STRUCTURAL OPTIMIZATION OF A THERMOELECTRIC GENERATOR BY NUMERICAL SIMULATION
|
|
- Darcy Perry
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Électrotechnique et électroénergétique STRUCTURAL OPTIMIZATION OF A THERMOELECTRIC GENERATOR BY NUMERICAL SIMULATION ALEXANDRU MIHAIL MOREGA 1,2, MIHAELA MOREGA 1, MARIUS A. PANAIT 1 Key words: Thermoelectric cells, numerical simulation, structural optimization. There is a growing interest in utilizing electrical power sources that recuperate part of the exergy destruction by conventional power systems, and thermoelectric generators (TEGs) are sound candidates. This paper reports a mathematical model based on Onsager formalism that relates gradients (temperature, electric potential) to fluxes (heat flux, electrical current) and its numerical, finite element (FEM) implementation that is used to simulate the underlying, multiphysics processes. In this study, an elemental TEG cell the simplest system under investigation is optimized for maximum efficiency. Then, it is packed into more complex, higher order ensembles that inherit its outlining features. This growing technique is derived from the constructal theory that explains shape and structure in systems of finite size (volume, resources), with internal flows (e.g., heat flux, currents), subject to specific internal and external constraints. 1. INTRODUCTION Recently, there is a growing interest in utilizing electrical power sources that recover part of the exergy lost in conventional power systems. For instance, the efficiency of a modern internal combustion engine is relatively low (37 50%), and much of the available work is lost to the environment. Thermoelectric generators (TEGs) are an alternative, zero-emission technology solution [1]; they have no moving parts and do not pollute. TEG modules are commercially available. Micro TEG (µ-teg) devices are designed following the system-on-a-chip concept to provide for a high degree of integration of thermal management, power, and electronics. Still under research [2], they are developed using integrated-type fabrication processes, electrochemical deposition, and high thermal conductivity substrates. Recent reports [3] suggest that nanoengineered TE materials could present higher values of the thermoelectric figure of 1 Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, Splaiul Independeţei nr. 313, sector 6, Bucharest, , Romania, amm@iem.pub.ro 2 Gheorghe Mihoc Caius Iacob Institute of Mathematical Statistics and Applied Mathematics, Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania. Rev. Roum. Sci. Techn. Électrotechn. et Énerg., 55, 1, p. 3 12, Bucarest, 2010
2 4 Alexandru Mihail Morega, Mihaela Morega, Marius Alexandru Panait 2 merit, σ. A value of 2.4 for σ can be achieved in Sb 2 Te 3 / Bi 2 Te 3 thin films about 1 nm thick [4] fabrication of thin film µ-teg is cited by [5]. Numerical study on µ-teg has also gained attention, for instance the FEM analysis of thermoelectric and thermomagnetic effect reported in [6]. One of the main goals of the TEG design is to determine the optimum cell geometry, for available thermoelectric material and manufacturing technology, and meeting the given application specifications. In this paper we report a mathematical model that may be used to simulate the outlining processes in TEGs [6], based on the Onsager formalism that relates gradients (of temperature, electric potential) to fluxes (heat flux, electric current), and on specific constitutive (material) laws. First, the elemental TEG is defined and optimized for maximum thermodynamic performance (efficiency). Next, the optimized cell is packed into more complex, higher order ensembles. This growing technique is derived by the constructal theory, which explains shape and structure of systems with internal flows (e.g., heat flux, currents), of finite size (volume, resources), and under specific internal and external constraints [7]. The outcome is optimal, scalable TEG ensembles. The models and optimization technique developed in this study are helpful in reducing the time and cost of the design and development of TEGs. 2. THE ELEMENTAL SYSTEM, ITS STRUCTURAL OPTIMIZATION 2.1. STRUCTURAL OPTIMIZATION Figure 1 shows the notional schematic of the elemental TEG cell. Fig. 1 The structural optimization of the elemental TEG cell-notional representation; α and β are symbols used to distinguish the two columns.
3 3 Structural optimization of a thermoelectric generator 5 Thermoelectric voltage is produced when the cell is subject to a temperature gradient between the hot (top) and cold (bottom) end, the T H and T L heat sources. Basically, the cell works as a temperature-controlled voltage source. Its columns are made of materials of different Seebeck coefficients, e.g. n and p-doped InSb. We assume that the material properties are linear, homogeneous, isotropic, temperature independent (this assumption will be discarded later). The p-n junction, exposed at the hot end, is a shunt, electrically insulated with respect to the heat source. At the cold end, the columns are electrically insulated with respect to the cold source and to each other. Heat flux and electric current are assumed unidirectional (vertical) throughout the columns. The optimization reported here follows closely the analysis introduced in [8]. 2 The TE conversion efficiency of the TEG is defined by η = RI Q& H, where R is the external load, and I is the electric current produced by the TEG. The heat transfer rate Q & H at the cold end in eq. (1) may be written in terms of design quantities: geometry data, properties, and electrical load η = π 2 Aα I Lα 1 1 ( T ) I + T ( k + Xk ) ( k Xk ) α, β H α β e, α + Lα 2 Aα Here = ε = ( ε ε ) = ε ( T ) π α, β αβ β α T H αβ H RI 2 e, β. (1) is the Peltier coefficient of the junction, A (α,β) the cross-sectional area of the column, L (α,β) the column length, k (α,β) and k e(α,β) the thermal and electrical conductivities, and X = ( A L) β ( A L) α is the geometric aspect ratio. The linearized Onsager equations are dt dt dφ q = k + Tε ( T) J( T), J = εke ke, dx dx dx (2) Peltier-Joule effect where ε is Seebeck coefficient and J is the electric current density. The electric TH I = ε ε dt R+ R. Consequently, the current may be written as ( β α) ( internal ) TL efficiency depends on two parameters only: the ratio between the external resistance, R, and the cell internal resistance, Ri nt ernal = Lα ( ke, α Aα ): R R i nt ernal, and the geometric aspect ratio, X, suggesting that the TEG may be twice optimized for X η = Z 1 T L H < 1 T L TH, Z T T ( 1 T ) opt L H ηcarnot opt = ke, αkα ke, βkβ, and ( R R ) opt = Z ( 1+ ke, αkα ke, βkβ ) internal. In eq. (3), (3)
4 6 Alexandru Mihail Morega, Mihaela Morega, Marius Alexandru Panait 4 2 { ε αβ [ k k + k k ]}, Z = 1+ Tmed α e, α β e, β Z = 1+ Tmed σ, T med ( TH + TL ) 2 =. The message conveyed by eq. (3) is remarkable: the TEG efficiency may not exceed the Carnot limit. To achieve higher efficiency, the semiconductors should be weak thermal conductors, and good electric conductors; the lower conductivity column (+) should be robust, i.e. of large cross-sectional area and short length. Because the figure of merit (σ) of thermoelectric materials is a function of temperature and because TEG s columns even when optimized are sieges of longitudinal (vertical) temperature gradient, i.e. temperature varies along their length from the hot end to the cold end, they do not operate with the same efficiency along their height. The current flow in such a structure is accompanied by Seebeck, Peltier, Joule (heating) effects, and the conduction heat transfer, driven the temperature difference between the hot and the cold junctions. To investigate the analysis presented above, we formulate 2D numerical models with different geometric aspect ratios for the elemental TEG, discarding the assumption in virtue of which the material properties are temperature independent. Here we report only the results obtained for the optimized elemental TEG. Next, a first order, cascaded ensemble is proposed. By numerical simulation, we investigate the open circuit and the shortcircuit working conditions. In these experiments, the heat transfer related to the hot end cold end temperatures is responsible for the thermoelectric (Seebeck) voltage produced by the TEG, whereas Peltier effect is a menace to the TEG efficiency its minimization is a design objective STRUCTURAL OPTIMIZATION MATHEMATICAL MODEL The physical model of the thermoelectric phenomena is made of the eqs. (2) that give the heat and current fluxes [6], rewritten as Φ = ρ { J + ε T {, q = Φ { J k { T + ε { T J. (4) Ohm Seebeck Joule Fourier Peltier The partial differential equations that make the mathematical model result by specifying the heat and current sources for steady state working conditions, i.e. by taking the divergences of the heat and current fluxes, q = 0 and J = 0 { ( T ) T α( T ) TJ φj} = 0 14 k , (5) heat flux { σ( ) φ + σ( T ) α( T ) T} = 0 14 T electric flux We assume that the TEG is made of homogeneous materials, and all properties are functions of temperature only in view of [6] the temperature dependence is (6)
5 5 Structural optimization of a thermoelectric generator 7 moderate. Hence, the space derivatives are negligibly small. This hypothesis may not provide for accurate results when higher temperature differences are considered. The simulations were performed for: ρ = 1/k e = 8.0 T Ωm; ε = ±( (T 273)) 10 4 VK 1 ; k = T 1.65 WK 1 m 1. The boundary conditions (BCs) that close the model areas follows: for the heat transfer part of the problem, adiabatic conditions for all sides (Neumann, homogeneous BCs), except for the thermal contacts with the heat sources where temperature is set (Dirichlet BCs, T H and T L, respectively); for the electric field part of the problem, insulation (Neumann, homogeneous BCs) for all sides, except for the terminals where voltage and normal current density conditions are set. Special attention was devoted to implement the resistive load working condition, where the current and voltage at the electrical terminals are related through Ohm s law. To model this restriction, we set one terminal (A) to the ground (V A = 0), and utilized Comsol s integral coupling (boundary) variables technique [9] to transfer (couple) the current in that column to the terminal, B, whose the BC was set as a voltage condition, considering Ohm s law, V B = RI B STRUCTURAL OPTIMIZATION NUMERICAL MODEL Figure 2 shows the computational domain and the FEM mesh used for numerical simulation. a Fig. 2 The elemental TEG ( T = 200ºC, T C = 20ºC): a) open circuit the computational domain; b) shortcircuit the FEM mesh made of 22,000 Lagrange elements. The heat flux (thick arrows) and the current (thin arrows) flows are in opposite directions, in the n-type column, and in the same direction, in the p-type column. To implement the diffusion-type PDEs for heat and current flow, we used b
6 8 Alexandru Mihail Morega, Mihaela Morega, Marius Alexandru Panait 6 the general diffusion-convection PDE model, in coefficient form [5, 8] diffusion convection source c u + αu γ conservative flux au absorbtion convection + β u = { f source in Ω, (7) ( c u u ) qu g h T, on n +α γ + = µ Ω, (8) hu = r, on Ω where Ω is the computational domain and Ω is its boundary; c(t), α(t), γ(t), a(t), β(t) are coefficients; g, f are sources; the conservative flux is either the heat flux, or the electric current density (4), and u is either temperature, T, or electric potential, V; h T is the transpose of h (as h is scalar, h T =h); µ is Lagrange multiplier. The temperature difference between the TEG s hot and cold ends, T, was set to 30, 80, 120, and 280ºC, successively. In the iterative solution procedure, it was assumed that the initial temperature is 300 K for T = 20 ºC. The solutions for higher T s were obtained starting from the solutions obtained for lower T s. To solve the non-linear set of algebraic equations, consistent with the FEM technique, we used the direct SPOOLES [9] solver. Mesh independent solutions were obtained for roughly 22,000 elements. Figure 3 depicts the thermal and electrical fields for open circuit and shortcircuit working conditions, for T = 80ºC. Apparently, the electric field (Fig. 3a) and the temperature field (Fig. 3b) are stratified. The results are for a TEG cell that is 2 mm wide, 16 mm tall, and 2 mm thick. a Fig. 3 The elemental TEG ( T = 80ºC, T L = 20ºC): a) open circuit electrical field (voltage), contour lines; heat flux, arrows; b) shortcircuit temperature, contour lines; current density (arrows, streamlines). The non-dimensional open circuit voltage vs. temperature, and shortcircuit current vs. temperature curves are presented in Fig. 4. b
7 7 Structural optimization of a thermoelectric generator 9 Recalling the analysis presented in Section 2.1, and assuming that the properties are temperature independent, the efficiency of the optimized TEG depends on its apparent internal resistance, R internal, the load, R, and the TEG geometric aspect ratio, X. Since R internal is invariant with respect to T, the maximum power (higher for higher T s) is expected to occur for the same load, R. As seen in Fig. 5 numerical simulations confirm this behavior. The bell-shaped output power curves are consistent with finite-power sources characteristics. By increasing T, the output power increases less and less, until a limiting curve is attained (here, ~280ºC). Beyond this margin, the output power decreases. a b Fig. 4 The elemental TEG characteristics non-dimensional ordinates: a) shortcircuit, current [A]; b) open circuit, voltage [V]. Fig. 5 The output power for the elemental TEG.
8 10 Alexandru Mihail Morega, Mihaela Morega, Marius Alexandru Panait 8 3. CASCADED TEGs Figure 6 shows a schematic single stage TEG ensemble made of elemental TEGs sandwiched between two ceramic plates, and connected electrically in series and thermally in parallel, through metallic connectors. Fig. 6 Single stage, conventional TEG ensemble made of a number of elemental cells. The hot (upper) plate is partially represented notional representation. To further increase the overall efficiency TEG stages may be cascaded (Fig. 7a): the heat received from the hot end is transferred through the first stage layer, whose cold end is the hot end of a second stage layer. The cold head of the second stage layer contacts the cold heat source. This design avoids the difficulties presented by a segmented TEG ensemble (Fig. 6) that works between the same hot and cold heat sources. The two stages are electrically connected in series, thus avoiding the wiring exposure to high temperature that would lead to supplementary losses through the electrical resistivity increase with temperature. The heat received from the hot source by the upper (hotter) stage is transferred to the lower (colder) stage. a
9 9 Structural optimization of a thermoelectric generator 11 b c Fig. 7 First order cascaded TEG ensemble: a) the computational domain for the cascaded TEG ensemble; b) open circuit (voltage is in V); c) shortcircuit (temperature is in K). Figures 7b,c present the thermal and electrical fields for the cascaded TEG, under open circuit and shortcircuit working conditions, for T = 100 ºC. The columns in each stage have the same size, respectively. The usage of optimized elemental cells in constructing a cascaded TEG ensemble makes the object of future research. 4. CONCLUSIONS The main conclusions drawn in this study are as follow: The constructal principle utilized in the structural optimization of the elemental TEG cell is deterministic, and relies on the outlying physical laws that govern the thermoelectric phenomena in this study, Maxwell equations for the electromagnetic field in kinetic regime, and the heat transfer law, assembled both in the linearized Onsager relations. The TEG architecture is the outcome of constructal growth, from optimized elemental cell to higher order ensembles following a time arrow from small to large, from simple to complex [10]. The first construct is the elemental TEG cell in the limit, it is the smallest discernable, continuum (medium) system that exhibits the same properties, and obeys the same laws as larger scale systems. Its thermodynamic optimization performed here analytically, and assessed by numerical simulation has as objective and as high as possible efficiency, corresponding to a finite external load; as with all finite-power sources, the optimal TEG cell is adapted to a specific load. The efficiency of the optimized TEG depends on its internal resistance, R internal, the external load, R, and the aspect ratio, X. The bell-shaped output power curves are consistent with finite-power sources characteristics. By increasing DT, the output power increases less and less, until a limiting curve is attained (here, ~280 ºC). Beyond this margin, the power decreases.
10 12 Alexandru Mihail Morega, Mihaela Morega, Marius Alexandru Panait 10 Higher order ensembles result by cascading layers of elemental TEGs. They may be made of lower order TEG ensembles, and result in a tree structure. In this study we presented a first order ensemble that utilizes conventional TEGs. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The research was conducted in the Laboratory for Multiphysics Models. The authors acknowledge the support offered by the CNCSIS grant A, no. 358/ Panait M.A. acknowledges the CNCSIS grant TD no. 315/2007. Received on 3 February 2009 REFERENCES 1. J. Vázquez, M.A. Sanz-Bobi, R. Palacios, A. Arenas, State of the Art of Thermoelectric Generators Based on Heat Recovered from the Exhaust Gases of Automobiles, (accessed in May, 2008). 2. J.P. Fleurial, G.J. Snyder, M.A. Ryan, C.-K. Huang, Solid-state power generation and cooling micro/nanodevices for distributed system architectures, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 20 th International Conference on Thermoelectrics, Beijing, P.R. China, June 8-11, L.D. Hicks, M.S. Dresselhaus, Thermoelectric figure of merit of a one-dimensional conductor, Phys. Rev., 47, B, pp , R. Venkatasubramanian, E. Siivola, T. Colpitts, B. O Quinn, Thin-film thermoelectric devices with high room-temperature figures of merit, Nature, 413, pp , S.W. Han, M.D.A. Hasan, J.Y. Kim, H.W. Lee, K.H. Lee, O.J. Kim, Multi-physics analysis for the design and development of micro-thermoelectric coolers, ICCAS2005, June 2-5, KINTEX, Gyeonggi-Do, Korea. 6. A.M. Morega, M. Morega, A FEM model for thermoelectric and thermomagnetic effects, Rev. Roum. Sci. Techn. Électrotechn. et Énerg., 48, 2-3, pp , A. Bejan, Shape and Structure, from Engineering to Nature, United Kingdom, Cambridge U. Press, Cambridge, A. Bejan, Heat Transfer, New York, Wiley, * * *, Comsol A.B., v a, Sweden, A.M. Morega, J.C. Ordonez, M. Morega, A constructal approach to power distribution networks design, International Conference on Renewable Energy and Power Quality, ICREPQ 08, March, Santander, Spain, 2008.
Constructal Optimization of Spherical Photovoltaic Cells
Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on Mathematical Modelling of Environmental and Life Sciences Problems Constanţa, Romania, September, 2006, pp. 163 172 Constructal Optimization of Spherical Photovoltaic
More informationIndex. a Anisotropic thermoelectric elements 147, 148 Archimedes principle b Benedicks effect 12 Bridgman effect 13
335 Index a Anisotropic thermoelectric elements 147, 148 Archimedes principle. 191 b Benedicks effect 12 Bridgman effect 13 c Cascaded thermoelectric generators 230 CHI See Constant heat input (CHI) model
More informationAnalysis of Thermoelectric Generator Performance by Use of Simulations and Experiments
Journal of ELECTRONIC MATERIALS, Vol. 43, No. 6, 2014 DOI: 10.1007/s11664-014-3020-x Ó 2014 The Author(s). This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Analysis of Thermoelectric Generator
More informationEnergy Conversion in the Peltier Device
Laboratory exercise 4 Energy Conversion in the Peltier Device Preface The purpose of this exercise is to become familiar with the Peltier effect. Students will observe Peltier device working as a heat
More informationElectromagnetic, flow and thermal study of a miniature planar spiral transformer with planar, spiral windings
Electromagnetic, flow and thermal study of a miniature planar spiral transformer with planar, spiral windings J. B. DUMITRU 1, A. M. MOREGA*,1,2, M. MOREGA 1 *Corresponding author 1 POLITEHNICA University
More informationNEEDS Thermoelectric Compact Model Documentation Version 1.0.0
NEEDS Thermoelectric Compact Model Documentation Version 1.0.0 Published on August 31, 2015 Introduction The NEEDS thermoelectric compact model (TEsegment.va) describes a homogeneous segment of thermoelectric
More informationELECTRO-THERMAL ANALYSIS OF PELTIER COOLING USING FEM
ISSN 843-688 Scientific Bulletin of the Electrical Engineering Faculty ear 0 No. (2) ELECTRO-THERMAL ANALSIS OF PELTIER COOLING USING FEM D. ENESCU, E.O. VÎRJOGHE 2, M. IONEL, M.F. STAN 2 Electronic, Telecommunications
More informationSegmented Power Generator Modules of Bi 2 Te 3 and ErAs:InGaAlAs Embedded with ErAs Nanoparticles
Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. Vol. 1044 2008 Materials Research Society 1044-U10-06 Segmented Power Generator Modules of Bi 2 Te 3 and ErAs:InGaAlAs Embedded with ErAs Nanoparticles Gehong Zeng 1, Je-Hyeong
More informationOPPA European Social Fund Prague & EU: We invest in your future.
OPPA European Social Fund Prague & EU: We invest in your future. PELTIER CELL OBJECT Your task is to get acquainted with the Peltier cell behavior in the ThermoElectric Generator mode (TEG) and in the
More informationSensing, Computing, Actuating
Sensing, Computing, ctuating Sander Stuijk (s.stuijk@tue.nl) Department of Electrical Engineering Electronic Systems 2 THERMOELECTRIC EFFECT (Chapter 5.11) 3 Thermocouple cylinder head temperature (thermocouple)
More informationELECTROTHERMAL STRESS-STRAIN IN ANCILLARY PARTS OF AN ALUMINUM ELECTROLYSIS CELL
ELECTROTHERMAL STRESS-STRAIN IN ANCILLARY PARTS OF AN ALUMINUM ELECTROLYSIS CELL MARIN PETRE 1, ALEXANDRU MIHAIL MOREGA 2,3, MARIAN CILIANU 4 Key words: Aluminum electrolysis, Electro-thermal stress, Heat
More informationSupplementary Information for On-chip cooling by superlattice based thin-film thermoelectrics
Supplementary Information for On-chip cooling by superlattice based thin-film thermoelectrics Table S1 Comparison of cooling performance of various thermoelectric (TE) materials and device architectures
More informationAnalysisofElectroThermalCharacteristicsofaConductiveLayerwithCracksandHoles
Global Journal of Researches in Engineering Mechanical and Mechanics Engineering Volume 14 Issue 1 Version 1.0 Type: Double Blind Peer Reviewed International Research Journal Publisher: Global Journals
More informationDevice Testing and Characterization of Thermoelectric Nanocomposites
Device Testing and Characterization of Thermoelectric Nanocomposites By Andrew Muto B.S., Mechanical Engineering (2005) Northeastern University Submitted to the Department of Mechanical Engineering in
More informationThermal Sensors and Actuators
Thermal Sensors and Actuators Part I Fundamentals of heat transfer Heat transfer occurs where there is a temperature gradient until an equilibrium is reached. Four major mechanism Thermal conduction Natural
More informationPeltier Application Note
Peltier Application Note Early 19th century scientists, Thomas Seebeck and Jean Peltier, first discovered the phenomena that are the basis for today s thermoelectric industry. Seebeck found that if you
More informationDesign Of Thermoelectric Generator from Aluminum and Copper Elements
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) e-issn: 78-1684,p-ISSN: 30-334X, Volume 13, Issue 5 Ver. VII (Sep. - Oct. 016), PP 60-65 www.iosrjournals.org Design Of Thermoelectric Generator
More informationPotential use of Thermoelectric Generator Device for Air Conditioning System
Potential use of Thermoelectric Generator Device for Air Conditioning System Pedro M. Peralta Trinidad 1, Gerardo Carbajal 1 1 Universidad del Turabo, Puerto Rico, pperalta.engi@gmail.com, gcarbajal1@suagm.edu
More informationA MODEL BASED APPROACH TO EXHAUST THERMOELECTRICS. Quazi Hussain, David Brigham, and Clay Maranville Research & Advanced Engineering
A MODEL BASED APPROACH TO EXHAUST HEAT RECOVERY USING THERMOELECTRICS Quazi Hussain, David Brigham, and Clay Maranville Research & Advanced Engineering Ford Motor Company Objective Investigate potential
More informationCOMPACT, INTERDIGITATED CONSTRUCTAL DESIGN APPLIED TO SUPERCAPACITOR SYSTEMS
THE PUBLISHING HOUSE PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROMANIAN ACADEMY, Series A, OF THE ROMANIAN ACADEMY Special Issue/2018, pp. 255 260 COMPACT, INTERDIGITATED CONSTRUCTAL DESIGN APPLIED TO SUPERCAPACITOR SYSTEMS
More informationComputational Modeling of a Solar Thermoelectric Generator
Computational Modeling of a Solar Thermoelectric Generator Undergraduate Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Graduation with Research Distinction at The Ohio State University
More informationThermoelectric effect
Thermoelectric effect See Mizutani the temperature gradient can also induce an electrical current. linearized Boltzmann transport equation in combination with the relaxation time approximation. Relaxation
More informationefficiency can be to Carnot primarily through the thermoelectric figure of merit, z, defined by
USING THE COMPATIBILITY FACTOR TO DESIGN HIGH EFFICIENCY SEGMENTED THERMOELECTRIC GENERATORS G. Jeffrey Snyder*, and T. Caillat Jet Propulsion Laboratory/California Institute of Technology 4800, Oak Grove
More informationAnalysis of a Hybrid Thermoelectric Microcooler: Thomson Heat and Geometric Optimization
entropy Article Analysis of a Hybrid Thermoelectric Microcooler: Thomson Heat and Geometric Optimization Pablo Eduardo Ruiz Ortega and Miguel Angel Olivares-Robles *, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, ESIME-Culhuacan,
More informationTransient Harman Measurement of the Cross-plane ZT of InGaAs/InGaAlAs Superlattices with Embedded ErAs Nanoparticles
Transient Harman Measurement of the Cross-plane ZT of InGaAs/InGaAlAs Superlattices with Embedded ErAs Nanoparticles Rajeev Singh, Zhixi Bian, Gehong Zeng, Joshua Zide, James Christofferson, Hsu-Feng Chou,
More informationCurrent and Resistance
Chapter 26 Current and Resistance Copyright 26-1 Electric Current As Fig. (a) reminds us, any isolated conducting loop regardless of whether it has an excess charge is all at the same potential. No electric
More informationIntroduction to Heat and Mass Transfer. Week 7
Introduction to Heat and Mass Transfer Week 7 Example Solution Technique Using either finite difference method or finite volume method, we end up with a set of simultaneous algebraic equations in terms
More informationI m. R s. Digital. R x. OhmmetersxSeries Shunt Digital. R m
µa Meter I I s I m s E Digital x I Voltmeter x x E µa Meter m Is OhmmetersxSeries Shunt Digital EIx= = ()E sm x mxvi= x Shunt Ohmmeter Shunt s x E µa Meter I m I m V m E ) ( v I E ) ( E v E v E I When
More informationThermal modelling for on-interposer thermoelectric sensors
Thermal modelling for on-interposer thermoelectric sensors C. Morel 1,2 and G. Savelli 1,2 1 Univ. Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France 2 CEA, Liten, Nanomaterials Technologies Department, F-38000
More informationTemperature Measurement
MECE 3320 Measurements & Instrumentation Temperature Measurement Dr. Isaac Choutapalli Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Texas Pan American Introduction Temperature is one of the most
More information28015 Madrid (Spain) e_mail:
Test Bench for Measuring the Electrical Properties of Commercial Thermoelectric Modules Jorge Vázquez, Rafael Palacios, Miguel A. Sanz-Bobi, * Antonio Arenas Universidad Pontificia Comillas Escuela Técnica
More informationSensors and Actuators Sensors Physics
Sensors and ctuators Sensors Physics Sander Stuijk (s.stuijk@tue.nl) Department of Electrical Engineering Electronic Systems 2 THERMOELECTRIC SENSORS (Chapter 3.9, 16.4) 3 Thermoelectric effect thermoelectric
More informationTopology Optimization of an Actively Cooled Electronics Section for Downhole Tools
Downloaded from orbit.dtu.dk on: Apr 01, 2019 Topology Optimization of an Actively Cooled Electronics Section for Downhole Tools Soprani, Stefano; Haertel, Jan Hendrik Klaas; Lazarov, Boyan Stefanov; Sigmund,
More informationELECTRICAL AND THERMAL DESIGN OF UMBILICAL CABLE
ELECTRICAL AND THERMAL DESIGN OF UMBILICAL CABLE Derek SHACKLETON, Oceaneering Multiflex UK, (Scotland), DShackleton@oceaneering.com Luciana ABIB, Marine Production Systems do Brasil, (Brazil), LAbib@oceaneering.com
More informationControl and Mechatronics Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
Jurnal Teknologi Full paper Comparison of Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Performance Parameter Between Modelling and Simulation Results and Manufacturer Datasheet For HZ-20 & HZ-14 Zamir Noor Abd Hamid,
More informationChapter 25 Current Resistance, and Electromotive Force
Chapter 25 Current Resistance, and Electromotive Force 1 Current In previous chapters we investigated the properties of charges at rest. In this chapter we want to investigate the properties of charges
More informationELECTROMAGNETIC ENVIRONMENT GENERATED IN A TEM CELL FOR BIOLOGICAL DOSIMETRY APPLICATIONS
ISEF 2007 XIII International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering Prague, Czech Republic, September 13-15, 2007 ELECTROMAGNETIC ENVIRONMENT GENERATED
More informationModeling of thin-film solar thermoelectric generators
Modeling of thin-film solar thermoelectric generators The MIT Faculty has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters. Citation As Published Publisher
More informationSIMULATION OF HEAT TRANSFER AND ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS OF PROTECTED MICROCOMPUTERS
281 Simulation of heat transfer and electromagnetic fields of protected microcomputers SIMULATION OF HEAT TRANSFER AND ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS OF PROTECTED MICROCOMPUTERS J. Lakatoš, J. untala, A. Kondelová
More informationA CAPACITIVE ACCELEROMETER MODEL
Électronique et transmission de l information A CAPACITIVE ACCELEROMETER MODEL FLORIN CONSTANTINESCU, ALEXANDRU GABRIEL GHEORGHE, MIRUNA NIŢESCU *1 Key words: MEMS models, Transient analysis, Capacitive
More informationMyoung-Soo Kim, Min-Ki Kim, Sung-Eun Jo, Chulmin Joo, and Yong-Jun Kim*
Supplementary information Refraction-Assisted Solar Thermoelectric Generator based on Phase-Change lens Myoung-Soo Kim, Min-Ki Kim, Sung-Eun Jo, Chulmin Joo, and Yong-Jun Kim* Department of Mechanical
More informationChapter 5 Thomson Effect, Exact Solution, and Compatibility Factor
5-1 Chapter 5 homson Effect, Exact Solution, and Compatibility Factor he formulation of the classical basic equations for a thermoelectric cooler from the homson relations to the non-linear differential
More informationLab 5: Post Processing and Solving Conduction Problems. Objective:
Lab 5: Post Processing and Solving Conduction Problems Objective: The objective of this lab is to use the tools we have developed in MATLAB and SolidWorks to solve conduction heat transfer problems that
More informationResearch to Improve Photovoltaic (PV) Cell Efficiency by Hybrid Combination of PV and Thermoelectric Cell Elements.
UNIVERSITY OF CENTRAL FLORIDA Research to Improve Photovoltaic (PV) Cell Efficiency by Hybrid Combination of PV and Thermoelectric Cell Elements. Page 129 PI: Nicoleta Sorloaica-Hickman, Robert Reedy Students:
More informationModeling, Optimizing and Testing Thermoelectric Generators for Liquid-to-Liquid Low Grade Waste Heat Recovery
Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Master's Theses Graduate College 12-2016 Modeling, Optimizing and Testing Thermoelectric Generators for Liquid-to-Liquid Low Grade Waste Heat Recovery Ali
More informationELEC 103. Objectives
ELEC 103 Voltage, Current, and Resistance Objectives Define voltage and discuss its characteristics Define current and discuss its characteristics Define resistance and discuss its characteristics Identify
More informationThermoelectrically Driven Current Loops
F A C U L T Y O F S C I E N C E U N I V E R S I T Y O F C O P E N H A G E N Master s Thesis, Nanoscience Jens Rix Nikolajsen Thermoelectrically Driven Current Loops Supervisor: Prof. Per Hedegård August
More informationThermoelectric modules are currently used both in Peltier cooling and in Seebeck mode for electricity
*Manuscript Click here to view linked References 1 TITLE Design of a Thermoelectric Generator with Fast Transient Response 1 1 1 ABSTRACT Thermoelectric modules are currently used both in Peltier cooling
More informationOne dimensional steady state diffusion, with and without source. Effective transfer coefficients
One dimensional steady state diffusion, with and without source. Effective transfer coefficients 2 mars 207 For steady state situations t = 0) and if convection is not present or negligible the transport
More informationNanoelectronic Thermoelectric Energy Generation
Nanoelectronic Thermoelectric Energy Generation Lourdes Ferre Llin l.ferre-llin.1@research.gla.ac.uk 1 Overview: Brief introduction on Thermoelectric generators. Goal of the project. Fabrication and Measurements
More informationTransport Properties of Semiconductors
SVNY85-Sheng S. Li October 2, 25 15:4 7 Transport Properties of Semiconductors 7.1. Introduction In this chapter the carrier transport phenomena in a semiconductor under the influence of applied external
More informationIntroduction of Nano Science and Tech. Thermal and Electric Conduction in Nanostructures. Nick Fang
Introduction of Nano Science and Tech Thermal and Electric Conduction in Nanostructures Nick Fang Course Website: nanohub.org Compass.illinois.edu ME 498 2006-09 Nick Fang, University of Illinois. All
More informationAnalysis of the thermal heating of poly-si and a-si photovoltaic cell by means of Fem
European Association for the Development of Renewable Energies, Environment and Power Quality (EA4EPQ) International Conference on Renewable Energies and Power Quality (ICREPQ 10) Granada (Spain), 23th
More informationABOUT ESTABLISHING THE FUNCTIONAL LIMITS OF A ZnO VARISTOR BASED SURGE-ARRESTER
ABOUT ESTABLISHING THE FUNCTIONAL LIMITS OF A ZnO VARISTOR BASED SURGE-ARRESTER FLORENTIN MUNTEANU, FLAVIU-MIHAI FRIGURA-ILIASA, EMIL CAZACU 2 Key words: Functional limits, ZnO varistor, Surge-arrester.
More informationSolar Energy Conversion using Micro Thermoelectric Generator Pheba Cherian, L. Balakumar, S. Joyal Isac
Solar Energy Conversion using Micro Thermoelectric Generator Pheba Cherian, L. Balakumar, S. Joyal Isac Abstract This work presents the design, simulation of Micro Thermoelectric Generator (micro TEG)
More informationModeling and Applications of Thermoelectric Generators
Modeling and Applications of Thermoelectric Generators Abdulmohsen A. Alothman Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial fulfillment of
More informationeterostrueture Integrated Thermionic Refrigeration
eterostrueture Integrated Thermionic Refrigeration Ali Shakouri, and John E. Bowers Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of California, Santa Barbara, CA USA 936 ABSTRACT Thermionic
More informationSemiconductor thermogenerator
Semiconductor thermogenerator LEP 4.1.07 Related topics Seebeck effect (thermoelectric effect), thermoelectric e.m.f., efficiency, Peltier coefficient, Thomson coefficient, Seebeck coefficient, direct
More informationSupplementary Figure 1. Characterization of the effectiveness of ion transport in CNT aerogel sheets. (a)
Supplementary Figures Supplementary Figure 1. Characterization of the effectiveness of ion transport in CNT aerogel sheets. (a) Schematic drawing of experimental setup for measuring mass transfer coefficient.
More informationIncreasing thermoelectric efficiency towards the Carnot limit
GoBack Increasing thermoelectric efficiency towards the Carnot limit Carlos Mejía-Monasterio Département de Physique Théorique, Université de Genève http://calvino.polito.it/ mejia/ ODYN-III, Lille, March
More informationChapter 27: Current and Resistance
Chapter 7: Current and esistance In this section of the course we will be studying the flow of electric charge, current, in a circuit. We have already seen electric current when we first discussed electric
More informationA Finite Element Model for Numerical Analysis of Sintering
A Finite Element Model for Numerical Analysis of Sintering DANIELA CÂRSTEA High-School Group of Railways, Craiova ION CÂRSTEA Department of Computer Engineering and Communication University of Craiova
More informationSupplemental Information. Storage and Recycling of Interfacial. Solar Steam Enthalpy
JOUL, Volume 2 Supplemental Information Storage and Recycling of Interfacial Solar Steam Enthalpy Xiuqiang Li, Xinzhe Min, Jinlei Li, Ning Xu, Pengchen Zhu, Bin Zhu, Shining Zhu, and Jia Zhu Supplemental
More informationTitle. Author(s)Meng, Xiangning; Suzuki, Ryosuke O. CitationJournal of electronic materials, 44(6): Issue Date Doc URL.
Title Simulation Analysis of Tilted Polyhedron-Shaped Ther Author(s)Meng, Xiangning; Suzuki, Ryosuke O. CitationJournal of electronic materials, 44(6): 1469-1476 Issue Date 2015-06 Doc URL http://hdl.handle.net/2115/61966
More informationOptimal Design of Automotive Exhaust Thermoelectric Generator (AETEG)
Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Master's Theses Graduate College 12-2016 Optimal Design of Automotive Exhaust Thermoelectric Generator (AETEG) Hassan Fagehi Western Michigan University,
More informationFINITE ELEMENT METHOD IN HIGH INTENSITY PLASMA DISCHARGE MODELING
U.P.B. Sci. Bull., Series A, Vol. 70, Iss. 4, 2008 ISSN 1223-7027 FINITE ELEMENT METHOD IN HIGH INTENSITY PLASMA DISCHARGE MODELING Mihail CRISTEA 1 Se arată cum poate fi modelată plasma descărcărilor
More informationLecture 11 Temperature Sensing. ECE 5900/6900 Fundamentals of Sensor Design
EE 4900: Fundamentals of Sensor Design Lecture 11 Temperature Sensing 1 Temperature Sensing Q: What are we measuring? A: Temperature 2 SI Units: Celcius ( C), Kelvin (K) British Units: Fahrenheit ( F)
More informationFigure (13-1) Single Thermoelectric Couple where Th > Tc
Technical Brief Basics on TEG Power Generation 13.0 Power Generation 13.1 Bismuth Telluride-based thermoelectric power modules are designed primarily for cooling or combined cooling and heating applications
More informationSupplementary Information. Characterization of nanoscale temperature fields during electromigration of nanowires
Supplementary Information Characterization of nanoscale temperature fields during electromigration of nanowires Wonho Jeong,, Kyeongtae Kim,, *, Youngsang Kim,, Woochul Lee,, *, Pramod Reddy Department
More informationAnalytical Performance Evaluation of Thermoelectric Modules Using Effective Material Properties
Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Master's Theses Graduate College 4-2014 Analytical Performance Evaluation of Thermoelectric Modules Using Effective Material Properties Sean Lwe Leslie Weera
More informationSOLIDIFICATION SURFACE SPEED CONTROL OF FERROMAGNETIC PIECES USING EDDY CURRENT HEATING
SOLIDIFICATION SURFACE SPEED CONTROL OF FERROMAGNETIC PIECES USING EDDY CURRENT HEATING MIHAI MARICARU, MARILENA STĂNCULESCU, 1 VALERIU ŞTEFAN MINCULETE, 1 FLOREA IOAN HĂNŢILĂ 11 Key words: Coupled eddy
More informationHeat Transfer Analysis
Heat Transfer 2011 Alex Grishin MAE 323 Chapter 8: Grishin 1 In engineering applications, heat is generally transferred from one location to another and between bodies. This transfer is driven by differences
More informationSensing, Computing, Actuating
Sensing, Computing, Actuating Sander Stuijk (s.stuijk@tue.nl) Department of Electrical Engineering Electronic Systems HEMOESISIVE SENSOS AND LINEAIZAION (Chapter.9, 5.11) 3 Applications discharge air temperature
More informationThermal characterization of Au-Si multilayer using 3- omega method
Thermal characterization of Au-Si multilayer using 3- omega method Sunmi Shin Materials Science and Engineering Program Abstract As thermal management becomes a serious issue in applications of thermoelectrics,
More informationIf there is convective heat transfer from outer surface to fluid maintained at T W.
Heat Transfer 1. What are the different modes of heat transfer? Explain with examples. 2. State Fourier s Law of heat conduction? Write some of their applications. 3. State the effect of variation of temperature
More informationTHERMOELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF ULTRASCALED SILICON NANOWIRES. Edwin Bosco Ramayya
THERMOELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF ULTRASCALED SILICON NANOWIRES by Edwin Bosco Ramayya A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Electrical
More informationChapter 26 Current and Resistance
Chapter 26 Current and Resistance Electric Current Although an electric current is a stream of moving charges, not all moving charges constitute an electric current. If there is to be an electric current
More informationIntroduction to Heat and Mass Transfer. Week 9
Introduction to Heat and Mass Transfer Week 9 補充! Multidimensional Effects Transient problems with heat transfer in two or three dimensions can be considered using the solutions obtained for one dimensional
More informationOPTIMAL ELECTRICAL DESIGN OF SPHERICAL PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS
OPTIMAL ELECTRICAL DESIGN OF SPHERICAL PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS A.M. Morega *, J.C. Ordonez **, P.A. Negoias *, M. Morega *, and R. Hovsapian ** * POLITEHNICA University of Bucharest, Department of Electrical
More informationHomework Week 3: Nanoscale and macroscale characterization Thermoelectricity: From Atoms to Systems
Homework Week 3: Nanoscale and macroscale characterization Thermoelectricity: From Atoms to Systems Je-Hyeong Bahk and Ali Shakouri nanohub-u Fall 2013 Answer the thirteen questions including all the sub-questions
More informationElectric Currents. Resistors (Chapters 27-28)
Electric Currents. Resistors (Chapters 27-28) Electric current I Resistance R and resistors Relation between current and resistance: Ohm s Law Resistivity ρ Energy dissipated by current. Electric power
More informationIntroduction to Thermoelectric Materials and Devices
Introduction to Thermoelectric Materials and Devices 4th Semester of 2012 2012.03.29, Thursday Department of Energy Science Sungkyunkwan University Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator (PbTe) Space probe
More informationCooling Enhancement Using Inhomogeneous Thermoelectric Materials
Cooling Enhancement Using Inhomogeneous Thermoelectric Materials Zhixi Bian and Ali hakouri Baskin chool of Engineering, University of California, anta Cruz, CA 9, UA ali@soe.ucsc.edu Abstract The maximum
More informationTHERMOELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF n-type Bi 2 Te 3 WIRES. I.M. Bejenari, V.G. Kantser
Moldavian Journal of the Physical Sciences, Vol.3, N1, 004 THEMOELECTIC POPETIES OF n-type Bi Te 3 WIES I.M. Bejenari, V.G. Kantser Institute of Applied Physics, Kishinev MD 08, Moldova e-mail: bejenari@lises.asm.md
More informationThermal Systems. What and How? Physical Mechanisms and Rate Equations Conservation of Energy Requirement Control Volume Surface Energy Balance
Introduction to Heat Transfer What and How? Physical Mechanisms and Rate Equations Conservation of Energy Requirement Control Volume Surface Energy Balance Thermal Resistance Thermal Capacitance Thermal
More informationFLOW PATTERNS IN THE MAGNETIC NANOFLUID CORE OF A MINIATURE PLANAR SPIRAL TRANSFORMER
Environmental Engineering and Management Journal June 2013, Vol.12, No. 6, 1171-1177 http://omicron.ch.tuiasi.ro/eemj/ Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, Romania FLOW PATTERNS IN THE MAGNETIC
More informationHeat processes. Heat exchange
Heat processes Heat exchange Heat energy transported across a surface from higher temperature side to lower temperature side; it is a macroscopic measure of transported energies of molecular motions Temperature
More informationAvailable online at ScienceDirect. Energy Procedia 75 (2015 ) Multiphysics Simulations of a Thermoelectric Generator
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Energy Procedia 75 (2015 ) 633 638 The 7 th International Conference on Applied Energy ICAE2015 Multiphysics Simulations of a Thermoelectric Generator
More informationChapter 3: Electric Current and Direct-Current Circuit
Chapter 3: Electric Current and Direct-Current Circuit n this chapter, we are going to discuss both the microscopic aspect and macroscopic aspect of electric current. Direct-current is current that flows
More informationDr. Michael Müller. Thermal Management for LED applications
Thermal Management for LED applications Content Thermal Design Basics thermal management Internal thermal management External thermal management 2 1967 founded with the production of insulation parts for
More informationSensors and Actuators Sensors Physics
Sensors and Actuators Sensors Physics Sander Stuijk (s.stuijk@tue.nl) Department of Electrical Engineering Electronic Systems HEMOESISIVE SENSOS (Chapter 16.3) 3 emperature sensors placement excitation
More informationELECTRIC CURRENT. Ions CHAPTER Electrons. ELECTRIC CURRENT and DIRECT-CURRENT CIRCUITS
LCTRC CURRNT CHAPTR 25 LCTRC CURRNT and DRCTCURRNT CRCUTS Current as the motion of charges The Ampère Resistance and Ohm s Law Ohmic and nonohmic materials lectrical energy and power ons lectrons nside
More informationResistance Thermometry based Picowatt-Resolution Heat-Flow Calorimeter
Resistance Thermometry based Picowatt-Resolution Heat-Flow Calorimeter S. Sadat 1, E. Meyhofer 1 and P. Reddy 1, 1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109 Department
More informationThe Influence of Core Shape and Material Nonlinearities to Corner Losses of Inductive Element
The Influence of Core Shape and Material Nonlinearities to Corner Losses of Inductive Element Magdalena Puskarczyk 1, Brice Jamieson 1, Wojciech Jurczak 1 1 ABB Corporate Research Centre, Kraków, Poland
More informationMechanical Engineering. Postal Correspondence Course HEAT TRANSFER. GATE, IES & PSUs
Heat Transfer-ME GATE, IES, PSU 1 SAMPLE STUDY MATERIAL Mechanical Engineering ME Postal Correspondence Course HEAT TRANSFER GATE, IES & PSUs Heat Transfer-ME GATE, IES, PSU 2 C O N T E N T 1. INTRODUCTION
More informationTopic 5.2 Heating Effect of Electric Currents
Topic 5.2 Heating Effect of Electric Currents Kari Eloranta 2017 Jyväskylän Lyseon lukio International Baccalaureate February 14, 2017 Topic 5.2 Heating Effect of Electric Currents In subtopic 5.2 we study
More information3 Electric current, resistance, energy and power
3 3.1 Introduction Having looked at static charges, we will now look at moving charges in the form of electric current. We will examine how current passes through conductors and the nature of resistance
More informationGetting J e (x), J h (x), E(x), and p'(x), knowing n'(x) Solving the diffusion equation for n'(x) (using p-type example)
6.012 - Electronic Devices and Circuits Lecture 4 - Non-uniform Injection (Flow) Problems - Outline Announcements Handouts - 1. Lecture Outline and Summary; 2. Thermoelectrics Review Thermoelectricity:
More informationValidation, Optimization and Simulation of Solar Thermoelectric Generator Model
1 Validation, Optimization and Simulation of Solar Thermoelectric Generator Model By Ali Hamil Rakesh Krishnappa Harish Hadi Madkhali The Final Project of Thermoelectric I (ME 6590) College of Engineering
More informationTHREE-DIMENSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION OF CONDUCTIVE CRACKS FROM EDDY CURRENT TESTING SIGNALS
THREE-DIMENSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION OF CONDUCTIVE CRACKS FROM EDDY CURRENT TESTING SIGNALS MIHAI IULIAN REBICAN Key words: Eddy current testing, Conductive crack, Numerical simulation, Crack reconstruction,
More information