GERDA & the future of 76 Ge-based experiments
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1 GERDA & the future of 76 Ge-based experiments Matteo Agostini on behalf of the GERDA Collaboration Technische Universität München (TUM), Germany Gran Sasso Science Institute (INFN), L Aquila, Italy 25th International Workshop on Weak Interactions and Neutrinos (WIN2015) June 8 13, 2015, MPIK Heidelberg, Germany
2 Double- decays Matteo Agostini (TU Munich & GSSI) 1 2-neutrino double- decay (2 ): (A, Z)! (A, Z +2)+2e +2 e allowed in the Standard Model measured in several isotopes T1/2 2 in the range yr
3 Double- decays Matteo Agostini (TU Munich & GSSI) 1 2-neutrino double- decay (2 ): (A, Z)! (A, Z +2)+2e +2 e allowed in the Standard Model measured in several isotopes T1/2 2 in the range yr Neutrinoless double- decay (0 ): (A, Z)! (A, Z +2)+2e lepton number violation ( L =2) has non-null Majorana mass component T 0 1/2 limits in the range yr (10 25 yr for 76 Ge) claim for a signal (subgroup of HdM experiment)
4 Neutrinoless double- decay & neutrino physics Matteo Agostini (TU Munich & GSSI) 2 Assuming light-majorana neutrino exchange as dominant 0 (T 0 1/2 ) 1 = G 0 (Q, Z) M 0 (A, Z) 2 m 2 channel: e ective Majorana mass: m P i U2 ei m i = c 2 12 c2 13 m 1 + s 2 12 c2 13 m 2 e i2 + s 2 13 m 3 e i [arxiv: ] NH 76 Ge yr 0 Ν T IH QD 0vbb limits m lightest ev
5 Matteo Agostini (TU Munich & GSSI) 3 State of the art of 0 search with 76 Ge HdM Collaboration [Eur. Phys. J. A 12, 147 (2001)] IGEX Collaboration [Phys.Rev.D65, (2002)] Klapdor-Kleingrothaus et al. [Phys.Lett. B586, 198 (2004)] GERDA Collaboration PRL 111, (2013) T 1/2 > yr (90% CL) T 1/2 > yr (90% CL) T 1/2 = yr T 1/2 > yr (90% CL) GERDA + HdM + IGEX T 1/2 > yr (90% CL) ν T 1/2 (Ge 76 ) [10 25 yr]
6 GERDA collaboration Matteo Agostini (TU Munich & GSSI) 4
7 Sensitivity and background goals Matteo Agostini (TU Munich & GSSI) 5 [Phys.Rev.D75, (2006)] Phase I (Nov May 2013): kg of target mass (87% 76 Ge) bkg 10 2 cts/(kev kg yr) at Q exposure 21.6 kg yr sensitivity to scrutinize KK claim Phase II (migration ongoing): new custom-produced BEGe detectors (additional 17 kg, 87% 76 Ge) bkg.10 3 cts/(kev kg yr) at Q (active techniques for bkg suppression) exposure & 100 kg yr start exploring T1/2 0 in the 1026 yr range
8 Detectors HPGe detectors from material enriched in 76 Ge ( 87%) detectors well established technology optimal spectroscopy performance: long-term stability E 0.1% at Q radio purity arbitrary units 2νββ mm p-type Ge Coaxial-type Ge-76: Q ββ =2039 kev 0νββ mm 2 e e e h E p+ electrode (read-out) 0 V 2 : 76 Ge -> 76 Se + 2e : 76 Ge -> 76 Se + 2e e n+ electrode 3-4 kv 0 e e h mm p-type Ge BEGe-type Calorimeter detectors: source=detector high detection e ciency peak at Q-value (Q ) mm Matteo Agostini (TU Munich & Energy'(keV)' GSSI) 6
9 Shielding strategy and apparatus Matteo Agostini (TU Munich & GSSI) 7 bare Ge detectors in liquid Argon (LAr) shield: high-purity LAr/H 2 O radio-pure material selection deep underground (LNGS, 3800 m.w.e.) [EPJ C 73 (2013) 2330]
10 Matteo Agostini (TU Munich & GSSI) 8 Backgrounds and mitigation techniques Background sources: natural radioactivity ( 232 Th and 238 Uchains): -rays (e.g. 208 Tl, 214 Bi) -emitting isotopes from surface contamination (e.g. 210 Po) or 222 Rn in LAr long-lived cosmogenic Ar isotopes ( 39 Ar, 42 Ar) cosmogenic isotopes activated in Ge ( 68 Ge, 60 Co)
11 Matteo Agostini (TU Munich & GSSI) 8 Backgrounds and mitigation techniques Background sources: natural radioactivity ( 232 Th and 238 Uchains): -rays (e.g. 208 Tl, 214 Bi) -emitting isotopes from surface contamination (e.g. 210 Po) or 222 Rn in LAr long-lived cosmogenic Ar isotopes ( 39 Ar, 42 Ar) cosmogenic isotopes activated in Ge ( 68 Ge, 60 Co) Mitigation strategy: detector anti-coincidence time-coincidence (Bi-Po or 68 Ge) pulse shape analysis detection of LAr-scintillation light
12 Phase I detector array configuration Matteo Agostini (TU Munich & GSSI) 9 3+1strings 8 enr Ge coaxial detectors (2 not considered in the analysis) 5 enr Ge BEGe detectors (1 not considered in the analysis) 1 nat Ge coaxial detectors enr Ge mass for physics analysis: 14.6 kg (coaxial) kg (BEGe)
13 Data taking of Phase I Matteo Agostini (TU Munich & GSSI) 10
14 Data taking of Phase I Matteo Agostini (TU Munich & GSSI) 10
15 Background modeling Matteo Agostini (TU Munich & GSSI) 11 events/(30 kev) data/model ratio 3 10 data model data/model 68% 95% 99.9% 2 K42 K40 Ac228 Th228 Alphas Co60H Co60inGe Bi214H Bi214P energy (kev) GERDA Contribution at Q : -rays (close sources): Bi-214, Tl-208, K-42 - and -rays (surface decays): Ra-226 daughter, Po-210, K-42 more details in [EPJ C74 (2014) 2764]
16 Background modeling Matteo Agostini (TU Munich & GSSI) 11 events/(30 kev) data/model ratio 3 10 data model data/model 68% 95% 99.9% 2 K42 K40 Ac228 Th228 Alphas Co60H Co60inGe Bi214H Bi214P energy (kev) GERDA Contribution at Q : -rays (close sources): Bi-214, Tl-208, K-42 - and -rays (surface decays): Ra-226 daughter, Po-210, K-42 more details in [EPJ C74 (2014) 2764] MC simulation no line expected in the blinded window background flat between kev (excluding peaks at 2104 and 2119 kev) mean FWHM at Q coax > 4.8±0.2 kev BEGe > 3.2±0.2 kev (mass/exposure weighted): expected counts / kev
17 Matteo Agostini (TU Munich & GSSI) 12 Pulse shape discrimination Coaxial detectors: artificial neural network 0 acceptance = % background acc at Q = 45% BEGe detectors: A/E parameter (mono-parametric PSD) 0 acceptance 92±2% background acc at Q apple20% [Eur.Phys.J C73 (2013) 2583]
18 Matteo Agostini (TU Munich & GSSI) 13 Unblinding: spectrum around Q [PRL 111, (2013)] w/o PSD Analysis cuts applied: 1) signals quality cuts 2) detector anti-coincidence 3) muon-veto anti-coincidence 4) single-detectors time coincidence (BiPo cut) Survival fraction at Q : 1 99% % 4 100% w/o PSD w/ PSD exposure background expected cts observed cts data set [kg yr] 10 2 cts/(kev kg yr) (Q ±5keV) (Q ±5keV) golden BEGe
19 Unblinding: spectrum around Q Matteo Agostini (TU Munich & GSSI) 13 [PRL 111, (2013)] w/o PSD w/ PSD Analysis cuts applied: 1) signals quality cuts 2) detector anti-coincidence 3) muon-veto anti-coincidence 4) single-detectors time coincidence (BiPo cut) 5) PSD Survival fraction at Q : 1 99% % 4 100% 5 50% w/o PSD w/ PSD exposure background expected cts observed cts data set [kg yr] 10 2 cts/(kev kg yr) (Q ±5keV) (Q ±5keV) golden BEGe
20 Statistical analysis Matteo Agostini (TU Munich & GSSI) 14 Profile likelihood analysis: ML fit (constant+gauss in kev range) multiple data sets (common T 0 1/2 ) T 0 1/2 0(coveragetested) Results (GERDA only): best fit for N 0 =0signalcts T 0 1/2 > yr (90% C.L.) MC Median sensitivity (for no signal): T 0 1/2 > yr (90% C.L.) PRL 111, (2013); [1] Phys.Rev. D65, (2002); [2] Eur.Phys.J. A12, 147 (2001)
21 Statistical analysis Matteo Agostini (TU Munich & GSSI) 14 Profile likelihood analysis: ML fit (constant+gauss in kev range) multiple data sets (common T 0 1/2 ) T 0 1/2 0(coveragetested) Results (GERDA only): best fit for N 0 =0signalcts T 0 1/2 > yr (90% C.L.) MC Median sensitivity (for no signal): T 0 1/2 > yr (90% C.L.) Results (GERDA + IGEX [1] + HdM [2]): best fit for N 0 =0signalcts T 0 1/2 > yr (90% C.L.) PRL 111, (2013); [1] Phys.Rev. D65, (2002); [2] Eur.Phys.J. A12, 147 (2001)
22 Double- decay with 2 or Majorons emission Matteo Agostini (TU Munich & GSSI) 15 Global fit of the energy spectrum Most accurate measurement of: T1/2 2 (76 Ge) = 1.926(95) yr (68% probability) Most stringent limits on exotic processes: T 0 > yr for n=1,3,5,7 1/2 events/(30 kev) data model (background + 2νββ) 68% interval golden data set (17.9 kg yr) background 2νββ 0νββχ (n=1) (90% C.I.) 0νββχ (n=2) (90% C.I.) 0νββχ (n=3) (90% C.I.) 0νββχ (n=7) (90% C.I.) GERDA arbitrary units n=7 2νββ n=5 n=3 n=1 0νββ events/(30 kev) BEGe data set (2.4 kg yr) GERDA energy [kev] [Acta Phys. Polon. B 37 (2006) 1905] energy (kev) [arxiv: ]
23 Matteo Agostini (TU Munich & GSSI) 16 Phase II upgrade I Installation of additional 17 kg of BEGe detectors: increased array granularity (anti-coincidence cut) enhanced pulse shape discrimination performance excellent energy resolution I PMT and fibers+sipm to detect LAr scintillation light I lower-mass holders
![Broad Energy Germanium (BEGe) detectors 2.5 2 1.1 1 0.9 FWHM [kev] 1.5 1 0.](/docs-images/96/126819313/images/24-0.jpg "5 0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 energy [kev] f(x) = (a 2 + b 2 x) 1/2 a = 0.")
![386 (8) b = 0.0433 (2) mass [kg] 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 1.65 1.7 1.75 1.8 1.](/docs-images/96/126819313/images/24-1.jpg "85 FWHM at 1332 kev [kev] natural depleted enriched Matteo Agostini (TU")
24 Broad Energy Germanium (BEGe) detectors FWHM [kev] energy [kev] f(x) = (a 2 + b 2 x) 1/2 a = (8) b = (2) mass [kg] FWHM at 1332 kev [kev] natural depleted enriched Matteo Agostini (TU Munich & GSSI) 17
25 Signal formation and development Matteo Agostini (TU Munich & GSSI) 18
26 Signal formation and development Matteo Agostini (TU Munich & GSSI) 18
27 Signal formation and development Matteo Agostini (TU Munich & GSSI) 18
28 Signal formation and development Matteo Agostini (TU Munich & GSSI) 18
29 Signal formation and development Matteo Agostini (TU Munich & GSSI) 18
30 Pulse shape discrimination technique Matteo Agostini (TU Munich & GSSI) 19 A/E method: E: integralofthecurrentsignal(energy) A: maximumofthecurrentsignal current [a.u.] A Single Interaction Site Multiple Interaction Site A time [ns] normalized counts GD32B in Phase I DEP 2νββ GERDA cts (a.u.) K n+ surface events, simulation 60 Co, simulation Compton MeV, calibration 1.6 MeV, calibration GERDA A/E A/E [Budjas et al. JINST 4 P10007,M.A et al. JINST 6 P03005, Eur.Phys.J C73 (2013) 2583]
31 Detection of LAr scintillation light Matteo Agostini (TU Munich & GSSI) 20 Design: low-background photo-multipliers (9 top, 7 bottom) wave-length-shifting fibers read-out by SiPMs wave-length-shifting nylon mini-shroud
32 Matteo Agostini (TU Munich & GSSI) 21 Last commisioning results (Th-228 irradiation) About two orders of magnitude suppression at Q!
33 Matteo Agostini (TU Munich & GSSI) 22 Last commisioning results (Ra-226 irradiation) Almost two orders of magnitude suppression at Q!
34 GERDA sensitivity projection for limit setting / / profile likelihood analysis exposure [kg yr] MC-realizations of the data sets limit extraction performed for each realization global analyis: GERDA Phase I GERDA Phase II: (37 kg of 76 Ge, 1e-3 cts/(kev kg yr)) median sensitivity after 2 yr of data taking: T 0 1/2 & 1026 yr m ee. 100 mev 90% C.L. limit on T 1/2 [yr] 90% C.L. limit on m ee [ev] / / / / / / / / time [yr] median 68% prob. 90% prob. 95% prob. 99% prob. 4.6 < NME < 5.8 / / Matteo Agostini (TU Munich & GSSI) 23
35 sensitivity projection for GERDA + Majorana profile likelihood analysis MC-realizations of the data sets limit extraction performed for each realization global analyisi of: GERDA Phase I GERDA Phase II: (37 kg of 76 Ge, 1e-3 cts/(kev kg yr)) Majorana demonstrator (30 kg of 76 Ge, 8e-4 cts/(kev kg yr)) median sensitivity after 4 yr of data taking: T 0 1/2 & yr m ee mev exposure [kg yr] 90% C.L. limit on T 1/2 [yr] 90% C.L. limit on m ee [ev] / / / / / / / / / / time [yr] global analysis GERDA Phase I GERDA Phase II Majorana Dem 4.6 < NME < 5.8 / / Matteo Agostini (TU Munich & GSSI) 24
36 Conclusions Matteo Agostini (TU Munich & GSSI) 25 GERDA Phase I (21.6 kg yr of exposure): background order of magnitude lower than previous Ge experiments: 0.01 cts/(kev kg yr) at Q (after PSD) blind analysis > no positive 0 signal: T1/2 0 > yr at 90% C.L. (GERDA only) Long standing claim excluded at 99% C.L. (model-independent result) NEW: most accurate measurement of T 2 1/2 NEW: stongest limits on T 0 1/2 GERDA Phase II: commissioning ongoing quasi background-free experiment 2 and T1/2 decay to excited states start exploration of T 0 1/2 > 1026 yr in a 2 yr of data taking
37 Collaboration Matteo Agostini (TU Munich & GSSI) members, 16 institutions, 6 countries
38 backup slides Matteo Agostini (TU Munich & GSSI) 27
39 Electric field and charge collection Matteo Agostini (TU Munich & GSSI) 28 Contributions to the electric field (E): 1) electrodes potentials: p+ =0V, n+ =4kV E Interplay between (1) and (2) results in the funnel e ect: anode cathode electrons holes interaction point 2) impurity concentration: negative charges for depleted p-type Ge E Total field (1+2): holes are pushed to the detector central slice (2) and then collected to the p+ electrode (1) E final part of hole trajectories independent of interaction positions [JINST 6 (2011) P03005]
40 Background model 2 half-life events/(30 kev) events/(30 kev) data/model ratio 500 experimental energy spectrum model 2νββ 42 68% K K 214 Bi data/model % 95% % energy (kev) GERDA I Binned maximum likelihood (5 kg yr) I Nuisance parameters: Active detector masses (6+1) Ge-76 fractions (6) Background contributions (3x6) I T1/2 2 common to all detectors I After marginalizing: T1/2 2 =( fit 0.06 syst ) 1021 yr) 21 (10 T 1/ ITEP-YPI PNL-USC PNL-USC-ITEP-YPI PNL-USC-ITEP-YPI HdM [J.Phys.G 40 (2013) ] IGEX HdM publication year Matteo Agostini (TU Munich & GSSI) 29 HdM-K HdM-B NNDC Barabash this work GERDA 12-12
41 Background model 2 half-life I Binned maximum likelihood (5 kg yr) events/(30 kev) 500 experimental energy spectrum model 2νββ 42 68% K K 214 Bi 300 GERDA I Nuisance parameters: Active detector masses (6+1) Ge-76 fractions (6) Background contributions (3x6) events/(30 kev) I T1/2 2 common to all detectors I After marginalizing: T1/2 2 =( fit 0.06 syst ) 1021 counts/20kev [J.Phys.G 40 (2013) ] [HdM, EPJA12 (2001) 147] data/model ratio data/model % 95% % energy (kev) energy [kev] Matteo Agostini (TU Munich & GSSI) 29
42 Background model -emitting isotopes Matteo Agostini (TU Munich & GSSI) 30 I fit window kev Ip-value of the fit: 0.7 I 80 bins of width 50 kev: 79% in the green band 98% in the yellow band
43 Comparison with Phys.Lett. B (2004) Hypothesis test: H 0 (bkg only) vs H 1 (T 0 1/2 = yr + bkg) In Q ± 2 E (after PSD): expected 2.0±0.3 bkg cts expected 5.9±1.4 signal cts (assuming H1) observed 3 cts counts/kev 3 T = 1.19x /2 yr GERDA T = 2.1x /2 yr (90% C.L. lower limit) H1 [PRL 111, (2013)] energy (kev) I Frequentist p-value (N GERDA only: 0 =0 H 1 )=0.01 I Bayes factor P(H 1 )/P(H 0 )= GERDA + IGEX + HdM: I Bayes factor P(H 1 )/P(H 0 )= Long standing claim strongly disfavoured! T1/2 0 from Mod. Phys. Lett. A 21 (2006) 1547 is not considered because of inconsistencies (i.e. missing e ciency factors, problem in the conversion from counts to T1/2 0 )pointedoutinann.phys.525(2013)269. Matteo Agostini (TU Munich & GSSI) 31
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