RELIABILITY OF BURIED PIPELINES WITH CORROSION DEFECTS UNDER VARYING BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
|
|
- Everett Perkins
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 REIABIITY OF BURIE PIPEIES WITH CORROSIO EFECTS UER VARYIG BOUARY COITIOS Ouk-Sub ee 1 and ong-hyeok Kim 1. School o Mechanical Engineering, InHa University #53, Yonghyun-ong, am-ku, Incheon, , Korea leeos@inha.ac.kr. epartment o Mechanical Engineering, InHa University #53, Yonghyun-ong, am-ku, Incheon, , Korea kdonghyeok@cricmail.net Abstract This paper presents the eects o boundary conditions o ailure pressure models or buried pipelines on ailure prediction by using a ailure probability model and a inite element analysis. The irst order Taylor series expansion o the limit state unction (SF) is used in order to estimate the probability o ailure associated with corroded deects under varying boundary conditions or long exposure periods in years. Two ailure pressure models based on a ailure unction composed o ailure and operation pressures are adopted or the assessment o pipeline ailure. The eects o random variables such as varying boundary conditions on the ailure probability o the buried pipelines are systematically analyzed by using a ailure probability model or the corroded pipeline. Furthermore, the engineering results estimated by a ailure probability model are compared with those obtained by a inite element analysis. The inluences o statistical distributions, such as normal and lognormal, o random variables on the ailure probabilities are also investigated in detail. Introduction The buried pipelines transporting gas and oil are usually laid underground and exposed to varying boundary conditions. It has been oten reported as industrial examples that many catastrophic disastrous pipeline accidents have been caused by the deect such as corrosion arisen by aging and/or environmental eects on pipelines. It is thus very important to investigate the eect o deect on the saety o buried pipelines or preventing heavy economical and social losses in advance, Choi[1]. The buried pipelines usually have the various types o deects such as corrosion and environment-assist-cracking. I these were operated under an excessive operating pressure in the corroded pipelines, it could produce larger stresses than saety designed one. It may be emphasized that the ailure analysis should be carried out with the help o the probability method than the conventional deterministic approach (CA) because the CA leads to uncertainties in the ailure analysis with random variables imposed on varying boundary conditions, ee et al.[], Hopkins and Jones[3]. In this paper, two ailure pressure models based on strength assessment methods were used to evaluate the ailure probabilities o the deect region in pipeline with internal operating pressure. For each model, using the FORM (irst-order reliability method) which is one o the probability analysis method with reliability index, the eects o varying boundary conditions on the ailure probability o pipeline are systemically investigated. Furthermore, the engineering results estimated by a ailure probability model are compared with those
2 estimated by the inite element analysis. At the end, the ailure probabilities corresponding to both normal and lognormal distributions o varying random variables are compared each other. Failure Pressure Models The major actors or the ailure o pipelines transporting the high-pressure gas are known to be mechanical damage and corrosion. Standards or a regular hydrostatic test and a corrosion assessment are generally used to assess the eect o the mechanical damage and corrosion on the integrity o the pipelines. To assess the integrity o corroded pipeline, we need to simpliy the geometry o the vicinity o corroded part. Fig. 1 shows a corrosion model and is generally urther simpliied as shown in Fig. to analyse the given geometric coniguration easily. FIGURE 1. A simpliication o a corroded surace law in a pipeline. (a) FIGURE. Section through an idealized corrosion deect. (a) Parabolic, (b) Rectangular (b) ASI/ASME B31G A ailure equation or the corroded pipelines is proposed by means o the data o bursting experiment and expressed with consideration o two conditions below. First, the maximum hoop stress can t exceed the strength o material. Second, relatively short corrosion is projected on the shape o parabola and long corrosion is projected on the shape o rectangular. The ailure pressure equation or the corroded pipeline is classiied by the shape o parabola and rectangular as shown below, Ahammed[4]. where P = 1.1 P P t 1 ( / 3)( d / t) 1 ( / 3)( d / t) / M t = 1.1 [ 1 ( d / t) is the ailure pressure, ] or or (Parabola) (1) t 0. 8 > 4 (Rectangular) () t is the outer diameter, M is the bulging actor, t is the thickness o pipelines, d is the maximum depth o corrosion region, is the deect length o corrosion region and is the strength.
3 The bulging actor (M) is deined as M = 1 + t or (3) t M = MB31G (Modiied B31G) Code or 0. 8 > 4 (4) t Kiener et al. pointed out some problems on the deinition o low stress = 1.1 ) and ( bulging actor, and proposed a new low stress such as (MPa) and a new bulging actor as ollows, [4], Kiener and Vieth[5]. P ( = + 69) t 1 5( d / t) 1 5( d / t) / M The new bulging actor (M) is deined as, = (5) M = t t 4 or 50 t (6) M = t or > 50 t (7) We initially assume that every variable is normal distribution and the probability distribution is determined by a mean and standard deviation. The ailure probability is calculated using FORM (irst order reliability method) that is one o the methods utilizing reliability index []. The FORM method is denoted rom the act that it is based on a irst-order Taylor series approximation o the perormance unctional or limit state unction (SF). A limit state unction is deined as below. = R (8) where R is the resistance normal variable, and is the load normal variable. Assuming that R and are statistically independent normally distributed random variables, the variable is also normally distributed. The event o ailure occurs when R<, that is <0. The probability o ailure (PF) is given as below µ PF = P[ < 0] = exp = π d β 1 U exp du = Φ( β ) π where µ and are the mean and standard deviation o variable, respectively, new variable U is U = ( µ )/, Φ is the cumulative distribution unction or a standard normal variable and β is the saety index or reliability index denoted as below β µ µ µ R = = (10) R + (9)
4 Rackwitz and Fiessler proposed a method to estimate the reliability index using the procedure as shown in Fig. 3. In this paper, we iterated the loop to estimate a reliable reliability index until it is converging to desire value ( β ), Mahadevan and Haldar[6]. Where the coeicient o variation (C.O.V) is denoted as below with the standard deviation, and the mean, µ. C OV µ.. = (11) FIGURE 3. Processing o computing the reliability index. Rackwitz-Fiessler Transormation Method For the case o another distribution o random variables, Rackwitz and Fiessler proposed the µ equivalent normal distribution with and, by imposing two conditions: The cumulative distribution unctions and the probability density unctions o the actual variables and the * x equivalent normal variables should be equal at the checking point ( ) on the ailure surace. Considering each statistically independent non-normal variable individually and equating its cumulative distribution unction with an equivalent normal variable at the checking point, we obtain as below[6]. F x * x µ Φ * ) = µ x * Φ 1 F ( x * ) ( ( ) = (1) where Φ is the cumulative distribution unction o the standard normal variable, µ and are the mean and the standard deviation o the equivalent normal variable at the checking point, and F ( * x ) is the cumulative distribution unction o the original non-normal random variables. Equating probability density unctions o the original variable and equivalent normal variable at the checking point, we obtain as below. * 1 * * 1 x µ [ Φ ( F ( x ))] = ( x ) φ = φ (13) * ( x ) where φ is the probability density unction o the standard normal variable and ( * x ) is the probability density unction o the original non-normal random variables. The non-normal variables can be treated as normal distributed variables through the transormation o Eqs. (1) and (13).
5 Finite Element Analysis In this paper, we analyse the corroded pipelines based on ASI/ASME B31G code with a groove modelled as a parabolic using a inite element code ABAQUS V6.3, ee and Kim[7]. Fig. 4 shows a modelling shape o groove used in the FEM analysis. The material used in the analysis is API grade 60 ( = 43MPa, E = 193. GPa ). We evaluate ailure pressure o corroded pipelines with varying groove widths o 60mm, 80mm and lat groove as shown in Fig. 4. Fig. 5 shows the 3- modelling coniguration used in the inite element analysis and a representative result. We analyse or a quadrant cylinder shape and symmetric corroded groove in the FEM analysis. In this paper, according to the von Mises ailure criterion the ailure probability o corroded pipelines is assessed using the FEM results. The SF used in this probabilistic analysis is deined as below. = (14) where is the result o FEM analysis. FIGURE 4. Geometries o varying grooves. FIGURE 5. ocal details o 3- FE model and a result. Case Study The random variables listed in Table 1 have been utilized to investigate the ailure probability and inite element analysis o the corroded pipeline. TABE 1. Random variables and their parameters used in the example. Variable Mean C.O.V Variable Mean C.O.V P a 8MPa 0.1 t 10mm 5 43MPa 67 d 3mm mm 5 600mm 3
6 Results and iscussion Fig. 6 shows variation o ailure probability with exposure period o corroded pipelines using variables in Table 1. It can be recognized in Fig. 6 that the ailure probability increases with increasing o exposure periods or each ailure pressure model. It is noted that the FEA model has the largest increasing rate o ailure probability and B31G model has relatively small increasing rate. And it is also noted that the ailure probability or MB31G model is the largest or less than 5-year exposure periods and the ailure probability or FEA model is the largest or more than 5-year exposure time. 0. FEA MB31G B31G FIGURE 6. Relationship between ailure probability and exposure period or several ailure pressure models. Fig. 7 shows a relationship between ailure probability and reliability index. As expected, the reliability index decreases with increased exposure period and the nominal ailure probability increases with increased exposure period accordingly. 0. B31G MB31G (a) (b) 0. FEA (c) FIGURE 7. Relationship between ailure probability and reliability index or several ailure pressure models. (a) B31G, (b) MB31G, (c) FEA.
7 1. 0. Groove Width=Through Groove Width=80mm Groove Width=60mm FEA(P=10MPa) FEA(P=8MPa) MB31G(P=10MPa) MB31G(P=8MPa) B31G(P=10MPa) B31G(P=8MPa) (a) FIGURE 8. Relationship between ailure probability and exposure period. (a) varying groove widths, (b) varying internal operation pressures. Fig. 8(a) shows the variation o ailure probability with varying groove width o corroded deects in the inite element analysis. We analyse the ailure probability o buried pipelines with varying groove width o corroded deects as 60mm, 80mm and lat groove as shown in Fig. 8(a). It is noted that the ailure probability becomes larger with narrow groove width like 60mm. And it can be recognized that the ailure probability o groove width, which is lat groove and 80mm, is larger about 0.38 than those o groove width, which is 60mm. Fig. 8(b) shows the variation o ailure probability or varying internal operation pressure. It is noted that the ailure probability increases or all models with increasing internal operation pressure. Especially, it is noted that the amount o increasing o FEA model is the largest about when the exposure period is 0 year, whereas the amount o increasing o B31G model is the smallest. (b) 0. B31G (lognormal) (normal) (normal) (lognormal) MB31G (lognormal) (normal) (normal) (lognormal) (a) (b) 0. FEA (lognormal) (normal) (normal) (lognormal) (c) FIGURE 9. Eect o normal and lognormal distribution o random variable on ailure probabilities or several ailure pressure models. (a) B31G, (b) MB31G, (c) FEA. Fig. 9 shows relationships between the ailure probability and the reliability index or two dierent statistical distributions o the random variables such as the normal and lognormal
8 distribution. For the B31G model, it is noted that the reliability index o lognormal distribution is larger than that or normal distribution, whereas the ailure probability or lognormal distribution is smaller than that or normal distribution. However, or the MB31G model and FEA model, it is noted that reliability index and ailure probability or lognormal distribution is larger than that or normal distribution at some range o exposure periods, whereas it is reversed at a certain range o exposure periods. The eects o dierent statistical distributions o random variables on the reliability index are larger than those o ailure probability. Conclusion In this study, FORM (irst order reliability method) and inite element analysis model are utilized to extract useul technical inormation in carrying out the eective ailure control or the corroded pipeline. Using B31G, MB31G and FEA models, the eect o the corrosion depth, the corrosion length, the thickness, the diameter, the inner luid pressure and the stress o pipeline on the ailure probability is systematically studied and the ollowing results are obtained: 1. It is recognized that the ailure probability increases with increasing o exposure periods or ASI/ASME B31G model, MB31G model and inite element analysis model. The results by FEA model show, however, the highest increasing rate o ailure probability.. It is noted that the increasing rate o ailure probabilities or the narrower groove width is higher than that o the wider groove width. 3. It is ound that the eect o the statistical distribution o random variables such as normal and lognormal on the reliability index and ailure probability is not big. However, the reliability index and ailure probability or lognormal distribution is larger than that or normal distribution at some range o exposure periods, whereas it is reversed at a certain range o exposure periods. Acknowledgment The authors are grateul or the support provided by a grant rom the KOSEF and Saety and Structural Integrity Research Center at the SungKyunKwan University. The authors wish to thank all the members concerned. Reerences 1. S. C. Choi, Gas Saety Journal, Vol.6, o.5, 5-33, O. S. ee, J. S. Pyun and. H. Kim, Int. J. o KSPE, Vol. 4, o. 6, 1-19, P. Hopkins and. G. Jones: In Proceedings o the 11th International Conerence on Oshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering, ASME, Vol. V, Part A, 11-17, M. Ahammed, Int. J. Pressure Vessels and piping, Vol. 75, 31-39, J. F. Kiener and P. H.Vieth, Oil and Gas Journal, 88(3), 56-59, S. Mahadevan and A. Haldar, Probability, Reliability and Statistical Method in Engineering esign, John Wiley & Sons, O. S. ee and H. J. Kim, Proceeding o KSPE, Vol. 3, o. 11, pp , 1999.
Chapter 6 Reliability-based design and code developments
Chapter 6 Reliability-based design and code developments 6. General Reliability technology has become a powerul tool or the design engineer and is widely employed in practice. Structural reliability analysis
More informationBurst strength behaviour of an aging subsea gas pipeline elbow in different external and internal corrosion-damaged positions
csnak, 2015 Int. J. Nav. Archit. Ocean Eng. (2015) 7:435~451 http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijnaoe-2015-0031 pissn: 2092-6782, eissn: 2092-6790 Burst strength behaviour o an aging subsea gas pipeline elbow
More informationS. Srinivasan, Technip Offshore, Inc., Houston, TX
9 th ASCE Specialty Conerence on Probabilistic Mechanics and Structural Reliability PROBABILISTIC FAILURE PREDICTION OF FILAMENT-WOUND GLASS-FIBER Abstract REINFORCED COMPOSITE TUBES UNDER BIAXIAL LOADING
More informationUsing ABAQUS for reliability analysis by directional simulation
Visit the SIMULIA Resource Center or more customer examples. Using ABAQUS or reliability analysis by directional simulation I. R. Iversen and R. C. Bell Prospect, www.prospect-s.com Abstract: Monte Carlo
More informationBond strength model for interfaces between nearsurface mounted (NSM) CFRP strips and concrete
University o Wollongong Research Online Faculty o Engineering and Inormation Sciences - Papers: Part A Faculty o Engineering and Inormation Sciences 2014 Bond strength model or interaces between nearsurace
More informationBayesian Technique for Reducing Uncertainty in Fatigue Failure Model
9IDM- Bayesian Technique or Reducing Uncertainty in Fatigue Failure Model Sriram Pattabhiraman and Nam H. Kim University o Florida, Gainesville, FL, 36 Copyright 8 SAE International ABSTRACT In this paper,
More informationRESOLUTION MSC.362(92) (Adopted on 14 June 2013) REVISED RECOMMENDATION ON A STANDARD METHOD FOR EVALUATING CROSS-FLOODING ARRANGEMENTS
(Adopted on 4 June 203) (Adopted on 4 June 203) ANNEX 8 (Adopted on 4 June 203) MSC 92/26/Add. Annex 8, page THE MARITIME SAFETY COMMITTEE, RECALLING Article 28(b) o the Convention on the International
More informationApproximate probabilistic optimization using exact-capacity-approximate-response-distribution (ECARD)
Struct Multidisc Optim (009 38:613 66 DOI 10.1007/s00158-008-0310-z RESEARCH PAPER Approximate probabilistic optimization using exact-capacity-approximate-response-distribution (ECARD Sunil Kumar Richard
More informationAPPLICATION OF A CONDITIONAL EXPECTATION RESPONSE SURFACE APPROACH TO PROBABILISTIC FATIGUE
9 th ASCE Specialty Conerence on Probabilistic Mechanics and Structural Reliability APPLICATION OF A CONDITIONAL EXPECTATION RESPONSE SURFACE APPROACH TO PROBABILISTIC FATIGUE Abstract F.N. Momin, H.R.
More informationReliability assessment on maximum crack width of GFRPreinforced
Fourth International Conerence on FRP Composites in Civil Engineering (CICE2008) 22-24July 2008, Zurich, Switzerland Reliability assessment on maximum crack width o GFRPreinorced concrete beams Z. He and
More informationANALYSIS OF FAILURE ASSESSMENT FOR SPHERICAL PRESSURE VESSELS
(ISSN 78 664) VOLUME-5, ISSUE-, March 6 ANALYSIS OF FAILURE ASSESSMENT FOR SPHERICAL PRESSURE VESSELS Sumit Goel, Anil Kumar, Abhishek Kr. Goel M.Tech. Scholar, Department o Mechanical Engineering, Subharti
More informationWELDED ALUMINUM ALLOY PLATE GIRDERS SUBJECTED TO SHEAR FORCE
Advanced Steel Construction Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 71-94 (2012) 71 WELDED ALUMINUM ALLOY PLATE GIRDERS SUBJECTED TO SHEAR FORCE Feng Zhou 1a, 1b, Ben Young 2,* and Hin-Chung Lam 3 1a Department o Building
More informationReliability Assessment with Correlated Variables using Support Vector Machines
Reliability Assessment with Correlated Variables using Support Vector Machines Peng Jiang, Anirban Basudhar, and Samy Missoum Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering Department, University o Arizona, Tucson,
More informationMICROMECHANICAL FAILURE ANALYSIS OF UNIDIRECTIONAL FIBER-REINFORCED COMPOSITES UNDER IN-PLANE AND TRANSVERSE SHEAR
THE 19 TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPOSITE MATERIALS MICROMECHANICAL FAILURE ANALYSIS OF UNIDIRECTIONAL FIBER-REINFORCED COMPOSITES UNDER IN-PLANE AND TRANSVERSE SHEAR Lei Yang*, Ying Yan, Zhiguo
More informationReliability-Based Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) Guidelines for Stiffened Panels and Grillages of Ship Structures
Reliability-Based Load and Resistance actor Design (LRD) Guidelines or Stiened Panels and Grillages o Ship Structures Ibrahim A. Assakka 1, Bilal M. Ayyub 2, Paul E. Hess, III, 3 and Khaled Atua 4 ABSTRACT
More informationAXIALLY LOADED FRP CONFINED REINFORCED CONCRETE CROSS-SECTIONS
AXIALLY LOADED FRP CONFINED REINFORCED CONCRETE CROSS-SECTIONS Bernát Csuka Budapest University o Technology and Economics Department o Mechanics Materials and Structures Supervisor: László P. Kollár 1.
More informationControlling the Heat Flux Distribution by Changing the Thickness of Heated Wall
J. Basic. Appl. Sci. Res., 2(7)7270-7275, 2012 2012, TextRoad Publication ISSN 2090-4304 Journal o Basic and Applied Scientiic Research www.textroad.com Controlling the Heat Flux Distribution by Changing
More informationThe Application of Reliability Methods in the Design of Tophat Stiffened
The Application o Reliability Methods in the Design o Tophat Stiened Composite Panels under In-plane Loading Yang N. (1)() & Das P. K., () (1) Harbin Engineering University, China ()University o Strathclyde,
More informationNON-SIMILAR SOLUTIONS FOR NATURAL CONVECTION FROM A MOVING VERTICAL PLATE WITH A CONVECTIVE THERMAL BOUNDARY CONDITION
NON-SIMILAR SOLUTIONS FOR NATURAL CONVECTION FROM A MOVING VERTICAL PLATE WITH A CONVECTIVE THERMAL BOUNDARY CONDITION by Asterios Pantokratoras School o Engineering, Democritus University o Thrace, 67100
More informationFinite element modeling incorporating nonlinearity of material behavior based on the fib Model Code 2010
Peer-reviewed & Open access journal www.academicpublishingplatorms.com Finite element modeling incorporating non-linearity o material behavior ATI - Applied Technologies & Innovations Volume 5 Issue November
More informationHYDROELASTIC TAILORING AND OPTIMIZATION OF A COMPOSITE MARINE PROPELLER
HYDROELASTIC TAILORING AND OPTIMIZATION OF A COMPOSITE MARINE PROPELLER José P. Blasques, Christian Berggreen and Poul Andersen Department o Mechanical Engineering, Technical University o Denmark Nils
More informationKeywords: creep, damage, finite element analysis, FSRF, low-cycle fatigue, type 316 steel, weldment
--- 1 --- Application o the linear matching method to eep-atigue ailure analysis o uciorm weldment manuactured o the austenitic steel AISI type 316N(L) Yevgen Gorash and Haoeng Chen Department o Mechanical
More information( x) f = where P and Q are polynomials.
9.8 Graphing Rational Functions Lets begin with a deinition. Deinition: Rational Function A rational unction is a unction o the orm ( ) ( ) ( ) P where P and Q are polynomials. Q An eample o a simple rational
More informationA study on the Accelerated Life Test Coupled with Computation for Life Prediction of Product According to Wear and Damage
International Journal o Mechanical & Mechatronics Engineering IJMME-IJENS Vol:15 No:03 106 A study on the Accelerated Lie Test Coupled with Computation or Lie Prediction o Product According to Wear and
More informationStructural Safety Evaluation Using Modified Latin Hypercube Sampling Technique
International Journal o Perormability Engineering Vol. 9, No. 5, eptember 203, pp. 55-522. AM Consultants Printed in India tructural aety Evaluation Using Modiied Latin Hypercube ampling Technique P. BHATTACHAJEE,
More informationA Rough Sets Based Classifier for Induction Motors Fault Diagnosis
A ough Sets Based Classiier or Induction Motors Fault Diagnosis E. L. BONALDI, L. E. BOGES DA SILVA, G. LAMBET-TOES AND L. E. L. OLIVEIA Electronic Engineering Department Universidade Federal de Itajubá
More informationPROBABILISTIC STRESS ANALYSIS OF CYLINDRICAL PRESSURE VESSEL UNDER INTERNAL PRESSURE USING MONTE CARLO SIMULATION METHOD
PROBABILISTIC STRESS ANALYSIS OF CYLINDRICAL PRESSURE VESSEL UNDER INTERNAL PRESSURE USING MONTE CARLO SIMULATION METHOD Manikandan.R 1, K.J.Nagarajan 2 1,2 AssistantProfessor, Department of Mechanical
More information39.1 Gradually Varied Unsteady Flow
39.1 Gradually Varied Unsteady Flow Gradually varied unsteady low occurs when the low variables such as the low depth and velocity do not change rapidly in time and space. Such lows are very common in
More informationBurst Pressure Prediction of Multiple Cracks in Pipelines
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering OPEN ACCESS Burst Pressure Prediction of Multiple Cracks in Pipelines To cite this article: N A Razak et al 2013 IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng.
More informationUltra Fast Calculation of Temperature Profiles of VLSI ICs in Thermal Packages Considering Parameter Variations
Ultra Fast Calculation o Temperature Proiles o VLSI ICs in Thermal Packages Considering Parameter Variations Je-Hyoung Park, Virginia Martín Hériz, Ali Shakouri, and Sung-Mo Kang Dept. o Electrical Engineering,
More informationChannel Structure Influence on the Thermal-Hydraulic Performance of. Zigzag PCHE
The 6th International Supercritical CO2 Power Cycles Symposium March 27-29, 218, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Channel Structure Inluence on the Thermal-Hydraulic Perormance o Zigzag PCHE Yichao Gao Wenkai
More informationReliability assessment using probabilistic support vector machines. Anirban Basudhar and Samy Missoum*
156 Int. J. Reliability and Saety, Vol. 7, o. 2, 2013 Reliability assessment using probabilistic support vector machines Anirban Basudhar and Samy Missoum* Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering Department,
More informationReliability of Axially Loaded Fiber-Reinforced-Polymer Confined Reinforced Concrete Circular Columns
American J. o Engineering and Applied Sciences (1): 31-38, 009 ISSN 1941-700 009 Science Publications Reliability o Axially Loaded Fiber-Reinorced-Polymer Conined Reinorced Concrete Circular Columns Venkatarman
More information3. Several Random Variables
. Several Random Variables. Two Random Variables. Conditional Probabilit--Revisited. Statistical Independence.4 Correlation between Random Variables. Densit unction o the Sum o Two Random Variables. Probabilit
More informationDesign criteria for Fiber Reinforced Rubber Bearings
Design criteria or Fiber Reinorced Rubber Bearings J. M. Kelly Earthquake Engineering Research Center University o Caliornia, Berkeley A. Calabrese & G. Serino Department o Structural Engineering University
More informationAnalysis of asymmetric radial deformation in pipe with local wall thinning under internal pressure using strain energy method
Analysis of asymmetric radial deformation in pipe with local wall thinning under internal pressure using strain energy method V.M.F. Nascimento Departameto de ngenharia Mecânica TM, UFF, Rio de Janeiro
More informationReliability Estimation of Solder Joints Under Thermal Fatigue with Varying Parameters by using FORM and MCS
Proeedings o the World Congress on Engineering 2007 Vol II Reliability Estimation o Solder Joints Under Thermal Fatigue with Varying Parameters by using FORM and MCS Ouk Sub Lee, Yeon Chang Park, and Dong
More informationStrain and Stress Measurements with a Two-Dimensional Detector
Copyright ISSN (C) 97-, JCPDS-International Advances in X-ray Centre Analysis, or Volume Diraction 4 Data 999 5 Strain and Stress Measurements with a Two-Dimensional Detector Baoping Bob He and Kingsley
More informationCurve Sketching. The process of curve sketching can be performed in the following steps:
Curve Sketching So ar you have learned how to ind st and nd derivatives o unctions and use these derivatives to determine where a unction is:. Increasing/decreasing. Relative extrema 3. Concavity 4. Points
More informationDETC A GENERALIZED MAX-MIN SAMPLE FOR RELIABILITY ASSESSMENT WITH DEPENDENT VARIABLES
Proceedings o the ASME International Design Engineering Technical Conerences & Computers and Inormation in Engineering Conerence IDETC/CIE August 7-,, Bualo, USA DETC- A GENERALIZED MAX-MIN SAMPLE FOR
More informationINPUT GROUND MOTION SELECTION FOR XIAOWAN HIGH ARCH DAM
3 th World Conerence on Earthquake Engineering Vancouver, B.C., Canada August -6, 24 Paper No. 2633 INPUT GROUND MOTION LECTION FOR XIAOWAN HIGH ARCH DAM CHEN HOUQUN, LI MIN 2, ZHANG BAIYAN 3 SUMMARY In
More informationAssessment of Fatigue Damage Features in a Piping System Using Signal Processing Approach
PROCESSING (SIP8), Istanbul, Turkey, May 27-3, 28 Assessment o Fatigue Damage Features in a Piping System Using Signal Processing Approach 1 S. ABDULLAH, 2 M. LOMAN, 3 N. JAMALUDDIN, 4 A. ARIFIN, 5 Z.
More informationAH 2700A. Attenuator Pair Ratio for C vs Frequency. Option-E 50 Hz-20 khz Ultra-precision Capacitance/Loss Bridge
0 E ttenuator Pair Ratio or vs requency NEEN-ERLN 700 Option-E 0-0 k Ultra-precision apacitance/loss ridge ttenuator Ratio Pair Uncertainty o in ppm or ll Usable Pairs o Taps 0 0 0. 0. 0. 07/08/0 E E E
More informationManufacturing Remaining Stresses in Truck Frame Rail's Fatigue Life Prediction
Manuacturing Remaining Stresses in Truck Frame Rail's Fatigue Lie Prediction Claudiomar C. Cunha & Carlos A. N. Dias MSX International & Department o Naval Engineering EPUSP/USP/Brazil Department o Mechanical
More informationGeneral Case for Deriving Four Pole Coefficients for Gas Pulsation
urdue University urdue e-ubs International Compressor Engineering Conerence School o Mechanical Engineering 21 General Case or Deriving Four ole Coeicients or Gas ulsation Nasir Bilal urdue University
More informationProducts and Convolutions of Gaussian Probability Density Functions
Tina Memo No. 003-003 Internal Report Products and Convolutions o Gaussian Probability Density Functions P.A. Bromiley Last updated / 9 / 03 Imaging Science and Biomedical Engineering Division, Medical
More informationCOMPARISON OF THERMAL CHARACTERISTICS BETWEEN THE PLATE-FIN AND PIN-FIN HEAT SINKS IN NATURAL CONVECTION
HEFAT014 10 th International Conerence on Heat Transer, Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics 14 6 July 014 Orlando, Florida COMPARISON OF THERMA CHARACTERISTICS BETWEEN THE PATE-FIN AND PIN-FIN HEAT SINKS
More informationAn Improved Expression for a Classical Type of Explicit Approximation of the Colebrook White Equation with Only One Internal Iteration
International Journal o Hydraulic Engineering 06, 5(): 9-3 DOI: 0.593/j.ijhe.06050.03 An Improved Expression or a Classical Type o Explicit Approximation o the Colebrook White Equation with Only One Internal
More informationHeat transfer studies for a crystal in a synchrotron radiation beamline
Sādhanā Vol. 34, Part 2, April 2009, pp. 243 254. Printed in India Heat transer studies or a crystal in a synchrotron radiation beamline A K SINHA Synchrotron Utilisation and Materials Research Division,
More informationFeasibility of a Multi-Pass Thomson Scattering System with Confocal Spherical Mirrors
Plasma and Fusion Research: Letters Volume 5, 044 200) Feasibility o a Multi-Pass Thomson Scattering System with Conocal Spherical Mirrors Junichi HIRATSUKA, Akira EJIRI, Yuichi TAKASE and Takashi YAMAGUCHI
More informationNotched Strength Estimation of Graphite/Epoxy Laminated Composite with Central Crack under Uniaxial Tensile Loading
International Journal o Composite Materials 5, 5(6): 77-8 DOI:.593/j.cmaterials.556.6 Notched Strength Estimation o Graphite/Epoxy Laminated Composite with Central Crack under Uniaxial Tensile Loading
More informationEducational Procedure for Designing and Teaching Reflector Antennas in Electrical Engineering Programs. Abstract. Introduction
Educational Procedure or Designing and Teaching Relector Antennas in Electrical Engineering Programs Marco A.B. Terada Klipsch School o Electrical and Computer Engineering New Mexico State University Las
More informationLecture 8 Optimization
4/9/015 Lecture 8 Optimization EE 4386/5301 Computational Methods in EE Spring 015 Optimization 1 Outline Introduction 1D Optimization Parabolic interpolation Golden section search Newton s method Multidimensional
More informationHydraulic validation of the LHC cold mass heat exchanger tube.
Hydraulic validation o te LHC cold mass eat excanger tube. LHC Project Note 155 1998-07-22 (pilippe.provenaz@cern.c) Pilippe PROVENAZ / LHC-ACR Division Summary Te knowledge o te elium mass low vs. te
More informationA Simple Explanation of the Sobolev Gradient Method
A Simple Explanation o the Sobolev Gradient Method R. J. Renka July 3, 2006 Abstract We have observed that the term Sobolev gradient is used more oten than it is understood. Also, the term is oten used
More informationFinite Element Modeling of Residual Thermal Stresses in Fiber-Reinforced Composites Using Different Representative Volume Elements
Proceedings o the World Congress on Engineering 21 Vol II WCE 21, June 3 - July 2, 21, London, U.K. Finite Element Modeling o Residual Thermal Stresses in Fiber-Reinorced Composites Using Dierent Representative
More informationNon-newtonian Rabinowitsch Fluid Effects on the Lubrication Performances of Sine Film Thrust Bearings
International Journal o Mechanical Engineering and Applications 7; 5(): 6-67 http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/ijmea doi:.648/j.ijmea.75.4 ISSN: -X (Print); ISSN: -48 (Online) Non-newtonian Rabinowitsch
More informationLife Prediction Under Multiaxial Fatigue
Lie Prediction Under Multiaxial Fatigue D. Ramesh and M.M. Mayuram Department o Mechanical Engineering Indian Institute o Technology, Madras Chennai-600 036 (India) e-mail: mayuram@iitm.ac.in ABSTRACT
More informationCHAPTER 8 ANALYSIS OF AVERAGE SQUARED DIFFERENCE SURFACES
CAPTER 8 ANALYSS O AVERAGE SQUARED DERENCE SURACES n Chapters 5, 6, and 7, the Spectral it algorithm was used to estimate both scatterer size and total attenuation rom the backscattered waveorms by minimizing
More informationBolted Joints Analysis Methods and Evaluation
International OPEN ACCESS Journal O Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) Bolted Joints Analysis Methods and Evaluation G. Chaitanya 1, M. Kumara Swamy 2 1 Mechanical engineering, UCEK (A)/Jawaharlal Nehru
More informationThis is an author-deposited version published in : Eprints ID : 11904
Open Archive TOULOUSE Archive Ouverte (OATAO) OATAO is an open access repository that collects the work o Toulouse researchers and makes it reely available over the web where possible. This is an author-deposited
More information10. Joint Moments and Joint Characteristic Functions
10. Joint Moments and Joint Characteristic Functions Following section 6, in this section we shall introduce various parameters to compactly represent the inormation contained in the joint p.d. o two r.vs.
More informationThe achievable limits of operational modal analysis. * Siu-Kui Au 1)
The achievable limits o operational modal analysis * Siu-Kui Au 1) 1) Center or Engineering Dynamics and Institute or Risk and Uncertainty, University o Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GH, United Kingdom 1)
More information3D NON-LINEAR FINITE ELEMENT MODELLING OF TRADITIONAL TIMBER CONNECTIONS
3D NON-LINEAR FINITE ELEMENT MODELLING OF TRADITIONAL TIMBER CONNECTIONS Bo-Han Xu 1, Abdelhamid Bouchaïr 1, Mustapha Taaount 1 ABSTRACT: In this paper, 3D non-linear inite element models are developed
More informationCold-Formed Steel Channel Sections with Web Stiffeners Subjected to Local and Distortional Buckling Part II: Parametric Study and Design Rule
issouri Universit o Science and Technolog Scholars' ine International Specialt Conerence on Cold- Formed Steel Structures (04) - nd International Specialt Conerence on Cold-Formed Steel Structures Nov
More informationBehavior of RC Columns Confined with CFRP Sheets and Subjected to Eccentric Loading
Lie Science Journal 2018;15(6) http:www.liesciencesite.com Behavior o RC Columns Conined with CFRP Sheets and Subjected to Eentric Loading Omar A. Farghal 1 and Mamdouh A. Kenawi 2 1 Civil Engineering
More informationNUMERICAL ASSESSMENT OF REINFORCED CONCRETE MEMBERS RETROFITTED WITH FIBER REINFORCED POLYMER FOR RESISTING BLAST LOADING
NUMERICAL ASSESSMENT OF REINFORCED CONCRETE MEMBERS RETROFITTED WITH FIBER REINFORCED POLYMER FOR RESISTING BLAST LOADING By GRAHAM LONG A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA
More informationUNCERTAINTY EVALUATION OF SINUSOIDAL FORCE MEASUREMENT
XXI IMEKO World Congress Measurement in Research and Industry August 30 eptember 4, 05, Prague, Czech Republic UNCERTAINTY EVALUATION OF INUOIDAL FORCE MEAUREMENT Christian chlegel, Gabriela Kiekenap,Rol
More informationOBSERVER/KALMAN AND SUBSPACE IDENTIFICATION OF THE UBC BENCHMARK STRUCTURAL MODEL
OBSERVER/KALMAN AND SUBSPACE IDENTIFICATION OF THE UBC BENCHMARK STRUCTURAL MODEL Dionisio Bernal, Burcu Gunes Associate Proessor, Graduate Student Department o Civil and Environmental Engineering, 7 Snell
More informationFatigue life estimation of FBGA memory device under vibration
Journal o Mechanical Science and Technology 28 (1) (2014) 107~114 www.springerlink.com/content/1738-494x DOI 10.1007/s12206-013-0946-5 Fatigue lie estimation o FBGA memory device under vibration Yusu Cinar
More informationOPTIMAL PLACEMENT AND UTILIZATION OF PHASOR MEASUREMENTS FOR STATE ESTIMATION
OPTIMAL PLACEMENT AND UTILIZATION OF PHASOR MEASUREMENTS FOR STATE ESTIMATION Xu Bei, Yeo Jun Yoon and Ali Abur Teas A&M University College Station, Teas, U.S.A. abur@ee.tamu.edu Abstract This paper presents
More informationSIO 211B, Rudnick. We start with a definition of the Fourier transform! ĝ f of a time series! ( )
SIO B, Rudnick! XVIII.Wavelets The goal o a wavelet transorm is a description o a time series that is both requency and time selective. The wavelet transorm can be contrasted with the well-known and very
More informationDirect finite element method for nonlinear earthquake analysis of concrete dams including dam water foundation rock interaction
Arnkjell Løkke Doctoral thesis Doctoral theses at NTNU, 218:252 Doctoral theses at NTNU, 218:252 NTNU Norwegian University o Science and Technology Thesis or the Degree o Philosophiae Doctor Faculty o
More informationtwenty one concrete construction: materials & beams ELEMENTS OF ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES: FORM, BEHAVIOR, AND DESIGN DR. ANNE NICHOLS SPRING 2014
ELEMENTS OF ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES: FORM, BEHAVIOR, AND DESIGN DR. ANNE NICHOLS SPRING 2014 lecture twenty one concrete construction: http:// nisee.berkeley.edu/godden materials & beams Concrete Beams
More informationUse of Simulation in Structural Reliability
Structures 008: Crossing Borders 008 ASCE Use of Simulation in Structural Reliability Author: abio Biondini, Department of Structural Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, P.za L. Da Vinci 3, 033 Milan,
More informationFinite element modeling incorporating nonlinearity of material behavior based on the fib Model Code 2010
Peer-reviewed & Open access journal www.academicpublishingplatorms.com The primary version o the journal is the on-line version Finite element modeling incorporating non-linearity o material behavior based
More informationUsing Rough Sets Techniques as a Fault Diagnosis Classifier for Induction Motors
Using ough Sets Techniques as a Fault Diagnosis Classiier or Induction Motors E. L. Bonaldi, L. E. Borges da Silva*, G. Lambert-Torres, L. E. L. Oliveira and F. O. Assunção * Electronic Engineering Departament
More informationMODULE 6 LECTURE NOTES 1 REVIEW OF PROBABILITY THEORY. Most water resources decision problems face the risk of uncertainty mainly because of the
MODULE 6 LECTURE NOTES REVIEW OF PROBABILITY THEORY INTRODUCTION Most water resources decision problems ace the risk o uncertainty mainly because o the randomness o the variables that inluence the perormance
More informationFin efficiency of the newly developed Compartmented Coil of a Single Coil Twin Fan System
Fin eiciency o the newly developed Compartmented Coil o a Single Coil Twin Fan System ABSTRACT In predicting the perormance o any cooling coil, HVAC designers ace multiold challenges in designing the system
More informationEstimation of Sample Reactivity Worth with Differential Operator Sampling Method
Progress in NUCLEAR SCIENCE and TECHNOLOGY, Vol. 2, pp.842-850 (2011) ARTICLE Estimation o Sample Reactivity Worth with Dierential Operator Sampling Method Yasunobu NAGAYA and Takamasa MORI Japan Atomic
More information8.3 Design of Base Plate for Thickness
8.3 Design o Base Plate or Thickness 8.3.1 Design o base plate or thickness (Elastic Design) Upto this point, the chie concern has been about the concrete oundation, and methods o design have been proposed
More informationAPPENDIX 1 ERROR ESTIMATION
1 APPENDIX 1 ERROR ESTIMATION Measurements are always subject to some uncertainties no matter how modern and expensive equipment is used or how careully the measurements are perormed These uncertainties
More informationCONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS OF NANOFLUIDS. Convective heat transfer analysis of nanofluid flowing inside a
Chapter 4 CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS OF NANOFLUIDS Convective heat transer analysis o nanoluid lowing inside a straight tube o circular cross-section under laminar and turbulent conditions
More informationA Semi-Analytical Solution for a Porous Channel Flow of a Non-Newtonian Fluid
Journal o Applied Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 9, No. 6, pp. 77-76, 6. Available online at www.jamonline.net, ISSN 735-357, EISSN 735-3645. A Semi-Analytical Solution or a Porous Channel Flow o a Non-Newtonian
More informationCalibration of Bond Coefficient for Deflection Control of FRP RC Members
Fourth International Conerence on FRP Composites in Civil Engineering (CICE008) -4July 008, Zurich, Switzerland Calibration o Bond Coeicient or Delection Control o FRP RC Members R. Fico, A. Prota & G.
More informationThe intrinsic structure of FFT and a synopsis of SFT
Global Journal o Pure and Applied Mathematics. ISSN 0973-1768 Volume 12, Number 2 (2016), pp. 1671-1676 Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com/gjpam.htm The intrinsic structure o FFT
More informationA fatigue driving energy approach to high-cycle fatigue life estimation under variable amplitude loading
ORIGINL CONTRIBUTION doi: 0./e.2347 atigue driving energy approach to high-cycle atigue lie estimation under variable amplitude loading Z. PENG, H-Z. HUNG, S-P. ZHU, H. GO and Z. LV Institute o Reliability
More informationA NUMERICAL STUDY OF SINGLE-PHASE FORCED CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER WITH FLOW FRICTION IN ROUND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGERS
www.arpapress.com/volumes/vol6issue4/ijrras_6_4_05.pd A NUMERICAL STUDY OF SINGLE-PHASE FORCED CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER WITH FLOW FRICTION IN ROUND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGERS Pedram Mohajeri Khameneh 1,*, Iraj
More informationComments on Magnetohydrodynamic Unsteady Flow of A Non- Newtonian Fluid Through A Porous Medium
Comments on Magnetohydrodynamic Unsteady Flow o A Non- Newtonian Fluid Through A Porous Medium Mostaa A.A.Mahmoud Department o Mathematics, Faculty o Science, Benha University (358), Egypt Abstract The
More informationInteratomic potentials for monoatomic metals from experimental data and ab initio calculations
PHYSICAL REVIEW B VOLUME 59, NUMBER 5 1 FEBRUARY 1999-I Interatomic potentials or monoatomic metals rom experimental data and ab initio calculations Y. Mishin and D. Farkas Department o Materials Science
More informationCHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION. 1.1 Inverse Theory: What It Is and What It Does
Geosciences 567: CHAPTER (RR/GZ) CHAPTER : INTRODUCTION Inverse Theory: What It Is and What It Does Inverse theory, at least as I choose to deine it, is the ine art o estimating model parameters rom data
More informationAnalytical expressions for field astigmatism in decentered two mirror telescopes and application to the collimation of the ESO VLT
ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS MAY II 000, PAGE 57 SUPPLEMENT SERIES Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. Ser. 44, 57 67 000) Analytical expressions or ield astigmatism in decentered two mirror telescopes and application
More informationReliability-Based Structural Design of Aircraft Together with Future Tests
Reliability-Based Structural Design o Aircrat Together with Future Tests Erdem Acar 1 TOBB University o Economics and Technology, Söğütözü, Ankara 06560, Turkey Raphael T. Hatka 2, Nam-Ho Kim 3 University
More informationMaterial properties and vibration isolation Technical information
Material properties and vibration isolation Technical inormation General inormation on Sylomer Sylomer is a special PUR elastomer manuactured by Getzner, which eatures a cellular, compact orm and is used
More informationPower Spectral Analysis of Elementary Cellular Automata
Power Spectral Analysis o Elementary Cellular Automata Shigeru Ninagawa Division o Inormation and Computer Science, Kanazawa Institute o Technology, 7- Ohgigaoka, Nonoichi, Ishikawa 92-850, Japan Spectral
More informationChapter 8 Laminar Flows with Dependence on One Dimension
Chapter 8 Laminar Flows with Dependence on One Dimension Couette low Planar Couette low Cylindrical Couette low Planer rotational Couette low Hele-Shaw low Poiseuille low Friction actor and Reynolds number
More informationAn Alternative Poincaré Section for Steady-State Responses and Bifurcations of a Duffing-Van der Pol Oscillator
An Alternative Poincaré Section or Steady-State Responses and Biurcations o a Duing-Van der Pol Oscillator Jang-Der Jeng, Yuan Kang *, Yeon-Pun Chang Department o Mechanical Engineering, National United
More informationProbabilistic Model of Error in Fixed-Point Arithmetic Gaussian Pyramid
Probabilistic Model o Error in Fixed-Point Arithmetic Gaussian Pyramid Antoine Méler John A. Ruiz-Hernandez James L. Crowley INRIA Grenoble - Rhône-Alpes 655 avenue de l Europe 38 334 Saint Ismier Cedex
More informationThe second-order diffraction-radiation for a piston-like arrangement
The second-order diraction-radiation or a piston-like arrangement I.K. Chatjigeorgiou & S.A. Mavrakos Laboratory o Floating Structures and Mooring Systems, School o Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering,
More informationEx x xf xdx. Ex+ a = x+ a f x dx= xf x dx+ a f xdx= xˆ. E H x H x H x f x dx ˆ ( ) ( ) ( ) μ is actually the first moment of the random ( )
Fall 03 Analysis o Eperimental Measurements B Eisenstein/rev S Errede The Epectation Value o a Random Variable: The epectation value E[ ] o a random variable is the mean value o, ie ˆ (aa μ ) For discrete
More information