ENERGY THE PHYSICS OF

Transcription

1 THE PHYSICS OF ENERGY An attempt to develop and encourage adoption of a course on the scientific foundation of energy sources, uses, and systems. with Wati Taylor, MIT ROBERT L. JAFFE WASHINGTON TAYLOR

2 Teaching the Physics of Energy

3 Teaching the Physics of Energy A couple of lessons from Sid s life

4 Teaching the Physics of Energy A couple of lessons from Sid s life Research, teaching, and service to society merged together and amplified one another in Sid s long career.

5 Teaching the Physics of Energy A couple of lessons from Sid s life Research, teaching, and service to society merged together and amplified one another in Sid s long career. Sid made great contributions to in early and mid career and then did something different.

6 Teaching the Physics of Energy A couple of lessons from Sid s life Research, teaching, and service to society merged together and amplified one another in Sid s long career. Sid made great contributions to in early and mid career and then did something different. And one lesson I (f.b.o.f.w.) ignored

7 Teaching the Physics of Energy A couple of lessons from Sid s life Research, teaching, and service to society merged together and amplified one another in Sid s long career. Sid made great contributions to in early and mid career and then did something different. And one lesson I (f.b.o.f.w.) ignored If you start to write a book and at any time think of laying it aside, you ll be ahead

8 Why Physics of Energy?

9 Why Physics of Energy? I. Critical scientific problem for civilization in the 21 st century.

10 Why Physics of Energy? I. Critical scientific problem for civilization in the 21 st century. II. Excellent integrative capstone course for undergraduate curriculum.

11 Why Physics of Energy? I. Critical scientific problem for civilization in the 21 st century. II. III. Excellent integrative capstone course for undergraduate curriculum. Foundational science course for energy credential.

12 Why Physics of Energy? I. Critical scientific problem for civilization in the 21 st century. II. III. What? Excellent integrative capstone course for undergraduate curriculum. Foundational science course for energy credential.

13 Why Physics of Energy? I. Critical scientific problem for civilization in the 21 st century. II. III. What? Excellent integrative capstone course for undergraduate curriculum. Foundational science course for energy credential. Survey of sources and uses of energy and energy systems for a technically literate audience

14 Why Physics of Energy? I. Critical scientific problem for civilization in the 21 st century. II. III. What? Excellent integrative capstone course for undergraduate curriculum. Foundational science course for energy credential. Survey of sources and uses of energy and energy systems for a technically literate audience Prerequisites: 2 terms of freshman calculus, 2 terms of w. calculus, 1 term university chemistry

15 Why Physics of Energy? I. Critical scientific problem for civilization in the 21 st century. II. III. What? Excellent integrative capstone course for undergraduate curriculum. Foundational science course for energy credential. Survey of sources and uses of energy and energy systems for a technically literate audience Prerequisites: 2 terms of freshman calculus, 2 terms of w. calculus, 1 term university chemistry

16 Why Physics of Energy? I. Critical scientific problem for civilization in the 21 st century. II. III. What? Excellent integrative capstone course for undergraduate curriculum. Foundational science course for energy credential. Survey of sources and uses of energy and energy systems for a technically literate audience Prerequisites: 2 terms of freshman calculus, 2 terms of w. calculus, 1 term university chemistry

17 Why Physics of Energy? I. Critical scientific problem for civilization in the 21 st century. II. III. What? Excellent integrative capstone course for undergraduate curriculum. Foundational science course for energy credential. Survey of sources and uses of energy and energy systems for a technically literate audience Prerequisites: 2 terms of freshman calculus, 2 terms of w. calculus, 1 term university chemistry

18 I. THE PROBLEM: Sustainable energy for an energy hungry world

19 I. THE PROBLEM: Sustainable energy for an energy hungry world World Population (billions)

20 I. THE PROBLEM: Sustainable energy for an energy hungry world World Population (billions) Per capita energy use (Gigajoules/year)

21 I. THE PROBLEM: Sustainable energy for an energy hungry world World Population (billions) Per capita energy use (Gigajoules/year) World energy use (Exojoules J)

22 I. THE PROBLEM: Sustainable energy for an energy hungry world World Population (billions) Per capita energy use (Gigajoules/year) World energy use (Exojoules J)

23 I. THE PROBLEM: Sustainable energy for an energy hungry world World Population (billions) Per capita energy use (Gigajoules/year) World energy use (Exojoules J) Integrated global carbon emissions

24

25 Three Gorges Dam capacity 22.5 GW To supply world primary energy needs entirely from Hydro: 775 x Three Gorges 100% capacity

26 Three Gorges Dam capacity 22.5 GW 550,000 t capacity ultra-large tanker To supply world primary energy needs entirely from Hydro: 775 x Three Gorges 100% capacity Oil: 57 ultra large tankers per day

27 Three Gorges Dam capacity 22.5 GW 120 cars 120 t/car 15,000 t/train 550,000 t capacity ultra-large tanker To supply world primary energy needs entirely from Hydro: 775 x Three Gorges 100% capacity Coal: car coal trains per hour Oil: 57 ultra large tankers per day

28 Three Gorges Dam capacity 22.5 GW 120 cars 120 t/car 15,000 t/train 550,000 t capacity ultra-large tanker 1 km 2 PV array in equatorial desert To supply world primary energy needs entirely from Hydro: 775 x Three Gorges 100% capacity Coal: car coal trains per hour Oil: 57 ultra large tankers per day Solar PV: 1,000,000 km 2 in equatorial deserts

29

30 SCIENCE

31 ECONOMICS & SOCIAL SCIENCE POLICY, POLITICS & REGULATION SCIENCE

32 II. THE COURSE: A GAP IN THE PEDAGOGICAL SPECTRUM

33 II. THE COURSE: A GAP IN THE PEDAGOGICAL SPECTRUM

34 II. THE COURSE: A GAP IN THE PEDAGOGICAL SPECTRUM Physics for poets

35 II. THE COURSE: A GAP IN THE PEDAGOGICAL SPECTRUM Physics for poets No equations Few derivations Energy & environment Mix of, economics, policy, & regulation Physics for future presidents Berkeley (Richard Muller) No prior is required. In fact, even if you had no in high school, you will not be at a disadvantage.

36 II. THE COURSE: A GAP IN THE PEDAGOGICAL SPECTRUM Physics for poets Technical specialities No equations Few derivations Energy & environment Mix of, economics, policy, & regulation Physics for future presidents Berkeley (Richard Muller) No prior is required. In fact, even if you had no in high school, you will not be at a disadvantage.

37 II. THE COURSE: A GAP IN THE PEDAGOGICAL SPECTRUM Physics for poets Technical specialities No equations Few derivations Energy & environment Mix of, economics, policy, & regulation Physics for future presidents Berkeley (Richard Muller) No prior is required. In fact, even if you had no in high school, you will not be at a disadvantage. Advanced undergrad or grad Specialized to one technology Engineering style Thermal fluids engineering Electric power systems Electrochemical energy systems Engineering nuclear systems A few from MIT s catalog

38 II. THE COURSE: A GAP IN THE PEDAGOGICAL SPECTRUM Physics for poets Technical specialities No equations Few derivations Energy & environment Mix of, economics, policy, & regulation Physics for future presidents Berkeley (Richard Muller) No prior is required. In fact, even if you had no in high school, you will not be at a disadvantage. Advanced undergrad or grad Specialized to one technology Engineering style Thermal fluids engineering Electric power systems Electrochemical energy systems Engineering nuclear systems A few from MIT s catalog

39 II. THE COURSE: A GAP IN THE PEDAGOGICAL SPECTRUM Physics for poets Technical specialities No equations Few derivations Energy & environment Mix of, economics, policy, & regulation Physics for future presidents Berkeley (Richard Muller) No prior is required. In fact, even if you had no in high school, you will not be at a disadvantage. Physics centric Advanced undergrad or grad Specialized to one technology Engineering style Thermal fluids engineering Electric power systems Electrochemical energy systems Engineering nuclear systems A few from MIT s catalog

40 II. THE COURSE: A GAP IN THE PEDAGOGICAL SPECTRUM Physics for poets Technical specialities No equations Few derivations Energy & environment Mix of, economics, policy, & regulation Physics for future presidents Berkeley (Richard Muller) No prior is required. In fact, even if you had no in high school, you will not be at a disadvantage. Physics centric Technical survey for undergraduates starting from fundamentals Advanced undergrad or grad Specialized to one technology Engineering style Thermal fluids engineering Electric power systems Electrochemical energy systems Engineering nuclear systems A few from MIT s catalog

41 II. THE COURSE: A GAP IN THE PEDAGOGICAL SPECTRUM Physics for poets Technical specialities No equations Few derivations Energy & environment Mix of, economics, policy, & regulation Physics for future presidents Berkeley (Richard Muller) No prior is required. In fact, even if you had no in high school, you will not be at a disadvantage. Physics centric Technical survey for undergraduates starting from fundamentals Accessible broadly to science and engineering majors Advanced undergrad or grad Specialized to one technology Engineering style Thermal fluids engineering Electric power systems Electrochemical energy systems Engineering nuclear systems A few from MIT s catalog

42 II. THE COURSE: A GAP IN THE PEDAGOGICAL SPECTRUM Physics for poets Technical specialities No equations Few derivations Energy & environment Mix of, economics, policy, & regulation Physics for future presidents Berkeley (Richard Muller) No prior is required. In fact, even if you had no in high school, you will not be at a disadvantage. Physics centric Technical survey for undergraduates starting from fundamentals Accessible broadly to science and engineering majors Energy through the lens of and Physics through the lens of energy Advanced undergrad or grad Specialized to one technology Engineering style Thermal fluids engineering Electric power systems Electrochemical energy systems Engineering nuclear systems A few from MIT s catalog

43 THE PHYSICS CORE: Energy flow in the Universe and on Earth

44 THE PHYSICS CORE: Energy flow in the Universe and on Earth Matter collapsing under gravity Nuclear fusion in stars GRAVITY ELECTROMAGNETISM STRONG INTERACTIONS WEAK INTERACTIONS

45 THE PHYSICS CORE: Energy flow in the Universe and on Earth Matter collapsing under gravity Nuclear fusion in stars GRAVITY ELECTROMAGNETISM STRONG INTERACTIONS WEAK INTERACTIONS SOLAR FUSION CYCLE Nucleosynthesis Fissionable isotopes Fusion fuels Radioactive isotopes Nuclear fission power Fusion power

46 THE PHYSICS CORE: Energy flow in the Universe and on Earth Matter collapsing under gravity Nuclear fusion in stars GRAVITY ELECTROMAGNETISM STRONG INTERACTIONS WEAK INTERACTIONS SOLAR FUSION CYCLE Nucleosynthesis Fissionable isotopes Fusion fuels Radioactive isotopes Nuclear fission power Fusion power

47 THE PHYSICS CORE: Energy flow in the Universe and on Earth Matter collapsing under gravity Nuclear fusion in stars Nucleosynthesis Fissionable isotopes Fusion fuels Radioactive isotopes Nuclear fission power Fusion power

48 THE PHYSICS CORE: Energy flow in the Universe and on Earth Matter collapsing under gravity Nuclear fusion in stars Sunlight Nucleosynthesis Fossil fuels Hydro power Solar thermal energy Wind Solar voltaic energy Fissionable isotopes Fusion fuels Radioactive isotopes Nuclear fission power Fusion power

49 THE PHYSICS CORE: Energy flow in the Universe and on Earth Matter collapsing under gravity Nuclear fusion in stars Sunlight SEMICONDUCTOR Nucleosynthesis PHYSICS Fossil fuels Hydro power Solar thermal energy Wind Solar voltaic energy Fissionable isotopes Fusion fuels Radioactive isotopes Nuclear fission power Fusion power

50 THE PHYSICS CORE: Energy flow in the Universe and on Earth Matter collapsing under gravity Nuclear fusion in stars Sunlight SEMICONDUCTOR Nucleosynthesis PHYSICS Fossil fuels Hydro power Solar thermal energy Wind Solar voltaic energy Fissionable isotopes Fusion fuels Radioactive isotopes FLUID DYNAMICS Nuclear fission power Fusion power

51 THE PHYSICS CORE: Energy flow in the Universe and on Earth Matter collapsing under gravity Nuclear fusion in stars Sunlight Nucleosynthesis Fossil fuels Hydro power Solar thermal energy Wind Solar voltaic energy Fissionable isotopes Fusion fuels Radioactive isotopes Nuclear fission power Fusion power

52 THE PHYSICS CORE: Energy flow in the Universe and on Earth Matter collapsing under gravity Nuclear fusion in stars Sunlight Nucleosynthesis Fossil fuels Hydro power Solar thermal energy Wind Solar voltaic energy Fissionable isotopes Fusion fuels Radioactive isotopes Nuclear fission power Fusion power

53 THE PHYSICS CORE: Energy flow in the Universe and on Earth Matter collapsing under gravity Nuclear fusion in stars Sunlight Nucleosynthesis Fossil fuels Hydro power Solar thermal energy Wind Solar voltaic energy Fissionable isotopes Fusion fuels Radioactive isotopes Tidal energy Nuclear fission power Fusion power Geothermal energy

54 PEDAGOGY: WHY QUANTUM?

55 PEDAGOGY: WHY QUANTUM? QUANTUM MECHANICS

56 PEDAGOGY: WHY QUANTUM? QUANTUM MECHANICS QUANTIZATION OF ENERGY ABSORPTION & EMISSION SPECTRA RADIATIVE CAPTURE MOLECULAR HEAT CAPACITIES PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT

57 PEDAGOGY: WHY QUANTUM? QUANTUM MECHANICS QUANTA QUANTIZATION OF ENERGY ABSORPTION & EMISSION SPECTRA RADIATIVE CAPTURE MOLECULAR HEAT CAPACITIES PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT BLACK BODY RADIATION ENERGY-FREQUENCY CONNECTION FOR EM RADIATION

58 PEDAGOGY: WHY QUANTUM? QUANTUM MECHANICS TUNNELING BAND STRUCTURE OF SOLIDS ALPHA DECAY NUCLEAR FUSION QUANTIZATION OF ENERGY QUANTA NUCLEAR FISSION ABSORPTION & EMISSION SPECTRA RADIATIVE CAPTURE MOLECULAR HEAT CAPACITIES PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT BLACK BODY RADIATION ENERGY-FREQUENCY CONNECTION FOR EM RADIATION

59 PEDAGOGY: WHY STAT MECH?

60 PEDAGOGY: WHY STAT MECH? STATISTICAL MECHANICS (BEYOND THERMODYNAMICS)

61 PEDAGOGY: WHY STAT MECH? STATISTICAL MECHANICS (BEYOND THERMODYNAMICS) ENTROPY 2 ND LAW FREE ENERGY CARNOT LIMIT EXERGY AND THE QUALITY OF ENERGY RESOURCES REVERSIBILITY

62 PEDAGOGY: WHY STAT MECH? STATISTICAL MECHANICS (BEYOND THERMODYNAMICS) ENTROPY 2 ND LAW FREE ENERGY CARNOT LIMIT REVERSIBILITY BOLTZMANN DISTRIBUTION EXERGY AND THE QUALITY OF ENERGY RESOURCES BLACK BODY RADIATION FREEZING OUT OF DEGREES OF FREEDOM GAMOW WINDOW FOR FUSION

63 WHERE TO DRAW THE LINE BETWEEN THEORY AND PRACTICE? On each topic, must decide where to draw the line between basic principles and engineering and design principles. ENGINEERING & DESIGN LAWS OF PHYSICS PHYSICS ANALYSIS DESIGN PRINCIPLES RESOURCE CHARACTERIZATION

64 WHERE TO DRAW THE LINE BETWEEN THEORY AND PRACTICE? On each topic, must decide where to draw the line between basic principles and engineering and design principles. ENGINEERING & DESIGN LAWS OF PHYSICS PHYSICS ANALYSIS DESIGN PRINCIPLES RESOURCE CHARACTERIZATION

65 WHERE TO DRAW THE LINE BETWEEN THEORY AND PRACTICE? On each topic, must decide where to draw the line between basic principles and engineering and design principles. ENGINEERING & DESIGN LAWS OF PHYSICS PHYSICS ANALYSIS DESIGN PRINCIPLES RESOURCE CHARACTERIZATION

66 WHERE TO DRAW THE LINE BETWEEN THEORY AND PRACTICE? On each topic, must decide where to draw the line between basic principles and engineering and design principles. ENGINEERING & DESIGN LAWS OF PHYSICS PHYSICS ANALYSIS Resolution: follow the through its applications DESIGN PRINCIPLES RESOURCE CHARACTERIZATION

67 EXAMPLE: WIND ENERGY

68 EXAMPLE: WIND ENERGY ENGINEERING & DESIGN LAWS OF PHYSICS PHYSICS ANALYSIS DESIGN PRINCIPLES RESOURCE CHARACTERIZATION

69 EXAMPLE: WIND ENERGY LAWS OF PHYSICS PHYSICS ANALYSIS ENGINEERING & DESIGN DESIGN PRINCIPLES RESOURCE CHARACTERIZATION

70 EXAMPLE: WIND ENERGY What is a fluid? LAWS OF PHYSICS Navier Stokes Fluid flow viscosity, vorticity, laminar flow & turbulent flow Reynolds number PHYSICS ANALYSIS ENGINEERING & DESIGN DESIGN PRINCIPLES RESOURCE CHARACTERIZATION

71 EXAMPLE: WIND ENERGY What is a fluid? LAWS OF PHYSICS Fluid flow viscosity, vorticity, laminar flow Reynolds number PHYSICS ANALYSIS ENGINEERING & DESIGN DESIGN PRINCIPLES RESOURCE CHARACTERIZATION

72 EXAMPLE: WIND ENERGY What is a fluid? LAWS OF PHYSICS Fluid flow viscosity, vorticity, laminar flow Reynolds number Bernoulli s principle Betz s limit Thermal fluids PHYSICS ANALYSIS Lift Circulation Kutta-Zhukovskii Thm ENGINEERING & DESIGN DESIGN PRINCIPLES RESOURCE CHARACTERIZATION

73 EXAMPLE: WIND ENERGY What is a fluid? LAWS OF PHYSICS Fluid flow viscosity, vorticity, laminar flow Reynolds number Bernoulli s principle Betz s limit PHYSICS ANALYSIS Lift Circulation Kutta-Zhukovskii Thm ENGINEERING & DESIGN DESIGN PRINCIPLES RESOURCE CHARACTERIZATION

74 EXAMPLE: WIND ENERGY What is a fluid? LAWS OF PHYSICS Fluid flow viscosity, vorticity, laminar flow Reynolds number Bernoulli s principle Betz s limit PHYSICS ANALYSIS Lift Circulation Kutta-Zhukovskii Thm ENGINEERING & DESIGN Airfoils Axial momentum theory DESIGN PRINCIPLES RESOURCE CHARACTERIZATION

75 EXAMPLE: WIND ENERGY What is a fluid? LAWS OF PHYSICS Fluid flow viscosity, vorticity, laminar flow Reynolds number Bernoulli s principle Betz s limit PHYSICS ANALYSIS Lift Circulation Kutta-Zhukovskii Thm Weibull distributions & intermittency ENGINEERING & DESIGN Airfoils Axial momentum theory DESIGN PRINCIPLES RESOURCE CHARACTERIZATION Wind roses and atlases Height distribution and surface roughness

76 EXAMPLE: WIND ENERGY What is a fluid? LAWS OF PHYSICS Fluid flow viscosity, vorticity, laminar flow Reynolds number Bernoulli s principle Betz s limit PHYSICS ANALYSIS Lift Circulation Kutta-Zhukovskii Thm Weibull distributions & intermittency ENGINEERING & DESIGN Airfoils Axial momentum theory DESIGN PRINCIPLES RESOURCE CHARACTERIZATION Height distribution and surface roughness Wind roses and atlases Blade element theory Stall & rotor control

77 THE PHYSICS OF ENERGY ROBERT L. JAFFE WASHINGTON TAYLOR

78 Thank you! If your task was to jump-start civilization, but had access to only one book, then The Physics of Energy would be your choice. Professors Taylor and Jaffe have written a comprehensive, thorough, and relevant treatise. It s an energizing read as a stand-alone book, but it should also be a course, offered at every college, lest we mismanage our collective role as shepherds of our energy-hungry, energydependent civilization. Neil degrasse Tyson, Astrophysicist, American Museum of Natural History THE PHYSICS OF ENERGY ROBERT L. JAFFE WASHINGTON TAYLOR

79 Thank you! If your task was to jump-start civilization, but had access to only one book, then The Physics of Energy would be your choice. Professors Taylor and Jaffe have written a comprehensive, thorough, and relevant treatise. It s an energizing read as a stand-alone book, but it should also be a course, offered at every college, lest we mismanage our collective role as shepherds of our energy-hungry, energydependent civilization. Neil degrasse Tyson, Astrophysicist, American Museum of Natural History AVAILABLE MID-FEBRUARY THE PHYSICS OF ENERGY ROBERT L. JAFFE WASHINGTON TAYLOR