PHGN300/310 Modern physics: a revolution of concepts
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1 PHGN300/310 Modern physics: a revolution of concepts Solvay, 1927
2 Textbooks NOT required Thornton & Rex, 4 th edition Thornton & Rex, 3 rd edition
3 Modern physics One of the greatest intellectual achievements of mankind. Role in society affects everyone: whether or not people understand it, or even know about it!
4 Classical physics by the end of the 19 th century Mechanics: Galileo ; Newton Maxwell s equations (integral form) Electromagnetism: Coulomb ; Ampere Faraday ; Maxwell Gauss laws Faraday s law Thermodynamics: Carnot ; Kelvin Ampere s law
5 Kinetic Theory of Gases Thermodynamics and atomic theory of matter Gay-Lussac : ideal gas: PV=nRT Avogadro : the Avogadro number 1895 s: Maxwell-Boltzmann velocity distribution It works but, in 1895, nobody knows what an atom really is! Atom (from greek atomos undivided, that cannot be cut)
6 Outstanding issues at the end of the 19 th century (I) Electromagnetic medium [Michelson] All waves propagate through a medium (example: sound waves in air, water ) What about light? Hypothesis: the luminiferous ether Electrodynamics [Einstein] Maxwell equations do not keep the same form under a Galilean transformation à Theory of Relativity
7 Outstanding issues at the end of the 19 th century (II) Blackbody radiation [Planck] The emission spectrum of a blackbody cannot be reproduced by classical theories The nature of light [Einstein, ] The photoelectric effect à Quantum Theory
8 A revolution of concepts (I) VERY FAST: Special relativity replaces Newton mechanics VERY SMALL: Quantum physics replaces Newton mechanics VERY LARGE: General relativity replaces Newton gravitation
9 A revolution of concepts (II) ( not a refinement of old ideas!) New Experiments Measurement of c Spectrum of Light (a) Hot, glowing objects [Blackbody] (b) Electrical breakdown in gases [Atomic structure] New Theories Relativity Quantum Mechanics New Concepts! Space & Time Determinism and Measurements Challenges: Measuring accurately the very fast and the very small (One reason why these new measurements occur towards the end of the 19 th century)
10 The world in 1895 Why 1895? Major discoveries to happen within 2-3 years
11 The world in 1895: politics Three countries research active: England, France and Germany England: at the top of their colonial empire France: Defeated by the German in 1870 Pasteur: the recovery can come through advances in Science Germany: Rapidly ascending, Strong military power Louis Pasteur (France, ) In the fields of observation, chance only favors the prepared mind (1854)
12 The world in 1895: technology Wright brothers first flight (1903) No airplane Virtually no telephone. People communicate by mail. Paris has a pneumatic mail system for example No car coming soon. Titanic maiden (and last) voyage (1912) Streets lit by gas Steamships cross the Atlantic. Still use sails now and then. New developments of apparatus
13 Doing physics then One professor A few assistants Slow communication between scientists Facilities ranked according to their potential of: Producing strong current/bias Cooling capacity Vacuum capability J.J. Thomson, cathode rays = electrons (1897) Cathode ray properties were the subject of heated debates. The reason? The measurements were difficult, because it was hard to create a decent vacuum to observe them!
14 Modern physics The study of the microscopic world is the key. But for now, back to PHGN200 (physics before 1895 )
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