Supercritical Carbon Dioxide in Microchannel Devices for Advanced Thermal Systems

Transcription

1 Supercritical Carbon Dioxide in Microchannel Devices for Advanced Thermal Systems Brian M. Fronk School of Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA March 30 th, 2017 Presented at Oklahoma State University

2 Outline 1. My Background 2. Supercritical CO 2 Solar Thermal Receivers 3. Experimental Microchannel sco 2 Heat Transfer 2

3 My Background 3

4 Oregon State University is Oregon s Land Grant university with the mission to educate the students of the state; it is a public research university with eleven colleges and the state s primary research engineering program. 196 faculty in five engineering schools $55.0M research funding in % growth in enrollment (annual average) The College of Engineering, by the numbers: 7,120 undergraduate students 1,304 graduate students 4

5 School of Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering (MIME) By The Numbers 54 1, x-3x Research Faculty Undergraduate Students in 4 Majors Graduate Students in 4 Majors Growth in Total Enrollment over the past 10 years 5

6 Research Interests System Scale Concentrated Solar Thermal Waste Heat Recovery/CCHP Solar Thermal Heating Building Energy Systems (HVAC&R) Thermal Management Devices Phenomena Scale Multiphase Heat and Mass Transfer Supercritical Heat Transfer Renewable Conversion Energy Efficiency Energy Storage 6

7 Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) 7

8 Next Gen Solar Thermal Current central receivers operate at W cm -2 Receiver cost estimated $100-$200/kW t Future receiver improvements: Smaller and simpler design Increase thermal transfer efficiency Increase receiver exit temperature Decrease cost per kw t Leverage sco 2 Brayton Cycles Conboy T, Wright S, Pasch J, Fleming D, Rochau G, Fuller R. Performance Characteristics of an Operating Supercritical CO2 Brayton Cycle. ASME. J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power. 2012;134(11): doi: /

9 Microchannel Receiver Concept Demonstrated 90% thermal efficiency at 2 x 2 cm scale L Estrange T, Truong E, Rymal C, et al. High Flux Microscale Solar Thermal Receiver for Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Cycles. ASME th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels:V001T03A009. doi: /icnmm

10 Research Question Can micropin devices be scaled to megawatt capacities? 10

11 Numbering Up Concept Zada K. R., Hyder M. B., Drost M. K., Fronk B. M. Numbering-Up of Microscale Devices for Megawatt-Scale Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Concentrating Solar Power Receivers. ASME. J. Sol. Energy Eng. 2016;138(6): doi: /

12 Unit-Cell Level 12

13 Thermal Model [9] 13

14 Thermal Model Q Q 3 sco 2 Q h A ( T T ) sco sco s W sco

15 Thermal Network Model 18

16 Module Level Multi-Unit Cell Module 19

17 Module Level 20

18 Flow Distribution Model 21

19 Module Level Results Fluid Inlet Temperature 550 C Incident flux 140 W cm -2 System Pressure 250 bar Ambient Temperature 20 C Wind Speed 2 m s -1 22

20 Module Level Results Fluid Inlet Temperature 550 C Fluid Outlet Temperature 720 C System Pressure 250 bar Number of Unit Cells per Module 6 Mass flow rate Varying 23

21 Receiver Model 250 Modules = 250 MW thermal input Zada K. R., Hyder M. B., Drost M. K., Fronk B. M. Numbering-Up of Microscale Devices for Megawatt-Scale Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Concentrating Solar Power Receivers. ASME. J. Sol. Energy Eng. 2016;138(6): doi: /

22 Receiver Model Results Zada K. R., Hyder M. B., Drost M. K., Fronk B. M. Numbering-Up of Microscale Devices for Megawatt-Scale Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Concentrating Solar Power Receivers. ASME. J. Sol. Energy Eng. 2016;138(6): doi: /

23 Modular Receiver Concept 26

24 Conclusions Pathway to megawatt scale demonstrated Modular concept advantageous Tailored receiver design Manufacturability Physical test article designs generated Pin-level CFD (Dr. S. Apte OSU) Manufacturing (Dr. B. Paul OSU) Materials/Solid Mechanics (Dr. R. Maholtra OSU) Reciever Structural Analysis (Dr. D. Borello - OSU) 27

25 Ongoing Work 28

26 Supercritical CO 2 T critical (ᵒC/ᵒF) 31.0 / 87.9 P critical (kpa/psi) / 1072 Applied Science, 2011, 29

27 Supercritical CO 2 Heat Transfer 30

28 How to Exploit? Supercritical Brayton HVAC&R (cooling) Thermal Management? Fronk B. M., Rattner A. S. High-Flux Thermal Management With Supercritical Fluids. ASME. J. Heat Transfer. 2016;138(12): doi: /

29 Convective Heat Transfer Thermophysical Property Variation Buoyancy Effects Bulk Flow Acceleration Flow Profile Changes Heat Transfer Affected 32

30 Convective Heat Transfer D H = 10.9 mm Pidiparti et al., 2015 Stratification of low-density fluid Pidaparti S, Jarahbashi D, Anderson M, Ranjan D. Unusual Heat Transfer Characteristics of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, Volume 8A: Heat Transfer and Thermal Engineering:V08AT10A040. doi: /imece

31 Research Objectives 1. Experimentally investigate heat transfer for single-wall applied heat flux in small diameter channels 2. Evaluate applicability of convective heat transfer correlations 3. Create a publically available database 4. Use data to verify DES models (Dr. A. Rattner PSU) 34

32 Experimental Facility 35

33 Experimental Facility 36

34 Test Section Design Test Section Heat Length (mm) 20 Development Length (-) 40D Hydraulic Diameter (mm) 0.75 Number of Channels (-) 5 Aspect Ratio (-) 1:1 37

35 Measurement Technique 38

36 Measurement Technique 39

37 Test Section Fabrication D h (mm) 0.75 AR (-) 1:1 Type Channel D h (mm) 0.75 AR (-) 2:1 Type Channel D h (mm) 0.75 AR (-) N/A Type Staggered Pin 40

38 Test Section Fabrication 41

39 Test Section Fabrication D h (mm) 0.75 AR (-) 1:1 Type Channel D h (mm) 0.75 AR (-) 2:1 Type Channel D h (mm) 0.75 AR (-) N/A Type Staggered Pin 42

40 Test Section Fabrication 43

41 Experimental Matrix D h (mm) 0.75 AR (-) 1:1 Type Channel Reduced Pressure (-) Mass Flux (kg m -2 s -1 ) Heat Flux (W cm -2 ) Inlet Temperature ( C)

42 Heat Transfer Results 45

43 Heat Transfer Results 46

44 Heat Transfer Results T pc 35.4 C 32.4 C 47

45 Single-Phase Correlations Dittus and Boelter, 1930 Wu and Little, 1984 Adams et al.,

46 Importance of Buoyancy? 50

47 Conclusions 1. Functioning supercritical facility (up to 18 Mpa & 200 C) 2. High heat transfer coefficients measured Poor correlation predictive capability (under prediction) Geometry and boundary conditions 3. Buoyancy effects potentially play a role in heat transfer 51

48 Ongoing Work 1. Investigation of different geometry and orientation 2. 2 nd Generation experiment Lower uncertainty Higher heat fluxes 3. Develop new test article, local HTC 52

49 Acknowledgments TEST Lab Students SunShot Collaborators Dr. M. K. Drost (OSU) Dr. S. Apte (OSU) Dr. B. Paul (OSU) Dr. H. Wang (OSU) Dr. R. Maholtra (OSU) Dr. V. Narayanan (UC- Davis) Dr. O. Dogan (NETL) Dr. A. Rattner 53

50 Questions? 54