta Decay 2νββ e - e - νe νe W - W - > Nuclear Process > (A, Z) (A, Z+2) 0νββ e - e - Uei νi mi x W - W - Uei > Nuclear Process > (A, Z) (A, Z+2) Γ½ 0 ν = G 0 ν M 0 ν 2 m ββ 2 m ββ Σ mi Uei 2 36
37 Double-Beta Decay Normal Inverted A. Schubert, H. Murayama
38 Claimed Observation 71.7 kg y T1/2 = ( ) x y significance ~6σ m ββ < ~ mev 38 Klapdor Kleingrothaus et al., Mod. Phys. Lett. A 21 (2006) p 1547.
39 Claimed Observation 39 Klapdor Kleingrothaus et al., Phys. Lett. B 586, 198 (2004).
40 Double-Beta Decay Claimed signal in 76 Ge: Mod. Phys. Lett. A 21 (2006) p Normal Inverted A. Schubert, H. Murayama
41 Double-Beta Decay Disfavored by 0νββ Claimed signal in 76 Ge: Mod. Phys. Lett. A 21 (2006) p Normal Inverted A. Schubert, H. Murayama
42 Double-Beta Decay Disfavored by 0νββ Claimed signal in 76 Ge: Mod. Phys. Lett. A 21 (2006) p Disfavored by cosmology; To be tested by KATRIN
43 Double-Beta Decay Disfavored by 0νββ Claimed signal in 76 Ge: Mod. Phys. Lett. A 21 (2006) p Disfavored by cosmology; To be tested by KATRIN
44 Double-Beta Decay Disfavored by 0νββ Claimed signal in 76 Ge: Mod. Phys. Lett. A 21 (2006) p Disfavored by cosmology; To be tested by KATRIN
45 Testing the Inverted Hierarchy IH minimum m ββ : QRPA SM IBM-2 EDF 3σ DL [years] Ge T 1/ Background free 0.1 counts/roi/t/y 1.0 count/roi/t/y 10.0 counts/roi/t/y Exposure [ton-years]
46 CUORE EXO-200 0νββ Experiments Collaboration Isotope Technique AMoRE CANDLES CARVEL GERDA I GERDA II MAJORANA Mo-100 Ca-48 Ca-48 Ge-76 Ge-76 CaMoO4 bolometers (+ scint.) 305 kg CaF2 crystals - liq. scint 48CaWO4 crystal scint. Ge diodes in LAr Point contact Ge in LAr mass (0νββ isotope) 5 0.3kgkg 16 kg 15 kg 20 kg Ge-76 Point contact Ge in Lead 26 kg Construction Ge-76 Best of GERDA + MJD ~tonne R&D Mo-100 Se-82 Foils with tracking 6.9 kg 0.9 kg Complete Se-82 Foils with tracking 7 kg Construction Se-82 Mo-100 Cd-116 Cd-116, Te-130 Te-130 Te-130 Te-130 Te-130 Xe-136 Xe-136 Xe-136 Xe-136 Xe-136 Nd-150 Foils with tracking Mo sheets CdWO4 crystals 100 kg 200 kg 21 kg R&D R&D CdZnTe detectors 10 kg TeO2 Bolometer TeO2 Bolometer TeO2 Bolometer 0.3% natte in liquid scint. 2.7% in liquid scint. 2.7% in liquid scint. High pressure Xe TPC Xe liquid TPC Xe liquid TPC Nd foils & tracking chambers 11 kg 11 kg 206 kg 800 kg 370 kg ~tonne 10 kg 160 kg 5 tonnes 30 kg DEMONSTRATOR 1TGe (GERDA & MAJORANA) NEMO3 SuperNEMO Demonstrator SuperNEMO MOON CAMEO COBRA NEMO3 CUORICINO CUORE-0 CUORE SNO+ KamLAND-ZEN KamLAND2-ZEN NEXT-100 EXO-200 nexo DCBA Complete Construction 46 Operating Status Construction Operating GERDA R&D Operating Construction R&D Operating / Construction Complete Operating Construction Construction Operating R&D Construction Operating R&D R&D MAJORANA CANDLES From J. F. Wilkerson
47 Germanium Detectors ~7 cm ~7 cm 47
48 Germanium Detectors Hole vdrift (mm/ns) w/ paths, isochrones 48
49 Germanium Detectors + + _ ββ Edep Hole vdrift (mm/ns) w/ paths, isochrones 49
50 The MAJORANA DEMONSTRATOR Goal: x100 reduction in background vs. previous efforts using clean materials, hit patterns, pulse-shapes Located at the 4850 level of Sanford Underground Laboratory in SD Modules: Prototype: 3 strings nat Ge (completed!) Module 1: ~20 kg enr Ge (running now!) Module 2: ~10 kg enr Ge + ~10 kg nat Ge (under construction!) 50
51 Summary Majorana neutrinos may give us insights into Grand Unification and the Matter-Antimatter Asymmetry of the Universe. 0νββ experiments are the only known way to probe this aspect of the neutrino. Definitive tests of inverted hierarchy Majorana neutrinos are within reach. 51
52 52
53 Effective Theory E L = L SM + 1 L L Majorana SM mass term L is accidentally conserved in the in the SM B, L often connected in GUTs 53
54 The Majorana Equation Schrodinger: Dirac: Majorana: 54 E. Majorana, Il Nuovo Cimento 14, 171 (1937). English translation: Soryushiron Kenkyu 63, 149 (1981).
55 Planck Planck 2015 XIII, arxiv: v2
56 Combination with ν Oscillation Next-Generation 0νββ Decay Observed Not observed ν Oscillation: Hierarchy Normal Inverted ν = ν ν = ν ν is Dirac* ν is Dirac OR m1 > 10 mev 56 m1 < 30 mev
57 Testing ν = ν (I) Dirac ν Majorana ν νl produces - ( ) νl produces - νr doesn t interact ( ) νr produces + νl doesn t interact Why not generate νr in a beam and see if it νr produces + produces +? 57 Following B. Kayser.
58 Testing ν = ν (I) νl π + π + μ + νr μ + π + at rest boost High-E π + beam Boost so that π + beam faster than νl from decay at rest: requires E π > 4 PeV (n.b. LHC = 14 TeV) Fraction of decays with helicity flipped: <10-15 Since L-violation comes only from Majorana ν masses, any attempt to observe it will be at the mercy of the ν masses. - B. Kayser 58 Following B. Kayser.
59 No a priori isotope preference 59 R.G.H. Robertson, Mod. Phys. Lett. A 28, (2013).
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