Taylor and Maclaurin Series. Approximating functions using Polynomials.
|
|
- Alexander Carson
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Taylor and Maclaurin Series Approximating functions using Polynomials.
2 Approximating f x = e x near x = 0 In order to approximate the function f x = e x near x = 0, we can use the tangent line (The Linear Approximation). f 0 = 1 f x = e x f (0) = e 0 = 1 P x P x 1 = 1(x 0) P x = 1 + x P 1 (x) = 1 + x The 1 st Degree Polynomial Approximation P 1 0 = f 0 = 1 P 1 0 = f 0 = 1
3 A Better Approximation to f x = e x As we move away from x = 0, our line is not a good approximation to e x. How could we get a better approximation? To get a better approximation, we can create a function, P 2 x, that also has the same concavity or 2 nd Derivative as f x = e x. P 2 0 = f 0 = 1 P 2 0 = f 0 = 1 P 2 0 = f 0 = 1 f x = e x P 2 x = 1 + x + x2 2 The 2 nd Degree Polynomial Approximation Graph
4 The next step, in order to get an even better approximation is to allow their third derivatives to equal one another. This can be done with the following equation: P 3 x = 1 + x + x2 2 + x3 6 Graph In general, the function e x can be approximated exactly by the following: P n x = 1 + x + x2 2 + x3 3! + + xn e x = x n
5 For what values of x will e x = x n For all x values in the interval of convergence!!? lim n a n+1 a n < 1 lim n x n+1 n + 1! x n lim n x n+1 n + 1! x n lim n x n + 1 < 1 This holds for all values of x. Therefore, Graph e x = x n everywhere!
6 Use our Polynomial approximation for e x in order to estimate e and e 2. What is the maximum error involved in our estimation? e x = x n e = 1 n = 1 e = 1 e e = e x = x n P n x = 1 + x + x2 2 + x3 6 P 3 1 = *The maximum error will just be the absolute value of the first omitted term. (This is very similar to the alternating series error). *This is a simplified way of calculating the error but will work 90% of the time. We do not have time to actually calculate the error this year.
7 Maclaurin Polynomial Approximation When developing a polynomial to estimate a function centered at c = 0, you can use the following: P n x = f 0 + f 0 x + f 0 2! x 2 + f 0 3! x fn 0 x n P n x = f n 0 x n *A Maclaurin Polynomial is centered at c = 0.
8 Develop a Maclaurin Polynomial Approximation for the graph of f(x) = sin x. P 1 x = x P n x = f n 0 x n P 0 x = sin 0 0! P 1 0 = f(0) P 1 0 = f (0) 1 st Degree Polynomial Approximation P 1 x = 0 + cos 0 1! P 1 x x 0 = = 0 = x (Tangent line at x = 0) P 1 x x 1 = x = x
9 2 nd Degree Polynomial Approximation P n x = P 2 x = 0 + x + f n 0 x n f x = sin x f 0 = sin 0 = 0 P 2 x = x 3 rd Degree Polynomial Approximation f x = cos x f o = cos 0 = 1 P 3 x = x +? P 3 x = x x3 3!
10 P 4 x 4 th Degree Polynomial Approximation P n x = f n 0 = x x3 3! + f4 x = sin x f 0 = sin 0 = 0 P 4 x = x x3 3! 5 th Degree Polynomial Approximation f 5 x = cos x f 5 o = cos 0 = 1 x n P 5 x = x x3 3! + x5 5!
11 Maclaurin Polynomial for f x = sin x P 5 x = x x3 3! + x5 5! P n x = x x3 3! + x5 5! x7 7! + x9 9! + 1 n x 2n+1 2n + 1! sin x = 1 n x 2n+1 2n + 1!
12 For what values of x does sin x = 1 n x 2n+1 2n + 1!? For all x values in the interval of convergence!! lim n a n+1 a n < 1
13 Homework Using the formula for a Maclaurin Polynomial, Write the first 5 nonzero terms of the polynomial P n x = f n 0 approximation for f x = cos x, f x = sin x and f x = e x. x n Try to find the pattern so you can come up with the formula for the n th term of the series in each case. **This is very important for the BC Calculus test.**
14 cos x sin x 1 x2 2! + x4 4! x6 6! + x8 8! + 1 n x 2n 2n! x x3 3! + x5 5! x7 7! + x9 9! + 1 n x 2n+1 2n + 1! e x 1 + x + x2 2 + x3 6 + x x xn
15 Interval of Convergence for Power Series Representation of cos x P n x = 1 x2 2! + x4 4! x6 6! + x8 8! + 1 n x 2n 2n! cos x = 1 n x 2n 2n!
16 Taylor Series Polynomials How can we develop a Polynomial whose center is not c = 0?
17 Taylor and Maclaurin Series We can take this formula and use it to come up with a Power Series that will exactly represent many elementary functions including: sin x, cos x, e x P n x = f c + f c x c + f c 2! x c 2 + f c 3! x c fn c x c n Taylor Series f n c x c n Maclaurin Series f n 0 x n
18 Finding the third degree Taylor Polynomial for f(x) = ln x centered at c = 1. f n c x c n f x = ln x f x = 1/x f x = 1/x 2 f 1 = 0 f 1 = 1 f 1 = 1 f x = 2/x 3 f 1 = 2 P 3 x = 0 0! x ! x ! x ! x 1 3 P 3 x = x 1 1/2 x /3 x 1 3 GRAPH
19 Find the third order Taylor Polynomial for f x = 2x 3 3x 2 + 4x 5 centered at c = 1. f n c x c n f x = 2x 3 3x 2 + 4x 5 f x = 6x 2 6x + 4 f x = 12x 6 f 1 = 2 f 1 = 4 f 1 = 6 f x = 12 f 1 = 12 P 3 x = 2 0! x ! x ! x ! x 1 3 P 3 x = x x x 1 3 P 3 x = 2 x x x 1 2 Now use the expand key on your calculator to verify that P 3 x = f x (Home > F2 > expand).
20 Find the Taylor Series generated by f x c = 2. f n c x c n = e x at f x = f x = f (x) = f x = f 4 x = e x f 2 0! x 2 0 f 2 + x ! e 2 + e 2 (x 2) + f 2 2! e 2 x f 2 3! 2 x x e 2 6 x e2 x 2 n k=0 e 2 k! x 2 k Graph
21 Find the third Taylor polynomial for f x expanded about c = π/6. f n c x c n f x = sin x f x = cos x f x = sin x f x = cos x = sin x, f π/6 = 1/2 f π/6 = 3/2 f π/6 = 1/2 f π/6 = 3/2 P 3 x = f π 6 +f π 6 x π 6 + f π 6 2! x π f π 6 3! x π 6 3 P 3 x = 1 2
22 f x = sin x
23 The General Formula for a Polynomial Approximation What is the equation of the tangent line, P(x), to a function f(x) at the point c? P x f c = f (c)(x c) P x = f c + f (c)(x c)
24 P 1 x = f c + f (c)(x c) P c P x P c x = c = f c = f (c) = f c (f c constant) In order to make P(x) a better approximation for f(x), I am going to add a term so that the second derivatives also equal one another. P 2 x = f c + f c x c + f c 2 x c 2 The 2 nd Degree Polynomial Approximation
25 P 2 x = f c + f c x c + f c x = c P c = f(c) 2 x c 2 First Derivative of P(x) P x = f c + f (c)(x c) P c = f (c) f c constant (f c constant) Second Derivative of P(x) P x = f (c) P c = f (c)
26 Allowing the 3 rd Derivatives to be Equal P 3 x = f c + f c x c + f c 2 x c 2 + f c 6 x c 3 The 3 rd Degree Polynomial Approximation x = c P c = f(c) P c = f (c) P c = f (c) P 3 c = f 3 (c) f c constant (f c constant) P n x = f c + f c x c + f c 2! x c 2 + f c 3! x c fn c x c n The N th Degree Polynomial Approximation
27 Homework (Finney/Demana) Taylor and Maclaurin WS Section 9.2 (13, 14, 16, 20, 21) Try to do 13 two ways: A: Developing a Taylor Polynomial B: Using a Geometric Series
28 Developing a Taylor Series for a Composite Function How do you develop a Taylor Series for a composite function like sin x 2?
29 Taylor and Maclaurin Series We can take this formula and use it to come up with a Power Series that will exactly represent many elementary functions including: sin x, cos x, e x P n x = f c + f c x c + f c 2! x c 2 + f c 3! x c fn c x c n Taylor Series f n c x c n Maclaurin Series f n 0 x n
30 Find the Maclaurin series for f x = sin x 2 f n 0 x n sin x = x x3 3! + x5 5! x7 7! + x9 9! + 1 n x 2n+1 2n + 1! sin(x 2 ) = (x 2 ) (x2 ) 3 3! + (x2 ) 5 5! (x2 ) 7 7! + (x2 ) 9 9! + 1 n (x 2 ) 2n+1 2n + 1! sin x 2 = x 2 x6 3! + x10 5! x14 7! + x18 9! + 1 n x 4n+2 2n + 1! GRAPH
31 Write the first three nonzero terms and then general term of the power series centered at 0 that will represent the following: g x = e x 1 x e x = 1 + x + x2 2 + x3 6 + x x xn g x = 1 + x + x2 2 + x3 6 + x x xn 1 x g x = 1 + x 2 + x xn 1
32 Write the first three nonzero terms and then general term of the power series centered at 0 that will represent the following: g x = 4x sin 3x sin x = x x3 3! + x5 5! x7 7! + x9 9! + 1 n x 2n+1 2n + 1! sin(3x) = (3x) (3x)3 3! + (3x)5 5! (3x)7 7! + (3x)9 9! + 1 n (3x) 2n+1 2n + 1! g x = (4x) 3x (4x) 3x 3 3! + (4x) 3x 5 5! + (4x) 1 n (3x) 2n+1 2n + 1!
33 Homework (Finney/Demana) Taylor and Maclaurin WS Section 9.2 (2, 5, 14, 20, 23a) Section 9.3 (7, 8)
Taylor and Maclaurin Series. Approximating functions using Polynomials.
Taylor and Maclaurin Series Approximating functions using Polynomials. Approximating f x = e x near x = 0 In order to approximate the function f x = e x near x = 0, we can use the tangent line (The Linear
More information8.7 Taylor s Inequality Math 2300 Section 005 Calculus II. f(x) = ln(1 + x) f(0) = 0
8.7 Taylor s Inequality Math 00 Section 005 Calculus II Name: ANSWER KEY Taylor s Inequality: If f (n+) is continuous and f (n+) < M between the center a and some point x, then f(x) T n (x) M x a n+ (n
More informationCompletion Date: Monday February 11, 2008
MATH 4 (R) Winter 8 Intermediate Calculus I Solutions to Problem Set #4 Completion Date: Monday February, 8 Department of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences University of Alberta Question. [Sec..9,
More informationSection 5.8. Taylor Series
Difference Equations to Differential Equations Section 5.8 Taylor Series In this section we will put together much of the work of Sections 5.-5.7 in the context of a discussion of Taylor series. We begin
More informationSection 8.7. Taylor and MacLaurin Series. (1) Definitions, (2) Common Maclaurin Series, (3) Taylor Polynomials, (4) Applications.
Section 8.7 Taylor and MacLaurin Series (1) Definitions, (2) Common Maclaurin Series, (3) Taylor Polynomials, (4) Applications. MATH 126 (Section 8.7) Taylor and MacLaurin Series The University of Kansas
More informationMath 113 (Calculus 2) Exam 4
Math 3 (Calculus ) Exam 4 November 0 November, 009 Sections 0, 3 7 Name Student ID Section Instructor In some cases a series may be seen to converge or diverge for more than one reason. For such problems
More informationMath 651 Introduction to Numerical Analysis I Fall SOLUTIONS: Homework Set 1
ath 651 Introduction to Numerical Analysis I Fall 2010 SOLUTIONS: Homework Set 1 1. Consider the polynomial f(x) = x 2 x 2. (a) Find P 1 (x), P 2 (x) and P 3 (x) for f(x) about x 0 = 0. What is the relation
More informationThe polar coordinates
The polar coordinates 1 2 3 4 Graphing in polar coordinates 5 6 7 8 Area and length in polar coordinates 9 10 11 Partial deravitive 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Double Integral 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Triple
More informationAP Calculus Testbank (Chapter 9) (Mr. Surowski)
AP Calculus Testbank (Chapter 9) (Mr. Surowski) Part I. Multiple-Choice Questions n 1 1. The series will converge, provided that n 1+p + n + 1 (A) p > 1 (B) p > 2 (C) p >.5 (D) p 0 2. The series
More informationTAYLOR SERIES [SST 8.8]
TAYLOR SERIES [SST 8.8] TAYLOR SERIES: Every function f C (c R, c + R) has a unique Taylor series about x = c of the form: f (k) (c) f(x) = (x c) k = f(c) + f (c) (x c) + f (c) (x c) 2 + f (c) (x c) 3
More informationSection 10.7 Taylor series
Section 10.7 Taylor series 1. Common Maclaurin series 2. s and approximations with Taylor polynomials 3. Multiplication and division of power series Math 126 Enhanced 10.7 Taylor Series The University
More informationSection Taylor and Maclaurin Series
Section.0 Taylor and Maclaurin Series Ruipeng Shen Feb 5 Taylor and Maclaurin Series Main Goal: How to find a power series representation for a smooth function us assume that a smooth function has a power
More informationMAT137 Calculus! Lecture 45
official website http://uoft.me/mat137 MAT137 Calculus! Lecture 45 Today: Taylor Polynomials Taylor Series Next: Taylor Series Power Series Definition (Power Series) A power series is a series of the form
More informationMATH 1231 MATHEMATICS 1B CALCULUS. Section 5: - Power Series and Taylor Series.
MATH 1231 MATHEMATICS 1B CALCULUS. Section 5: - Power Series and Taylor Series. The objective of this section is to become familiar with the theory and application of power series and Taylor series. By
More informationMATH 163 HOMEWORK Week 13, due Monday April 26 TOPICS. c n (x a) n then c n = f(n) (a) n!
MATH 63 HOMEWORK Week 3, due Monday April 6 TOPICS 4. Taylor series Reading:.0, pages 770-77 Taylor series. If a function f(x) has a power series representation f(x) = c n (x a) n then c n = f(n) (a) ()
More informationAP Calculus (BC) Chapter 9 Test No Calculator Section Name: Date: Period:
WORKSHEET: Series, Taylor Series AP Calculus (BC) Chapter 9 Test No Calculator Section Name: Date: Period: 1 Part I. Multiple-Choice Questions (5 points each; please circle the correct answer.) 1. The
More information8.7 MacLaurin Polynomials
8.7 maclaurin polynomials 67 8.7 MacLaurin Polynomials In this chapter you have learned to find antiderivatives of a wide variety of elementary functions, but many more such functions fail to have an antiderivative
More informationStudy # 1 11, 15, 19
Goals: 1. Recognize Taylor Series. 2. Recognize the Maclaurin Series. 3. Derive Taylor series and Maclaurin series representations for known functions. Study 11.10 # 1 11, 15, 19 f (n) (c)(x c) n f(c)+
More informationConstructing Taylor Series
Constructing Taylor Series 8-8-200 The Taylor series for fx at x = c is fc + f cx c + f c 2! x c 2 + f c x c 3 + = 3! f n c x c n. By convention, f 0 = f. When c = 0, the series is called a Maclaurin series.
More informationCHALLENGE! (0) = 5. Construct a polynomial with the following behavior at x = 0:
TAYLOR SERIES Construct a polynomial with the following behavior at x = 0: CHALLENGE! P( x) = a + ax+ ax + ax + ax 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4 P(0) = 1 P (0) = 2 P (0) = 3 P (0) = 4 P (4) (0) = 5 Sounds hard right?
More informationTaylor Series. Math114. March 1, Department of Mathematics, University of Kentucky. Math114 Lecture 18 1/ 13
Taylor Series Math114 Department of Mathematics, University of Kentucky March 1, 2017 Math114 Lecture 18 1/ 13 Given a function, can we find a power series representation? Math114 Lecture 18 2/ 13 Given
More informationMa 530 Power Series II
Ma 530 Power Series II Please note that there is material on power series at Visual Calculus. Some of this material was used as part of the presentation of the topics that follow. Operations on Power Series
More information1 Question related to polynomials
07-08 MATH00J Lecture 6: Taylor Series Charles Li Warning: Skip the material involving the estimation of error term Reference: APEX Calculus This lecture introduced Taylor Polynomial and Taylor Series
More information(c) Find the equation of the degree 3 polynomial that has the same y-value, slope, curvature, and third derivative as ln(x + 1) at x = 0.
Chapter 7 Challenge problems Example. (a) Find the equation of the tangent line for ln(x + ) at x = 0. (b) Find the equation of the parabola that is tangent to ln(x + ) at x = 0 (i.e. the parabola has
More informationTaylor and Maclaurin Series
Taylor and Maclaurin Series MATH 211, Calculus II J. Robert Buchanan Department of Mathematics Spring 2018 Background We have seen that some power series converge. When they do, we can think of them as
More informationMath Numerical Analysis
Math 541 - Numerical Analysis Joseph M. Mahaffy, jmahaffy@mail.sdsu.edu Department of Mathematics and Statistics Dynamical Systems Group Computational Sciences Research Center San Diego State University
More informationChapter 9: Infinite Series Part 2
Name: Date: Period: AP Calc BC Mr. Mellina/Ms. Lombardi Chapter 9: Infinite Series Part 2 Topics: 9.5 Alternating Series Remainder 9.7 Taylor Polynomials and Approximations 9.8 Power Series 9.9 Representation
More informationThis practice exam is intended to help you prepare for the final exam for MTH 142 Calculus II.
MTH 142 Practice Exam Chapters 9-11 Calculus II With Analytic Geometry Fall 2011 - University of Rhode Island This practice exam is intended to help you prepare for the final exam for MTH 142 Calculus
More informationSection Example Determine the Maclaurin series of f (x) = e x and its the interval of convergence.
Example Determine the Maclaurin series of f (x) = e x and its the interval of convergence. Example Determine the Maclaurin series of f (x) = e x and its the interval of convergence. f n (0)x n Recall from
More informationTAYLOR AND MACLAURIN SERIES
TAYLOR AND MACLAURIN SERIES. Introduction Last time, we were able to represent a certain restricted class of functions as power series. This leads us to the question: can we represent more general functions
More informationFamilies of Functions, Taylor Polynomials, l Hopital s
Unit #6 : Rule Families of Functions, Taylor Polynomials, l Hopital s Goals: To use first and second derivative information to describe functions. To be able to find general properties of families of functions.
More informationJuly 21 Math 2254 sec 001 Summer 2015
July 21 Math 2254 sec 001 Summer 2015 Section 8.8: Power Series Theorem: Let a n (x c) n have positive radius of convergence R, and let the function f be defined by this power series f (x) = a n (x c)
More informationMORE APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES. David Levermore. 17 October 2000
MORE APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES David Levermore 7 October 2000 This is a review of material pertaining to local approximations and their applications that are covered sometime during a year-long calculus
More information11.10a Taylor and Maclaurin Series
11.10a 1 11.10a Taylor and Maclaurin Series Let y = f(x) be a differentiable function at x = a. In first semester calculus we saw that (1) f(x) f(a)+f (a)(x a), for all x near a The right-hand side of
More informationPower, Taylor, & Maclaurin Series Page 1
Power, Taylor, & Maclaurin Series Page 1 Directions: Solve the following problems using the available space for scratchwork. Indicate your answers on the front page. Do not spend too much time on any one
More informationSOLVED PROBLEMS ON TAYLOR AND MACLAURIN SERIES
SOLVED PROBLEMS ON TAYLOR AND MACLAURIN SERIES TAYLOR AND MACLAURIN SERIES Taylor Series of a function f at x = a is ( f k )( a) ( x a) k k! It is a Power Series centered at a. Maclaurin Series of a function
More informationMath 115 HW #5 Solutions
Math 5 HW #5 Solutions From 29 4 Find the power series representation for the function and determine the interval of convergence Answer: Using the geometric series formula, f(x) = 3 x 4 3 x 4 = 3(x 4 )
More informationAP Calculus Chapter 9: Infinite Series
AP Calculus Chapter 9: Infinite Series 9. Sequences a, a 2, a 3, a 4, a 5,... Sequence: A function whose domain is the set of positive integers n = 2 3 4 a n = a a 2 a 3 a 4 terms of the sequence Begin
More informationLet s Get Series(ous)
Department of Mathematics, Computer Science, and Statistics Bloomsburg University Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania 785 Let s Get Series(ous) Summary Presenting infinite series can be (used to be) a tedious and
More informationX. Numerical Methods
X. Numerical Methods. Taylor Approximation Suppose that f is a function defined in a neighborhood of a point c, and suppose that f has derivatives of all orders near c. In section 5 of chapter 9 we introduced
More informationFalse. 1 is a number, the other expressions are invalid.
Ma1023 Calculus III A Term, 2013 Pseudo-Final Exam Print Name: Pancho Bosphorus 1. Mark the following T and F for false, and if it cannot be determined from the given information. 1 = 0 0 = 1. False. 1
More informationSection 4.2: The Mean Value Theorem
Section 4.2: The Mean Value Theorem Before we continue with the problem of describing graphs using calculus we shall briefly pause to examine some interesting applications of the derivative. In previous
More informationMath 1B, lecture 15: Taylor Series
Math B, lecture 5: Taylor Series Nathan Pflueger October 0 Introduction Taylor s theorem shows, in many cases, that the error associated with a Taylor approximation will eventually approach 0 as the degree
More informatione x = 1 + x + x2 2! + x3 If the function f(x) can be written as a power series on an interval I, then the power series is of the form
Taylor Series Given a function f(x), we would like to be able to find a power series that represents the function. For example, in the last section we noted that we can represent e x by the power series
More informationAP Calculus BC. Free-Response Questions
2018 AP Calculus BC Free-Response Questions College Board, Advanced Placement Program, AP, AP Central, and the acorn logo are registered trademarks of the College Board. AP Central is the official online
More informationYou can learn more about the services offered by the teaching center by visiting
MAC 232 Exam 3 Review Spring 209 This review, produced by the Broward Teaching Center, contains a collection of questions which are representative of the type you may encounter on the exam. Other resources
More informationAP CALCULUS BC 2009 SCORING GUIDELINES
AP CALCULUS BC 009 SCORING GUIDELINES Question 6 The Maclaurin series for by f( x) = x e is 3 n x x x x e = 1 + x + + + + +. The continuous function f is defined 6 n! ( x 1) e 1 for x 1 and f () 1 = 1.
More informationAPPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION
6 APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION 6.5 Average Value of a Function In this section, we will learn about: Applying integration to find out the average value of a function. AVERAGE
More informationTaylor and Maclaurin Series. Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
11.10 Taylor and Maclaurin Series Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. We start by supposing that f is any function that can be represented by a power series f(x)= c 0 +c 1 (x a)+c 2 (x a)
More informationTaylor Series. richard/math230 These notes are taken from Calculus Vol I, by Tom M. Apostol,
Taylor Series Professor Richard Blecksmith richard@math.niu.edu Dept. of Mathematical Sciences Northern Illinois University http://math.niu.edu/ richard/math230 These notes are taken from Calculus Vol
More information8.5 Taylor Polynomials and Taylor Series
8.5. TAYLOR POLYNOMIALS AND TAYLOR SERIES 50 8.5 Taylor Polynomials and Taylor Series Motivating Questions In this section, we strive to understand the ideas generated by the following important questions:
More informationSection 9.7 and 9.10: Taylor Polynomials and Approximations/Taylor and Maclaurin Series
Section 9.7 and 9.10: Taylor Polynomials and Approximations/Taylor and Maclaurin Series Power Series for Functions We can create a Power Series (or polynomial series) that can approximate a function around
More informationPractice Final Exam Solutions
Important Notice: To prepare for the final exam, study past exams and practice exams, and homeworks, quizzes, and worksheets, not just this practice final. A topic not being on the practice final does
More information10.1 Approximating f (x): Taylor Polynomials. f (x) is back. Approximate behavior of f (x) at (a, f (a))? Degree 0 Taylor polynomial: f (a)
10.1 Approximating f (x): Taylor Polynomials f (x) is back. Approximate behavior of f (x) at (a, f (a))? Degree 0 Taylor polynomial: f (a) 10.1 Approximating f (x): Taylor Polynomials f (x) is back. Approximate
More informationf ( c ) = lim{x->c} (f(x)-f(c))/(x-c) = lim{x->c} (1/x - 1/c)/(x-c) = lim {x->c} ( (c - x)/( c x)) / (x-c) = lim {x->c} -1/( c x) = - 1 / x 2
There are 9 problems, most with multiple parts. The Derivative #1. Define f: R\{0} R by [f(x) = 1/x] Use the definition of derivative (page 1 of Differentiation notes, or Def. 4.1.1, Lebl) to find, the
More informationWebAssign Lesson 6-3 Taylor Series (Homework)
WebAssign Lesson 6-3 Taylor Series (Homework) Current Score : / 56 Due : Tuesday, August 5 204 0:59 AM MDT Jaimos Skriletz Math 75, section 3, Summer 2 204 Instructor: Jaimos Skriletz. /4 points Consider
More informationFinal Examination 201-NYA-05 May 18, 2018
. ( points) Evaluate each of the following limits. 3x x + (a) lim x x 3 8 x + sin(5x) (b) lim x sin(x) (c) lim x π/3 + sec x ( (d) x x + 5x ) (e) lim x 5 x lim x 5 + x 6. (3 points) What value of c makes
More informationHomework 4 Solutions, 2/2/7
Homework 4 Solutions, 2/2/7 Question Given that the number a is such that the following limit L exists, determine a and L: x 3 a L x 3 x 2 7x + 2. We notice that the denominator x 2 7x + 2 factorizes as
More informationPower Series. x n. Using the ratio test. n n + 1. x n+1 n 3. = lim x. lim n + 1. = 1 < x < 1. Then r = 1 and I = ( 1, 1) ( 1) n 1 x n.
.8 Power Series. n x n x n n Using the ratio test. lim x n+ n n + lim x n n + so r and I (, ). By the ratio test. n Then r and I (, ). n x < ( ) n x n < x < n lim x n+ n (n + ) x n lim xn n (n + ) x
More informationMATH 1231 MATHEMATICS 1B Calculus Section 4.4: Taylor & Power series.
MATH 1231 MATHEMATICS 1B 2010. For use in Dr Chris Tisdell s lectures. Calculus Section 4.4: Taylor & Power series. 1. What is a Taylor series? 2. Convergence of Taylor series 3. Common Maclaurin series
More informationFormulas that must be memorized:
Formulas that must be memorized: Position, Velocity, Acceleration Speed is increasing when v(t) and a(t) have the same signs. Speed is decreasing when v(t) and a(t) have different signs. Section I: Limits
More informationAnnouncements. Topics: Homework: - sections , 6.1 (extreme values) * Read these sections and study solved examples in your textbook!
Announcements Topics: - sections 5.2 5.7, 6.1 (extreme values) * Read these sections and study solved examples in your textbook! Homework: - review lecture notes thoroughly - work on practice problems
More informationMA 162 FINAL EXAM PRACTICE PROBLEMS Spring Find the angle between the vectors v = 2i + 2j + k and w = 2i + 2j k. C.
MA 6 FINAL EXAM PRACTICE PROBLEMS Spring. Find the angle between the vectors v = i + j + k and w = i + j k. cos 8 cos 5 cos D. cos 7 E. cos. Find a such that u = i j + ak and v = i + j + k are perpendicular.
More information3.4 Introduction to power series
3.4 Introduction to power series Definition 3.4.. A polynomial in the variable x is an expression of the form n a i x i = a 0 + a x + a 2 x 2 + + a n x n + a n x n i=0 or a n x n + a n x n + + a 2 x 2
More information1S11: Calculus for students in Science
1S11: Calculus for students in Science Dr. Vladimir Dotsenko TCD Lecture 21 Dr. Vladimir Dotsenko (TCD) 1S11: Calculus for students in Science Lecture 21 1 / 1 An important announcement There will be no
More informationCalculus I Announcements
Slide 1 Calculus I Announcements Read sections 4.2,4.3,4.4,4.1 and 5.3 Do the homework from sections 4.2,4.3,4.4,4.1 and 5.3 Exam 3 is Thursday, November 12th See inside for a possible exam question. Slide
More informationAs f and g are differentiable functions such that. f (x) = 20e 2x, g (x) = 4e 2x + 4xe 2x,
srinivasan (rs7) Sample Midterm srinivasan (690) This print-out should have 0 questions. Multiple-choice questions may continue on the next column or page find all choices before answering. Determine if
More informationChapter 11. Taylor Series. Josef Leydold Mathematical Methods WS 2018/19 11 Taylor Series 1 / 27
Chapter 11 Taylor Series Josef Leydold Mathematical Methods WS 2018/19 11 Taylor Series 1 / 27 First-Order Approximation We want to approximate function f by some simple function. Best possible approximation
More informationMath 221 Notes on Rolle s Theorem, The Mean Value Theorem, l Hôpital s rule, and the Taylor-Maclaurin formula. 1. Two theorems
Math 221 Notes on Rolle s Theorem, The Mean Value Theorem, l Hôpital s rule, and the Taylor-Maclaurin formula 1. Two theorems Rolle s Theorem. If a function y = f(x) is differentiable for a x b and if
More informationSuppose that f is continuous on [a, b] and differentiable on (a, b). Then
Lectures 1/18 Derivatives and Graphs When we have a picture of the graph of a function f(x), we can make a picture of the derivative f (x) using the slopes of the tangents to the graph of f. In this section
More informationAP Calculus BC 2015 Free-Response Questions
AP Calculus BC 05 Free-Response Questions 05 The College Board. College Board, Advanced Placement Program, AP, AP Central, and the acorn logo are registered trademarks of the College Board. AP Central
More informationMath 131. The Derivative and the Tangent Line Problem Larson Section 2.1
Math 131. The Derivative and the Tangent Line Problem Larson Section.1 From precalculus, the secant line through the two points (c, f(c)) and (c +, f(c + )) is given by m sec = rise f(c + ) f(c) f(c +
More informationMATHEMATICS AP Calculus (BC) Standard: Number, Number Sense and Operations
Standard: Number, Number Sense and Operations Computation and A. Develop an understanding of limits and continuity. 1. Recognize the types of nonexistence of limits and why they Estimation are nonexistent.
More informationUnit #3 Rules of Differentiation Homework Packet
Unit #3 Rules of Differentiation Homework Packet In the table below, a function is given. Show the algebraic analysis that leads to the derivative of the function. Find the derivative by the specified
More informationReview: Power series define functions. Functions define power series. Taylor series of a function. Taylor polynomials of a function.
Taylor Series (Sect. 10.8) Review: Power series define functions. Functions define power series. Taylor series of a function. Taylor polynomials of a function. Review: Power series define functions Remarks:
More informationSolutions to Math 1b Midterm II
Solutions to Math b Midterm II Tuesday, pril 8, 006. (6 points) Suppose that the power series a n(x + ) n converges if x = 7 and diverges if x = 7. ecide which of the following series must converge, must
More informationThe First Derivative and Second Derivative Test
The First Derivative and Second Derivative Test James K. Peterson Department of Biological Sciences and Department of Mathematical Sciences Clemson University April 9, 2018 Outline 1 Extremal Values 2
More informationTest for Increasing and Decreasing Theorem 5 Let f(x) be continuous on [a, b] and differentiable on (a, b).
Definition of Increasing and Decreasing A function f(x) is increasing on an interval if for any two numbers x 1 and x in the interval with x 1 < x, then f(x 1 ) < f(x ). As x gets larger, y = f(x) gets
More informationTopics Covered in Calculus BC
Topics Covered in Calculus BC Calculus BC Correlation 5 A Functions, Graphs, and Limits 1. Analysis of graphs 2. Limits or functions (including one sides limits) a. An intuitive understanding of the limiting
More informationMath 106 Fall 2014 Exam 2.1 October 31, ln(x) x 3 dx = 1. 2 x 2 ln(x) + = 1 2 x 2 ln(x) + 1. = 1 2 x 2 ln(x) 1 4 x 2 + C
Math 6 Fall 4 Exam. October 3, 4. The following questions have to do with the integral (a) Evaluate dx. Use integration by parts (x 3 dx = ) ( dx = ) x3 x dx = x x () dx = x + x x dx = x + x 3 dx dx =
More informationReview Guideline for Final
Review Guideline for Final Here is the outline of the required skills for the final exam. Please read it carefully and find some corresponding homework problems in the corresponding sections to practice.
More informationc n (x a) n c 0 c 1 (x a) c 2 (x a) 2...
3 CHAPTER 6 SERIES SOLUTIONS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS 6. REVIEW OF POWER SERIES REVIEW MATERIAL Infinite series of constants, p-series, harmonic series, alternating harmonic series, geometric series, tests
More informationMA1021 Calculus I B Term, Sign:
MA1021 Calculus I B Term, 2014 Final Exam Print Name: Sign: Write up your solutions neatly and show all your work. 1. (28 pts) Compute each of the following derivatives: You do not have to simplify your
More informationWeek #6 - Taylor Series, Derivatives and Graphs Section 10.1
Week #6 - Taylor Series, Derivatives and Graphs Section 10.1 From Calculus, Single Variable by Hughes-Hallett, Gleason, McCallum et. al. Copyright 005 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. This material is used by
More informationThe First Derivative and Second Derivative Test
The First Derivative and Second Derivative Test James K. Peterson Department of Biological Sciences and Department of Mathematical Sciences Clemson University November 8, 2017 Outline Extremal Values The
More informationCaculus 221. Possible questions for Exam II. March 19, 2002
Caculus 221 Possible questions for Exam II March 19, 2002 These notes cover the recent material in a style more like the lecture than the book. The proofs in the book are in section 1-11. At the end there
More informationMAT137 Calculus! Lecture 48
official website http://uoft.me/mat137 MAT137 Calculus! Lecture 48 Today: Taylor Series Applications Next: Final Exams Important Taylor Series and their Radii of Convergence 1 1 x = e x = n=0 n=0 x n n!
More informationFinal exam (practice) UCLA: Math 31B, Spring 2017
Instructor: Noah White Date: Final exam (practice) UCLA: Math 3B, Spring 207 This exam has 8 questions, for a total of 80 points. Please print your working and answers neatly. Write your solutions in the
More informationError Bounds in Power Series
Error Bounds in Power Series When using a power series to approximate a function (usually a Taylor Series), we often want to know how large any potential error is on a specified interval. There are two
More information10.1 Sequences. Example: A sequence is a function f(n) whose domain is a subset of the integers. Notation: *Note: n = 0 vs. n = 1.
10.1 Sequences Example: A sequence is a function f(n) whose domain is a subset of the integers. Notation: *Note: n = 0 vs. n = 1 Examples: EX1: Find a formula for the general term a n of the sequence,
More informationJUST THE MATHS UNIT NUMBER DIFFERENTIATION APPLICATIONS 5 (Maclaurin s and Taylor s series) A.J.Hobson
JUST THE MATHS UNIT NUMBER.5 DIFFERENTIATION APPLICATIONS 5 (Maclaurin s and Taylor s series) by A.J.Hobson.5. Maclaurin s series.5. Standard series.5.3 Taylor s series.5.4 Exercises.5.5 Answers to exercises
More informationContinuity. MATH 161 Calculus I. J. Robert Buchanan. Fall Department of Mathematics
Continuity MATH 161 Calculus I J. Robert Buchanan Department of Mathematics Fall 2017 Intuitive Idea A process or an item can be described as continuous if it exists without interruption. The mathematical
More informationMATH 1372, SECTION 33, MIDTERM 3 REVIEW ANSWERS
MATH 1372, SECTION 33, MIDTERM 3 REVIEW ANSWERS 1. We have one theorem whose conclusion says an alternating series converges. We have another theorem whose conclusion says an alternating series diverges.
More informationMAT 1339-S14 Class 4
MAT 9-S4 Class 4 July 4, 204 Contents Curve Sketching. Concavity and the Second Derivative Test.................4 Simple Rational Functions........................ 2.5 Putting It All Together.........................
More informationThe function graphed below is continuous everywhere. The function graphed below is NOT continuous everywhere, it is discontinuous at x 2 and
Section 1.4 Continuity A function is a continuous at a point if its graph has no gaps, holes, breaks or jumps at that point. If a function is not continuous at a point, then we say it is discontinuous
More informationTEST CODE: MMA (Objective type) 2015 SYLLABUS
TEST CODE: MMA (Objective type) 2015 SYLLABUS Analytical Reasoning Algebra Arithmetic, geometric and harmonic progression. Continued fractions. Elementary combinatorics: Permutations and combinations,
More informationMultiple Choice. (c) 1 (d)
Multiple Choice.(5 pts.) Find the sum of the geometric series n=0 ( ) n. (c) (d).(5 pts.) Find the 5 th Maclaurin polynomial for the function f(x) = sin x. (Recall that Maclaurin polynomial is another
More informationHomework Problem Answers
Homework Problem Answers Integration by Parts. (x + ln(x + x. 5x tan 9x 5 ln sec 9x 9 8 (. 55 π π + 6 ln 4. 9 ln 9 (ln 6 8 8 5. (6 + 56 0/ 6. 6 x sin x +6cos x. ( + x e x 8. 4/e 9. 5 x [sin(ln x cos(ln
More informationCalculus. Weijiu Liu. Department of Mathematics University of Central Arkansas 201 Donaghey Avenue, Conway, AR 72035, USA
Calculus Weijiu Liu Department of Mathematics University of Central Arkansas 201 Donaghey Avenue, Conway, AR 72035, USA 1 Opening Welcome to your Calculus I class! My name is Weijiu Liu. I will guide you
More information1 Exam 1 Spring 2007.
Exam Spring 2007.. An object is moving along a line. At each time t, its velocity v(t is given by v(t = t 2 2 t 3. Find the total distance traveled by the object from time t = to time t = 5. 2. Use the
More information