Physics 205 Modern Physics for Engineers
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1 Physics 205 Modern Physics for Engineers Instructor Professor Duncan Carlsmith Department of Physics Chamberlin
2 Physics 205 Course Information du/undergrads/ courses/fall09/205 WebObjects/iCal.woa/ wa/default? u=duncancarlsmith&n =Physics205Fall09Syll abus.ics
3 Physics 205 WebAssign Online Exercises Self enroll at login.html Course ID was sent to you in an from the instructor.
4 1.1 Classical Physics of the 1890s 1.2 The Kinetic Theory of Gases 1.3 Waves and Particles 1.4 Conservation Laws and Fundamental Forces 1.5 The Atomic Theory of Matter 1.6 Outstanding Problems of 1895 and New Horizons The more important fundamental laws and facts of physical science have all been discovered, and these are now so firmly established that the possibility of their ever being supplanted in consequence of new discoveries is exceedingly remote Our future discoveries must be looked for in the sixth place of decimals. - Albert A. Michelson, 1894
5 Mechanics a theory of the motions of ordinary things Galileo ( ) Great experimentalist Principle of inertia Established experimental foundations
6 Isaac Newton ( ) Three laws describing the relationship between mass and acceleration. Newton s first law (law of inertia): An object in motion with a constant velocity will continue in motion unless acted upon by some net external force. Newton s second law: Introduces force (F) as responsible for the the change in linear momentum (p): Newton s third law (law of action and reaction): The force exerted by body 1 on body 2 is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to the force that body 2 exerts on body 1.
7 Electromagnetism Contributions made by: Coulomb ( ) Oersted ( ) Young ( ) Science is a human process. Many people contribute! Ampère ( ) Faraday ( ) Henry ( ) Maxwell ( ) Hertz ( )
8 Culminates in Maxwell s Equations Gauss s law (Φ E ): (electric field) Gauss s law (Φ B ): (magnetic field) Faraday s law: Ampère s law:
9 Thermodynamics Contributions made by: Benjamin Thompson ( ) (Count Rumford) Sadi Carnot ( ) James Joule ( ) Rudolf Clausius ( ) William Thompson ( ) (Lord Kelvin)
10 The Laws of Thermodynamics First law: Heat is random microscopic energy and energy is conserved. The change in the internal energy ΔU of a system is equal to the heat Q added to a system plus the work W done by the system ΔU = Q + W Second law: It is not possible to convert heat completely into work without some other change taking place. Entropy increases. The zeroth law: Two systems in thermal equilibrium with a third system are in thermal equilibrium with each other
11 Other classical physics Fluid mechanics Continuum mechanics of solids Optics Chemistry Geophysics and astronomy Newtonian Theory of Gravity The triumph of classical physics was the demonstration of universal laws connecting diverse phenomena generating faith that the physical universe could be understood! That quest continues.
12 1.3: Waves and Particles Two ways in which energy and momentum are transported: 1) Motion of massive particles 2) Wave propagation in continuous medium The distinction is not clear for visible light! Thus by the 17 th century begins the major disagreement concerning the nature of light.
13 The Nature of Light Contributions made by: Isaac Newton ( ) Christian Huygens ( ) Thomas Young ( ) Augustin Fresnel ( )
14 The Nature of Light Newton promotes the corpuscular (particle) theory Particles of light travel in straight lines or rays Explained sharp shadows Explained reflection and refraction
15 The Nature of Light Christian Huygens promotes the wave theory Light propagates as a wave of concentric circles from the point of origin Explained reflection and refraction Did not explain sharp shadows
16 The Wave Theory Advances Contributions by Huygens, Young, Fresnel and Maxwell Double-slit interference patterns Refraction of light from a vacuum to a nonmedium Discovery of light speed Light is an electromagnetic wave!
17 The Electromagnetic Spectrum Maxwell s theory predicts that visible light covers only a small range of the total electromagnetic spectrum All electromagnetic waves travel in a vacuum with a speed c given by: where µ 0 and ε 0 are the respective permeability and permittivity of free space which appear in Maxwell s equations.
18 Problems with EM theory If light in vacuum is a wave, what is the medium? All electromagnetic waves travel in a vacuum with a speed c. How can it be that two observers in relative motion both observe light traveling at the same speed? Possible answer. There is a medium in space, and only in its rest frame does light move at speed c.
19 Birth of special relativity theory Michelson and Morley set out to prove this ether theory, and discovered to their surprise that no the speed of light is the same in all inertial reference frames leading to Einstein s Relativity Theory of space and time!
20 What is modern physics Relativity theory rationalizes the framework of space and time applicable to all physics Modern physics digs deeper into the structure of matter and energy and unearths the properties of fundamental constituents governed by a new sort of mechanics quantum mechanics which unifies matter and light, waves and particles, explaining atomic and nuclear structure. Contemporary physics is digging deeper still, discovering new forms of normal matter and light described by a unified theory, and dark matter, dark energy not yet understood.
21 1.5: The Atomic Theory of Matter Initiated by Democritus and Leucippus (~450 B.C.) (first to us the Greek atomos, meaning indivisible ) In addition to fundamental contributions by Boyle, Charles, and Gay-Lussac, Proust ( ) proposes the law of definite proportions Dalton advances the atomic theory of matter to explain the law of definite proportions Avogadro proposes that all gases at the same temperature, pressure, and volume contain the same number of molecules (atoms); viz atoms Cannizzaro ( ) makes the distinction between atoms and molecules advancing the ideas of Avogadro.
22 Further Advances in Atomic Theory Maxwell derives the speed distribution of atoms in a gas Robert Brown ( ) observes microscopic random motion of suspended grains of pollen in water Einstein in the 20 th century explains this random motion using atomic theory
23 Overwhelming Evidence for Existence of Atoms Max Planck ( ) advances the concept to explain blackbody radiation by use of submicroscopic quanta Boltzmann requires existence of atoms for his advances in statistical mechanics Albert Einstein ( ) uses molecules to explain Brownian motion and determines the approximate value of their size and mass Jean Perrin ( ) experimentally verifies Einstein s predictions
24 1.6: The submicroscopic world What are atoms anyway? What are they composed of and what explains the properties of the elements the spectra, the chemistry. Modern physics begins with the discovery of the electron and the nucleus and the (quantum) wave nature of these particles Their behavior is explained by a radically new quantum mechanics
25 100 years later Today we understand normal matter is composed of electrons and up and down quarks (bound in nuclei) can use quantum mechanics and relativity to design and engineer atomic and subatomic processes. Today we understand the origin and cosmological evolution of normal matter from the Big Bang to the present.
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