Boundary Conditions - Inlet
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1 Boundary Conditions - Inlet
2 Boundary Conditions Need? What is physical and mathematical significance of a boundary condition? The boundary conditions of any problem is used to define the upper and lower limits of the field variables (albeit in absence of any source or sink). Basically, they are the operating conditions which governs both the micro- and macro behavior of these variables. A suitable choice of boundary conditions is as good as a good test set-up! There are different (combination) of boundary conditions. For example, in a structural simulation, the number of boundary conditions can be varied to ensure the force- and moment balance of the entire system. This can be achieved by applying boundary condition at just one node or at 6 different nodes! Similarly, in any fluid problem, there must be an entry and an exit for the fluid (as an exception buoyancy-driven flow can be omitted for the time being). This most basic condition is termed as Inlet and Outlet boundary conditions in CFD parlance, though the choice of field variables such as velocity, pressure, temperature, mass flow rate, may vary as per problem set-up.
3 Boundary Condition - Inlet Inlet This is the 1 st member of the pair of boundary conditions which are must for any CFD calculations. The primary consideration of an inlet B.C. is to select between the Mass Flow, Static Pressure and Total Pressure based on the actual information available about the operating conditions of the system and robustness of the solver, (the matrix inversion) algorithm which keeps running till solution is achieved. While tempting to use velocity inlet B.C. care needs to be taken to account for change in cross-sectional area when an arc is represented by a set of connected lines. Some other considerations during application of Inlet B.C. is Fully Developed Flow Vs Developing Flow. For example, if you are a beginner learning tips and trick of CFD by trying to simulate HTC and correlating it with Dittus-Boelter equation, make sure that the flow regime is fully developed. Sometimes, the inlet of the problem set-up is moved upstream the actual location to get the flow a bit developed. Specification of turbulence parameters (turbulent kinetic energy, TKE and turbulent eddy dissipation, TED) should be based on actual measurement of as far as possible. When there are any source of momentum such as centrifugal fan in
4 Boundary Condition - Inlet the computation domain or sharp edges, the overall result gets affected by the turbulence set at the inlet. Followings are the method to specify turbulence: 1. Specify TKE [m 2 /s 2 ] and TED [m 2 /s 3 ] explicitly 2. Turbulent Intensity [%] and Turbulent Viscosity Ratio (TVR) [-] 3. Hydraulic Diameter [m] and Turbulent Intensity [%] 4. Turbulent Intensity [%] and Length Scale [m] These requirements on turbulent parameters further depends on flow type: external or internal External Flow Internal Flow Length Scale: 0.07 x L ~ Hydraulic Diam. Turbulent Intensity: Based on upstream condition 0.16 x Re -1/8 Turbulent Viscosity Ratio: 1 < TVR < 10 1 < TVR < 10 L: For external flows, it is typical length scales along the flow direction
5 Boundary Condition - Classification Dirichlet Boundary Condition: When value of field variable is known on the boundary Newmann Boundary Condition: When derivative of field variable is known on the boundary Mixed: A combination of Dirichlet and Newmann.
6 Boundary Condition - CFX CFX Recommendation: Behaviour Inlet Outlet Most Robust Velocity / Mass Flow Static Pressure Robust Total Pressure Velocity / Mass Flow Sensitive to Guess Total Pressure Static Pressure Very Unreliable Static Pressure Static Pressure Not Possible Any Total Pressure
7 Boundary Condition - Fluent Fluent B.C. Combinations for Inlet & Outlet Behaviour Inlet Outlet Most Robust Mass Flow Inlet / Velocity Inlet Static Pressure Robust Mass Flow Inlet / Velocity Inlet Outflow / Outlet-vent Sensitive to Guess Total Pressure Static Pressure [With Target m] Only for Incompressible Velocity Inlet Outflow Not Available Any Mass Flow Outlet Not for Compressible Velocity Inlet Any
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