Muonic news. Laser spectroscopy of light muonic atoms. Randolf Pohl. Muonic hydrogen and deuterium. CREMA collaboration. The proton radius puzzle

Transcription

1 Laser spectroscopy of light muonic atoms Muonic news Muonic hydrogen and deuterium Randolf Pohl The proton radius puzzle Randolf Pohl MPQ, Garching for the CREMA collaboration 1

2 Not-so-high precision spectroscopy of the Randolf Pohl LEAP 2016, 08. Mar

3 Not-so-high precision spectroscopy of the antiproton s antiparticle Randolf Pohl LEAP 2016, 08. Mar

4 CREMA collaboration Charge Radius Experiment with Muonic Atoms M. Diepold, B. Franke, J. Götzfried, T.W. Hänsch, J. Krauth, F. Mulhauser, T. Nebel, R. Pohl A. Antognini, K. Kirch, F. Kottmann, B. Naar, K. Schuhmann, D. Taqqu MPQ, Garching, Germany ETH Zürich, Switzerland M. Hildebrandt, A. Knecht, A. Dax PSI, Switzerland F. Biraben, P. Indelicato, E.-O. Le Bigot, S. Galtier, L. Julien, F. Nez, C. Szabo-Foster F.D. Amaro, J.M.R. Cardoso, L.M.P. Fernandes, A.L. Gouvea, J.A.M. Lopez, C.M.B. Monteiro, J.M.F. dos Santos D.S. Covita, J.F.C.A. Veloso Labor. Kastler Brossel, Paris, France Uni Coimbra, Portugal Uni Aveiro, Portugal M. Abdou Ahmed, T. Graf, A. Voss, B. Weichelt IFSW, Uni Stuttgart, Germany T.-L. Chen, C.-Y. Kao, Y.-W. Liu Nat. Tsing Hua Uni, Hsinchu, Taiwan P. Amaro, J.F.D.C. Machado, J.P. Santos Uni Lisbon, Portugal L. Ludhova, P.E. Knowles, L.A. Schaller Uni Fribourg, Switzerland A. Giesen Dausinger & Giesen GmbH, Stuttgart, Germany P. Rabinowitz Uni Princeton, USA Randolf Pohl LEAP 2016, 08. Mar

5 The proton radius puzzle The proton rms charge radius measured with electrons: ± fm muons: ± fm 6.7 σ CODATA-2010 µ p 2013 electron avg. scatt. JLab µp 2010 scatt. Mainz H spectroscopy Proton charge radius R [fm] ch RP, Gilman, Miller, Pachucki, Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 63, 175 (2013). Randolf Pohl LEAP 2016, 08. Mar

6 The proton radius puzzle The proton rms charge radius measured with electrons: ± fm muons: ± fm 6.7 σ CODATA-2010 µ p 2013 electron avg. scatt. JLab µp 2010 scatt. Mainz H spectroscopy Proton charge radius R [fm] ch Randolf Pohl LEAP 2016, 08. Mar

7 A proton radius puzzle? The proton rms charge radius measured with electrons: ± fm muons: ± fm 6.7 σ? CODATA-2010 µ p 2013 electron avg. dispersion 2012 µp 2010 dispersion 2007 scatt. JLab scatt. Mainz H spectroscopy Proton charge radius R ch Belushkin, Hammer, Meissner PRC 75, (2007). Lorenz, Hammer, Meissner EPJ A 48, 151 (2012). Randolf Pohl LEAP 2016, 08. Mar [fm]

8 Outline Introduction: How large are the proton, deuteron, helion, alpha...? Atomic vs. nuclear physics Muonic hydrogen: Size does matter! Laser spectroscopy of muonic atoms/ions Principle Experiment New measurements: Muonic deuterium Muonic helium Regular hydrogen The Proton Radius Puzzle Randolf Pohl LEAP 2016, 08. Mar

9 The nuclear chart Protons Neutrons Randolf Pohl LEAP 2016, 08. Mar

10 Charge radii of light nuclei Proton Number Z H D T (51) (21) He He He He n 7 Be 6 Li 8 Be 7 Li (160) ( 40) (110) (860) (390) electron scattering 9 Be 8 Li muonic atom spectroscopy 10 Be 9 Li (260) 11 Be H/D: precision laser spectroscopy + theory (a lot!) 6 He, 8 He,...: laser spectroscopy of isotope shift 12 Be 11 Li Neutron number N Randolf Pohl LEAP 2016, 08. Mar

11 Atomic physics arb. units proton charge 8S... 4S 3S 3D true potential Coulomb potential: V = 1/r 2S 2P radius [fm] S states: max. at r=0 Electron sometimes inside the proton. S states are less bound. P states: zero at r=0 Electron is not inside the proton. Shift ist proportional to the size of the proton 1S Orbital pictures from Wikipedia Randolf Pohl LEAP 2016, 08. Mar

12 Muonic hydrogen Regular hydrogen: Muonic hydrogen: electron e + proton p muon µ + proton p electron Randolf Pohl LEAP 2016, 08. Mar

13 Muonic hydrogen Regular hydrogen: Muonic hydrogen: electron e + proton p muon µ + proton p electron from Wikipedia Randolf Pohl LEAP 2016, 08. Mar

14 Muonic hydrogen Regular hydrogen: Muonic hydrogen: electron e + proton p muon µ + proton p muon mass m µ 200 m e electron Bohr radius r µ 1/200 r e µ inside the proton: muon muon much is more sensitive to r p Randolf Pohl LEAP 2016, 08. Mar

15 Proton charge radius and muonic hydrogen Lamb shift in µp [mev]: E = (25) (10)r 2 p [mev] Proton size effect is 2% of the µ p Lamb shift µp(n=2) levels: 2P 3/2 2P 1/2 206 mev 50 THz 6 µm 8.4 mev F=2 F=1 F=1 F=0 Measure to 10 5 r p to 0.05 % 225 mev 55 THz 5.5 µm Experiment: R. Pohl et al., Nature 466, 213 (2010). A. Antognini, RP et al., Science 339, 417 (2013). Theory summary: A. Antognini, RP et al., Ann. Phys. 331, 127 (2013). fin. size: 3.7 mev 2S 1/2 F=1 23 mev F=0 Randolf Pohl LEAP 2016, 08. Mar

16 Swiss muons Randolf Pohl LEAP 2016, 08. Mar

17 Swiss muons Randolf Pohl LEAP 2016, 08. Mar

18 Swiss muons Randolf Pohl LEAP 2016, 08. Mar

19 µp Lamb shift experiment: Principle time spectrum of 2 kev x-rays ( 13 hours of 1 laser wavelength) events in 25 ns time [us] Randolf Pohl LEAP 2016, 08. Mar

20 µp Lamb shift experiment: Principle time spectrum of 2 kev x-rays events in 25 ns prompt (t 0) n~14 2 S 1 S 1 % 99 % 2 P 2 kev time [us] Randolf Pohl LEAP 2016, 08. Mar

21 µp Lamb shift experiment: Principle time spectrum of 2 kev x-rays events in 25 ns prompt (t 0) n~14 2 S 1 S 1 % 99 % 2 P 2 kev delayed (t 1 µs) 2 S 1 S Laser 2 P 2 kev events per hour time [us] Randolf Pohl LEAP 2016, 08. Mar

22 µp Lamb shift experiment: Principle time spectrum of 2 kev x-rays events in 25 ns prompt (t 0) n~14 2 S 1 S 1 % 99 % 2 P 2 kev normalize delayed K α prompt K α delayed (t 1 µs) 2 S 1 S Laser 2 P 2 kev Resonance delayed / prompt events [1e 4] time [us] laser frequency [THz] Randolf Pohl LEAP 2016, 08. Mar

23 Setup Randolf Pohl LEAP 2016, 08. Mar

24 Muonic hydrogen results 2P fine structure 2P 3/2 2P 1/2 F=2 F=1 F=1 F=0 ν t = ν(2s F=1 1/2 2PF=2 3/2 ) ν triplet Lamb shift ν singlet ν s = ν(2s F=0 1/2 2PF=1 3/2 ) F=1 2S 1/2 2S hyperfine splitting F=0 Exp.: R. Pohl et al., Nature 466, 213 (2010). A. Antognini, RP et al., Science 339, 417 (2013). Theo: A. Antognini, RP et al., Ann. Phys. 331, 127 (2013). Randolf Pohl LEAP 2016, 08. Mar

25 Muonic hydrogen results 2P fine structure 2P 3/2 2P 1/2 F=2 F=1 F=1 F=0 two transitions measured ν t = ( 65) GHz ν s = (1.05) GHz Lamb shift charge radius ν triplet E LS = (25) (10) r 2 E [mev, fm] Lamb shift r 2 E = d 3 r r 2 ρ E (r) ν singlet r E = (26) exp (29) th fm = (39) fm 2S 1/2 F=1 2S hyperfine splitting 10x more precise than CODATA % smaller (7σ) proton radius puzzle F=0 Exp.: R. Pohl et al., Nature 466, 213 (2010). A. Antognini, RP et al., Science 339, 417 (2013). Theo: A. Antognini, RP et al., Ann. Phys. 331, 127 (2013). Randolf Pohl LEAP 2016, 08. Mar

26 Muonic hydrogen results 2P fine structure 2P 3/2 2P 1/2 F=2 F=1 F=1 F=0 two transitions measured ν t = ( 65) GHz ν s = (1.05) GHz Lamb shift charge radius Lamb shift ν triplet E LS = (25) (10) r 2 E r 2 E = d 3 r r 2 ρ E (r) [mev, fm] ν singlet r E = (26) exp (29) th fm = (39) fm 2S 1/2 F=1 F=0 2S hyperfine splitting Exp.: R. Pohl et al., Nature 466, 213 (2010). A. Antognini, RP et al., Science 339, 417 (2013). Theo: A. Antognini, RP et al., Ann. Phys. 331, 127 (2013). 2S-HFS Zemach radius E HFS = (30) (10)r Z r Z = d 3 r d 3 r r ρ E (r)ρ M (r r ) [mev, fm] r Z = (31) exp (20) th fm = (37) fm Randolf Pohl LEAP 2016, 08. Mar

27 Proton Zemach radius 2S hyperfine splitting in µp is: E HFS = (30) (10)r Z [fm] mev with r Z = d 3 r d 3 r r ρ E (r)ρ M (r r ) We measured E HFS = (51) mev This gives a proton Zemach radius r Z = (31) exp (20) th = (37) fm µp 2013 e-p, Mainz H, Volotka e-p, Friar H, Dupays Proton Zemach radius R Z [fm] A. Antognini, RP et al., Science 339, 417 (2013) Randolf Pohl LEAP 2016, 08. Mar

28 Proton Zemach radius 2S hyperfine splitting in µp is: E HFS = (30) (10)r Z [fm] mev with r Z = d 3 r d 3 r r ρ E (r)ρ M (r r ) We measured E HFS = (51) mev This gives a proton Zemach radius r Z = (31) exp (20) th = (37) fm goal R (CREMA-3) e-p, Mainz H, Volotka H, Dupays µp 2013 e-p, Friar Proton Zemach radius R Z [fm] A. Antognini, RP et al., Science 339, 417 (2013) Randolf Pohl LEAP 2016, 08. Mar CREMA-3 approved at PSI

29 Rydberg constant R = α2 m e c 2h fractional uncertainty single measurements least-square adjustments muonic hydrogen + H(1S-2S) year H(1S-2S): C.G. Parthey, RP et al., PRL 107, (2011). r p : A. Antognini, RP et al., Science 339, 417 (2013). Randolf Pohl LEAP 2016, 08. Mar

30 Rydberg constant Hydrogen spectroscopy (Lamb shift): fractional uncertainty S 4S 3S 10 2S L 1S (r p )= (4) r 2 p MHz S-2S 2P 3D E ns R n 2 + L 1S single measurements n 3 least-square adjustments muonic hydrogen + H(1S-2S) 2 unknowns 2 transitions Rydberg constant R S Lamb shift L 1S r p year H(1S-2S): C.G. Parthey, RP et al., PRL 107, (2011). r p : A. Antognini, RP et al., Science 339, 417 (2013). Randolf Pohl LEAP 2016, 08. Mar

31 Rydberg constant R = (10) r p (25) QED Hz/c [8 parts in ] fractional uncertainty single measurements least-square adjustments muonic hydrogen + H(1S-2S) year H(1S-2S): C.G. Parthey, RP et al., PRL 107, (2011). r p : A. Antognini, RP et al., Science 339, 417 (2013). Randolf Pohl LEAP 2016, 08. Mar

32 Rydberg constant R = (10) r p (25) QED Hz/c [8 parts in ] fractional uncertainty single measurements least-square adjustments muonic hydrogen + H(1S-2S) discrepancy year H(1S-2S): C.G. Parthey, RP et al., PRL 107, (2011). r p : A. Antognini, RP et al., Science 339, 417 (2013). Randolf Pohl LEAP 2016, 08. Mar

33 The proton radius puzzle The proton rms charge radius measured with electrons: ± fm muons: ± fm 6.7 σ CODATA-2010 µ p 2013 electron avg. scatt. JLab µp 2010 scatt. Mainz H spectroscopy Proton charge radius R ch R. Pohl et al., Nature 466, 213 (2010). A. Antognini et al., Science 339, 417 (2013). Randolf Pohl LEAP 2016, 08. Mar [fm]

34 Muonic deuterium 2P 3/2 2P 1/2 F=5/2 F=1/2 F=3/2 F=3/2 F=1/ mev mev FS: mev LS: mev F=3/2 2S 1/2 2S-HFS: 6.27 mev F=1/2 Randolf Pohl LEAP 2016, 08. Mar

35 Muonic DEUTERIUM signal [arb. units] signal [arb. units] 10 CODATA p + iso this value µ F=3/2 F=5/2 2S 1/2 2P 3/ CODATA F=1/2 2S 1/ ν (GHz) µ p + iso F=3/2 this value F=1/2 2S 1/2 2P 3/2 F=1/2 2P 3/2 ν (GHz) 2.5 resonances in muonic deuterium µd [ 2S 1/2 (F=3/2) 2P 3/2 (F=5/2) ] ±0.91 GHz 18 ppm µd [ 2S 1/2 (F=1/2) 2P 3/2 (F=3/2) ] ±2.0 GHz 39 ppm µd [ 2S 1/2 (F=1/2) 2P 3/2 (F=1/2) ] ±2.2 GHz 43 ppm only 5σ significant identifies F=3/2 line Experiment: CREMA, submitted (2016) Theory: Krauth et al., 2S 1/2 2P 3/2 2P 1/2 F=3/2 F=1/2 Ann. Phys. 366, 168 (2016) [ ] Randolf Pohl LEAP 2016, 08. Mar F=5/2 F=1/2 F=3/2 F=3/2 F=1/2

36 Deuteron charge radius H/D isotope shift: r 2 d r2 p = (65) fm 2 C.G. Parthey, RP et al., PRL 104, (2010) CODATA 2010 r d = (210) fm r p = (39) fm from µh gives r d = ( 22) fm 7σ from r p µh + iso H/D(1S-2S) CODATA-2010 CODATA D + e-d e-d scatt. n-p scatt Deuteron charge radius [fm] Randolf Pohl LEAP 2016, 08. Mar

37 Deuteron charge radius H/D isotope shift: r 2 d r2 p = (65) fm 2 C.G. Parthey, RP et al., PRL 104, (2010) CODATA 2010 r d = (210) fm r p = (39) fm from µh gives r d = ( 22) fm 7σ from r p µh + iso H/D(1S-2S) 7σ from µh CODATA-2010 CODATA D + e-d e-d scatt. n-p scatt Deuteron charge radius [fm] Randolf Pohl LEAP 2016, 08. Mar

38 Deuteron charge radius H/D isotope shift: r 2 d r2 p = (65) fm 2 C.G. Parthey, RP et al., PRL 104, (2010) CODATA 2010 r d = (210) fm r p = (39) fm from µh gives r d = ( 22) fm 7σ from r p Lamb shift in muonic DEUTERIUM r d = (13) exp (77) theo fm PRELIM.!! µd (preliminary) µh + iso H/D(1S-2S) 7σ from µh CODATA-2010 CODATA D + e-d e-d scatt. n-p scatt Deuteron charge radius [fm] Randolf Pohl LEAP 2016, 08. Mar

39 Deuteron charge radius H/D isotope shift: r 2 d r2 p = (65) fm 2 C.G. Parthey, RP et al., PRL 104, (2010) CODATA 2010 r d = (210) fm r p = (39) fm from µh gives r d = ( 22) fm 7σ from r p Lamb shift in muonic DEUTERIUM r d = (13) exp (77) theo fm PRELIM.!! µd (preliminary) µh + iso H/D(1S-2S) another 7σ discrepancy! 7σ from µh CODATA-2010 CODATA D + e-d e-d scatt. n-p scatt Deuteron charge radius [fm] Randolf Pohl LEAP 2016, 08. Mar

40 Deuteron charge radius H/D isotope shift: r 2 d r2 p = (65) fm 2 C.G. Parthey, RP et al., PRL 104, (2010) CODATA 2010 r d = (210) fm r p = (39) fm from µh gives r d = ( 22) fm 7σ from r p Lamb shift in muonic DEUTERIUM r d = (13) exp (77) theo fm PRELIM.!! µd (preliminary) µh + iso H/D(1S-2S) CODATA-2010 CODATA D + e-d e-d scatt. n-p scatt Deuteron charge radius [fm] Randolf Pohl LEAP 2016, 08. Mar

41 Results from muonic deuterium (prel.) Lamb shift in muonic deuterium: E theo LS = (10)meV+ ETPE (3) r 2 d mev/fm2 with deuteron polarizability (TPE) E TPE (theo)=1.7096(200)mev J.J. Krauth et al., Ann. Phys. 366, 168 (2016) [ ] compilation of original results from: Borie, Martynenko et al., Karshenboim et al., Jentschura, Bacca, Barnea, Nevo Dinur et al., Pachucki et al., Friar, Carlson, Gorchtein, Vanderhaeghen, and others r d (µd) = (13) exp (77) theo fm (preliminary) r d (µp+iso) = (22) fm from r p (µp) and H/D(1S-2S) 2.6σ r d (CODATA)= (210) fm 7.5σ Disprepancy to E LS (r d (CODATA)) = 0.438(59) mev ( proton radius puzzle (µp discrepancy) = 0.329(47) mev) Randolf Pohl LEAP 2016, 08. Mar

42 Theory in µd: TPE Deuteron structure contributions to the Lamb shift in muonic deuterium. µ µ d d µ µ d d Cancellation between elastic Friar (a.k.a. 3rd Zemach) terms and part of inelastic polarizability contributions. Friar & Payne, PRA 56, 5173 (1997) ; Pachucki, PRL 106, (2011) ; Friar, PRC 88, (2013) ; Hernandez et al., PLB 736, 344 (2014) Randolf Pohl LEAP 2016, 08. Mar

43 Theory in µd: TPE Table 3: Deuteron structure contributions to the Lamb shift in muonic deuterium. Values are in mev. Item Contribution Pachucki [55] Friar [60] Hernandez et al. [58] Pach.& Wienczek [65] Carlson et al. [64] Our choice AV18 ZRA AV18 N 3 LO AV18 data value source Source p1 Dipole δ 0 E Leading C δ (0) D δ 0 E ± p2 Rel. corr. to p1, longitudinal part δ R E Subleading C δ (0) L δ R E p3 Rel. corr. to p1, transverse part δ (0) T p4 Rel. corr. to p1, higher order δ HO E sum Total rel. corr., p2+p3+p ± p5 Coulomb distortion, leading δ C1 E δ C1 E p6 Coul. distortion, next order δ C2 E δ C2 E sum Total Coulomb distortion, p5+p δ (0) C ± p7 El. monopole excitation δ Q0 E C δ (2) R δ Q0 E p8 El. dipole excitation δ Q1 E Retarded C δ (2) D1D δ Q1 E p9 El. quadrupole excitation δ Q2 E C δ (2) Q δ Q2 E sum Tot. nuclear excitation, p7+p8+p C0 + ret-c1 + C ± p10 Magnetic δ M E M δ (0) M δ M E ± SUM 1 Total nuclear (corrected) ± p11 Finite nucleon size Retarded C1 f.s ?? δ (2) NS δ FS E p12 n p charge correlation pn correl. f.s δ np (1) δ FZ E sum p11+p ± } p13 Proton elastic 3rd Zemach moment r 0.043(3) δ P E pp } (2) ± Eq.(13) } 0.043(3) δ P E } p14 Proton inelastic polarizab (2) δpol N [64] 0.028(2) E } hadr ± p15 Neutron inelastic polarizab (8) δ N E p16 Proton & neutron subtraction term ± Eq.(15) sum Nucleon TPE, p13+p14+p15+p (3) (2) 0.059(9) ± SUM 2 Total nucleon contrib (3) (2) 0.061(9) ± Sum, published 1.680(16) 1.941(19) 1.690(20) 1.717(20) 2.011(740) Sum, corrected 1.697(19) 1.714(20) 1.707(20) 1.748(740) ± E TPE (theo)=1.7096± mev vs. ± mev exp. uncertainty J.J. Krauth et al., Ann. Phys. 366, 168 (2016) [ ] Randolf Pohl LEAP 2016, 08. Mar

44 Muonic helium ions µ 4 He + µ 3 He + 2P 2P 3/2 2P 1/2 2P 3/2 2P 2P 1/2 F=1 F=2 F=0 F=1 2S 1/2 F=0 2S 1/2 F=1 Randolf Pohl LEAP 2016, 08. Mar

45 Lamb shift in muonic helium Goal: Measure E(2S-2P) in µ 4 He, µ 3 He to 50 ppm alpha particle and helion charge radius to (± fm), This is 10 times better than from electron scattering. Solve discrepancy in 3 He - 4 He isotope shift. Randolf Pohl LEAP 2016, 08. Mar

46 Lamb shift in muonic helium Goal: Measure E(2S-2P) in µ 4 He, µ 3 He to 50 ppm alpha particle and helion charge radius to (± fm), This is 10 times better than from electron scattering. Solve discrepancy in 3 He - 4 He isotope shift. 2P 3/2 2P 1/2 206 mev 50 THz 6 µm 8.4 mev F=2 F=1 F=1 F=0 2P 146 mev µp µ 4 He µ 3 He 812 nm 898 nm 2P 3/2 2P 1/2 2P 2P 3/2 2P 1/2 145 mev F=1 F=2 F=0 F=1 225 mev 55 THz 5.5 µm fin. size: 3.7 mev 2S 1/2 F=1 23 mev F=0 2S 1/2 fin. size effect 290 mev 2S 1/2 F=0 F=1 167 mev fin. size effect 397 mev Randolf Pohl LEAP 2016, 08. Mar

47 1st resonance in muonic He-4 µ 4 He(2S 1/2 2P 3/2 ) at 813 nm wavelength Events / Prompt Preliminary Frequency [THz] Randolf Pohl LEAP 2016, 08. Mar

48 1st resonance in muonic He-4 µ 4 He(2S 1/2 2P 3/2 ) at 813 nm wavelength Events / Prompt e He scattering Preliminary Frequency [THz] Sick, PRD 77, (R) (2008) Borie, Ann. Phys. 327, 733 (2012) Randolf Pohl LEAP 2016, 08. Mar

49 1st resonance in muonic He-4 µ 4 He(2S 1/2 2P 3/2 ) at 813 nm wavelength Events / Prompt Zavattini Preliminary Frequency [THz] Carboni et al, Nucl. Phys. A273, 381 (1977) Randolf Pohl LEAP 2016, 08. Mar

50 1st resonance in muonic He-4 µ 4 He(2S 1/2 2P 3/2 ) at 813 nm wavelength Events / Prompt Pospelov Preliminary Frequency [THz] Batell, McKeen, Pospelov, PRL 107, (2011) Randolf Pohl LEAP 2016, 08. Mar

51 Muonic summary Muonic hydrogen gives: Proton charge radius: r p = (39) fm 7σ away from electronic average (CODATA: H, e-p scatt.) Deuteron charge radius: r d = (22) fm from µh + H/D(1S-2S) Muonic deuterium: Deuteron charge radius: r d = (13) exp (77) theo fm (PRELIMINARY!) consistent with muonic proton radius, but again 7σ away from CODATA: (210) fm Proton Radius Puzzle is in fact Z=1 Radius Puzzle muonic helium-3 and -4 ions: No big discrepancy (PRELIMINARY) RP et al., submitted (2016) Randolf Pohl LEAP 2016, 08. Mar

52 Muonic summary Muonic hydrogen gives: Proton charge radius: r p = (39) fm 7σ away from electronic average (CODATA: H, e-p scatt.) Deuteron charge radius: r d = (22) fm from µh + H/D(1S-2S) Muonic deuterium: Deuteron charge radius: r d = (13) exp (77) theo fm (PRELIMINARY!) consistent with muonic proton radius, but again 7σ away from CODATA: (210) fm Proton Radius Puzzle is in fact Z=1 Radius Puzzle muonic helium-3 and -4 ions: No big discrepancy (PRELIMINARY) Could ALL be solved if the Rydberg constant [ and hence the (electronic) proton radius ] was wrong. Plus 2.6σ change in deuteron polarizabililty. Plus: accept dispersion fits of e-p scattering Or: BSM physics, e.g. Tucker-Smith & Yavin (2011) RP et al., submitted (2016) Randolf Pohl LEAP 2016, 08. Mar

53 The nuclear chart Proton Number Z H D T (51) (21) He He He He n 7 Be 6 Li 8 Be 7 Li (160) ( 40) (110) (860) (390) electron scattering 9 Be 8 Li muonic atom spectroscopy 10 Be 9 Li (260) 11 Be H/D: precision laser spectroscopy + theory (a lot!) 6 He, 8 He,...: laser spectroscopy of isotope shift 12 Be 11 Li Neutron number N Randolf Pohl LEAP 2016, 08. Mar

54 The nuclear chart - new charge radii Proton Number Z He He He He H D T ( 4) ( 2) (51) (21) n 7 6 Be Li 8 Be 7 Li 9 Be 8 Li 10 Be 1.96xx ( 10) 1.67xx ( 5) 2.06xx ( 80) 2.9xxx *(246) (160) ( 40) (110) (260) (860) * = preliminary (390) electron scattering muonic atom spectroscopy 9 Li 11 Be H/D: precision laser spectroscopy + theory (a lot!) 6 He, 8 He,...: laser spectroscopy of isotope shift laser spectroscopy of muonic atoms/ions Be Li Neutron number N Randolf Pohl LEAP 2016, 08. Mar

55 What may be wrong? L theo. µ p (rp CODATA µp theory wrong? ) L exp. µ p = 80 GHz 0.33 mev 0.15 % µp experiment wrong? H theory wrong? H experiments wrong? R wrong? AND e-p scattering exp. wrong? Standard Model wrong?!? RP, R. Gilman, G.A. Miller, K. Pachucki, Muonic hydrogen and the proton radius puzzle, Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 63, 175 (2013) (arxiv ) Randolf Pohl LEAP 2016, 08. Mar

56 (Electronic) hydrogen. Randolf Pohl LEAP 2016, 08. Mar

57 Hydrogen spectroscopy Lamb shift : L 1S (r p ) = (4) r 2 p MHz 8S 4S 3S 3D L ns L 1S n 3 2S 2P 1S Randolf Pohl LEAP 2016, 08. Mar

58 Hydrogen spectroscopy Lamb shift : L 1S (r p ) = (4) r 2 p MHz L ns L 1S n 3 8S 4S 3S 3D 2P 3/2 F=2 F=1 2S 2S-2P 2P classical Lamb shift: 2S-2P Lamb, Retherford 1946 Lundeen, Pipkin 1986 Hagley, Pipkin 1994 Hessels et al., 201x 9910 MHz = 40 µev 1S 2S 1/2 F=1 F=0 2P 1/ MHz = 4 µev F=1 F=0 Randolf Pohl LEAP 2016, 08. Mar

59 Hydrogen spectroscopy Lamb shift : L 1S (r p ) = (4) r 2 p MHz L ns L 1S n 3 8S 4S 3S 2S-4P 2S-8D 3D 2S 2P 1S-2S E ns R n 2 + L 1S n 3 2 unknowns 2 transitions Rydberg constant R Lamb shift L 1S r p 1S Randolf Pohl LEAP 2016, 08. Mar

60 Hydrogen spectroscopy 2S 1/2-2P 1/2 2S 1/2-2P 1/2 2S 1/2-2P 3/2 1S-2S + 2S- 4S 1/2 1S-2S + 2S- 4D 5/2 1S-2S + 2S- 4P 1/2 1S-2S + 2S- 4P 3/2 1S-2S + 2S- 6S 1/2 1S-2S + 2S- 6D 5/2 1S-2S + 2S- 8S 1/2 1S-2S + 2S- 8D 3/2 1S-2S + 2S- 8D 5/2 1S-2S + 2S-12D 3/2 1S-2S + 2S-12D 5/2 1S-2S + 1S - 3S 1/ proton charge radius (fm) Randolf Pohl LEAP 2016, 08. Mar

61 Hydrogen spectroscopy 2S 1/2-2P 1/2 2S 1/2-2P 1/2 2S 1/2-2P 3/2 1S-2S + 2S- 4S 1/2 1S-2S + 2S- 4D 5/2 1S-2S + 2S- 4P 1/2 1S-2S + 2S- 4P 3/2 1S-2S + 2S- 6S 1/2 1S-2S + 2S- 6D 5/2 1S-2S + 2S- 8S 1/2 1S-2S + 2S- 8D 3/2 1S-2S + 2S- 8D 5/2 1S-2S + 2S-12D 3/2 1S-2S + 2S-12D 5/2 1S-2S + 1S - 3S 1/2 µp : fm proton charge radius (fm) Randolf Pohl LEAP 2016, 08. Mar

62 Hydrogen spectroscopy 2S 1/2-2P 1/2 2S 1/2-2P 1/2 2S 1/2-2P 3/2 1S-2S + 2S- 4S 1/2 1S-2S + 2S- 4D 5/2 1S-2S + 2S- 4P 1/2 1S-2S + 2S- 4P 3/2 1S-2S + 2S- 6S 1/2 1S-2S + 2S- 6D 5/2 1S-2S + 2S- 8S 1/2 1S-2S + 2S- 8D 3/2 1S-2S + 2S- 8D 5/2 1S-2S + 2S-12D 3/2 1S-2S + 2S-12D 5/2 1S-2S + 1S - 3S 1/2 H avg = fm µp : fm proton charge radius (fm) Randolf Pohl LEAP 2016, 08. Mar

63 Hydrogen spectroscopy 2S 1/2-2P 1/2 2S 1/2-2P 1/2 2S 1/2-2P 3/2 1S-2S + 2S- 4S 1/2 1S-2S + 2S- 4D 5/2 1S-2S + 2S- 4P 1/2 1S-2S + 2S- 4P 3/2 1S-2S + 2S- 6S 1/2 1S-2S + 2S- 6D 5/2 1S-2S + 2S- 8S 1/2 1S-2S + 2S- 8D 3/2 1S-2S + 2S- 8D 5/2 1S-2S + 2S-12D 3/2 1S-2S + 2S-12D 5/2 1S-2S + 1S - 3S 1/2 H avg = fm µp : fm proton charge radius (fm) Randolf Pohl LEAP 2016, 08. Mar

64 Hydrogen spectroscopy 2S 1/2-2P 1/2 2S 1/2-2P 1/2 2S 1/2-2P 3/2 1S-2S + 2S- 4S 1/2 1S-2S + 2S- 4D 5/2 1S-2S + 2S- 4P 1/2 1S-2S + 2S- 4P 3/2 1S-2S + 2S- 6S 1/2 1S-2S + 2S- 6D 5/2 1S-2S + 2S- 8S 1/2 1S-2S + 2S- 8D 3/2 1S-2S + 2S- 8D 5/2 1S-2S + 2S-12D 3/2 1S-2S + 2S-12D 5/2 New measurements of the Rydberg constant are urgently needed to resolve the puzzle µp vs. H NPL: 2S ns,d : n>4 [Flowers et al., IEEE Trans. Instr. Meas. 56, 331 (2007)] NIST: Ne 9+ [Tan et al., Phys. Scr. T144, (2011)] Udem, RP et MPQ: 2S 4P [Beyer, RP et al., Ann.d.Phys. 525, 671 (2013)] York: 2S 2P [Hessels et al., Bull. APS 57(5), Q1.138 (2012)] Pachucki: He MPQ, Amsterdam: He + [Herrmann et al., PRA 79, (2009)] H avg = fm µp : fm 1S-2S + 1S - 3S 1/ proton charge radius (fm) Randolf Pohl LEAP 2016, 08. Mar

65 Rydberg constant from hydrogen 2S 4P resonance at 88±0.5 and 90±0.08 Apparatus used for H/D(1S-2S) A. Beyer, L. Maisenbacher, K. Khabarova, C.G. Parthey, A. Matveev, J. Alnis, R. Pohl, N. Kolachevsky, Th. Udem and T.W. Hänsch C.G. Parthey, RP et al., PRL 104, (2010) C.G. Parthey, RP et al., PRL 107, (2011) 486 nm at 90 + Retroreflector Doppler-free 2S-4P excitation 1st oder Doppler vs. ac-stark shift 2.5 khz accuracy (vs. 15 khz Yale, 1995) cryogenic H beam, optical excitation to 2S A. Beyer, RP et al., Ann. d. Phys. 525, 671 (2013) Randolf Pohl LEAP 2016, 08. Mar

66 Hydrogen spectroscopy 2S 1/2-2P 1/2 2S 1/2-2P 1/2 2S 1/2-2P 3/2 1S-2S + 2S- 4S 1/2 1S-2S + 2S- 4D 5/2 1S-2S + 2S- 4P 1/2 1S-2S + 2S- 4P 3/2 Projected accuracy Garching 2S-4P 1S-2S + 2S- 6S 1/2 1S-2S + 2S- 6D 5/2 1S-2S + 2S- 8S 1/2 1S-2S + 2S- 8D 3/2 1S-2S + 2S- 8D 5/2 1S-2S + 2S-12D 3/2 1S-2S + 2S-12D 5/2 1S-2S + 1S - 3S 1/2 H avg = fm µp : fm proton charge radius (fm) Randolf Pohl LEAP 2016, 08. Mar

67 Summary Muonic hydrogen gives: Proton charge radius: r p = (39) fm Proton Zemach radius: R Z = (37) fm Rydberg constant: R = (10) radius (25) QED Hz/c Deuteron charge radius: r d = ( 22) fm from µh + H/D(1S-2S) The Proton radius puzzle muonic deuterium: r d = ( 78) fm from µd (prel.!) muonic helium-3 and -4: charge radius 10x more precise. Proton radius puzzle deepened! New data needed: HFS in muonic hydrogen / 3 He PSI, J-PARC, RIKEN-RAL,... LS in muonic Li, Be, T?,... Hydrogen/Deuterium/Tritium, He + Positronium e + e, Muonium µ + e Electron scattering: H at lower Q 2, D, He Muon scattering: PSI... Randolf Pohl LEAP 2016, 08. Mar

68 CREMA in Randolf Pohl LEAP 2016, 08. Mar

69 ... and 2014 Randolf Pohl LEAP 2016, 08. Mar

70 The cost for LHC According to Forbes (Jul. 2012), the Higgs discovery cost billion USD. Randolf Pohl LEAP 2016, 08. Mar

71 The cost for LHC According to Forbes (Jul. 2012), the Higgs discovery cost billion USD. We shrunk the proton radius by 4%. Randolf Pohl LEAP 2016, 08. Mar

72 The cost for LHC According to Forbes (Jul. 2012), the Higgs discovery cost billion USD. We shrunk the proton radius by 4%. This decreased the p-p cross section by 8%. Randolf Pohl LEAP 2016, 08. Mar

73 The cost for LHC According to Forbes (Jul. 2012), the Higgs discovery cost billion USD. We shrunk the proton radius by 4%. This decreased the p-p cross section by 8%. Cost increase for Higgs discovery: 1.06 billion USD. Randolf Pohl LEAP 2016, 08. Mar

74 The cost for LHC My aplogies. :-) Randolf Pohl LEAP 2016, 08. Mar

75 Backup slides. Randolf Pohl LEAP 2016, 08. Mar

76 Old µhe + resonances 2S 2P 3/2 2S 2P 1/2 Carboni et al, Nucl. Phys. A273, 381 (1977) Carboni et al, Phys. Lett. 73B, 229 (1978) Randolf Pohl LEAP 2016, 08. Mar

77 µhe + (2S) lifetime laser exp.: Dittus, PhD thesis ETH Zurich (1985) Hauser et al., PRA 46, 2363 (1992) von Arb et al., PLB 136, 232 (1984) Randolf Pohl LEAP 2016, 08. Mar

78 1st resonance in muonic He-4 Randolf Pohl LEAP 2016, 08. Mar