V I S U A L I Z I N G

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1 V I S U A L I Z I N G P r e p a r e d B y : D a w n M o r e, A l g o n q u i n C o l l e g e C h a p t e r 1 2 : P e r s o n a l i t y Media Enhanced PowerPoint Presentation 2 L e c t u r e O v e r v i e w Trait Theories Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Theories Humanistic Theories Social-Cognitive Theories Biological Theories Personality Assessment 3 1

2 T r a i t L E A R N I N G O B J E C T I V E S 1. Explain how early trait theorists approached the study of p ersona lity. 2. Identify the Big Five personality traits. 3. Summarize the major critiques of trait theory. 4 T r a i t Personality: unique and relatively stable pattern of thoughts, feelings, and actions Traits: relatively stable personal characteristics used to describe someone Key Figures: Early Trait Theorists: Allport, Cattell, Eysenck Modern Trait Theorists: McCrae and Costa Five-Factor Model (FFM) 5 T r a i t T h e o r i s t s : T h e F i v e - F a c t o r M o d e l Openness (original and open to new ideas vs. conventional and narrow in interests) Conscientiousness (responsible and organized vs. irresponsible and careless) Extroversion (sociable and talkative vs. withdrawn and quiet) Agreeableness (trusting and good-natured vs. suspicious and ruthless) Neuroticism (emotionally unstable and moody vs. emotionally stable and easygoing) Study Tip: Note the first letter of each 5 factors OCEAN 6 2

3 P a u s e a n d R e f l e c t : W h y S t u d y P s y c h o l o g y? Psychology helps us understand personality and relationships. For example, place a dot on each line to indicate your traitsof openness, extroversion, etc. Then do the same for your ideal romantic partner. 7 T r a i t T h e o r i s t s : T h e F i v e - F a c t o r M o d e l Researchers asked over 10,000 men and women from 37 countries what they wanted in a mate. They found: high degree of agreement five-factor traitsare at the top of both lists 8 E v a l u a t i n g T r a i t Pro: Evolutionary, cross-cultural, and cross-species studies support five-factor model. Five-factor model helps describe and organize personalitycharacteristics using the fewest number of traits. Con: Lacks explanation and specificity. Ignores situational effects and rule expectations. 9 3

4 P a u s e a n d R e f l e c t : C h e c k & R e v i e w 1. A relatively stable personal characteristic used to describe someone is called a. 2. Tending to be withdrawn, quiet, passive, and reserved is known as on the five-factor model. 10 P s y c h o a n a l y t i c / P s y c h o d y n a m i c L E A R N I N G O B J E C T I V E S : 1. Identify Freud s most basic and controversial contributions to the study of personality. 2. Explain how Adler s, Jung s, and Horney s theories differ from Freud s views. 3. Explore the major criticisms of Freud s psychoanalytic theories. 11 P s y c h o a n a l y t i c / P s y c h o d y n a m i c Psychoanalytic Theories: examines how unconsciousmental forces interplay with thoughts, feelings, and actions Key Figures: Founding Father Freud Neo-Freudians Adler, Jung, Horney 12 4

5 P s y c h o a n a l y t i c / P s y c h o d y n a m i c : L e v e l s o f C o n s c i o u s n e s s Conscious: thoughts or motives person is currently aware of or remembering Preconscious: thoughts, motives, or memories that can be voluntarily brought to mind Unconscious: thoughts, motives, or memories blocked from normal awareness 13 P s y c h o a n a l y t i c / P s y c h o d y n a m i c : P e r s o n a l i t y S t r u c t u r e s Id: instinctual energy (pleasure principle) Ego: rational part of psyche (reality principle) Superego: the conscience (morality principle) 14 P s y c h o a n a l y t i c / P s y c h o d y n a m i c : P e r s o n a l i t y S t r u c t u r e s Defence mechanisms: ego s protective method of reducing anxiety by distorting reality 15 5

6 P s y c h o a n a l y t i c / P s y c h o d y n a m i c : S a m p l e D e f e n c e M e c h a n i s m s 16 P s y c h o a n a l y t i c / P s y c h o d y n a m i c : P s y c h o s e x u a l S t a g e s o f D e v e l o p m e n t Psychosexual Stages: Freudian idea of five developmental periods key to personality development. Oral Stage: birth-18 months Anal Stage: 18 months-3 yrs Phallic Stage: 3-6 yrs Latency Stage: 6 yrs-puberty Genital Stage: puberty-adulthood 17 P s y c h o a n a l y t i c / P s y c h o d y n a m i c : P s y c h o s e x u a l S t a g e s o f D e v e l o p m e n t Freud believed all children pass through five psychosexual stages At each stage the id spleasure seeking energies focus on specific pleasure areas of the body (erogenous zones) 18 6

7 P s y c h o a n a l y t i c / P s y c h o d y n a m i c : N e o - F r e u d i a n T h e o r i s t s Adler: suggested that most people experience an inferiority complex, which later results in a will-to-power Jung: proposed an inherited collective unconscious consisting of archetypes Horney: developed concept of basic anxiety 19 E v a l u a t i n g P s y c h o a n a l y t i c / P s y c h o d y n a m i c Pro: Historical credit for some Freudian concepts (e.g., defence mechanisms) Modern psychodynamic theories use more empirical methods Con: Psychoanalytic concepts difficult to test Overemphasizes biology and unconscious forces Inadequate evidence, sexism, and lack of crosscultural support 20 P a u s e a n d R e f l e c t : C h e c k & R e v i e w 1. Using the iceberg analogy, explain Freud s three levels of consciousness. 2. Describe Freud s five psychosexual stages. 3. What are two examples of Jungian archetypes? 21 7

8 H u m a n i s t i c L E A R N I N G O B J E C T I V E S : 1. Explain the importance of the self in Rogers theory of personality. 2. Describe how Maslow s hierarchy of needs affect personality. 3. Identify three criticisms of humanistic theories. 22 H u m a n i s t i c Humanistic Theories Personalitydevelops from internal experiences (feelings and thoughts) and individual feelings of basic worth. Human nature is innately good (or, at worst, neutral) with a positive drive toward selffulfillment. Key Figures: Rogers and Maslow 23 H u m a n i s t i c : R o g e r s K e y C o n c e p t s Emphasis on the importance of the self. Mental health is related to the degree of congruence between the selfconceptand life experiences. 24 8

9 H u m a n i s t i c : R o g e r s s K e y T e r m s Conditional Positive Regard: positive behaviour toward a person contingent on behaving in certain ways Unconditional Positive Regard: positive behaviour toward a person with no contingencies attached 25 P a u s e a n d R e f l e c t : C r i t i c a l T h i n k i n g As a child did you receive primarily conditional or unconditional positive regard? Did this affect your childhood and/or your adult personality? 26 H u m a n i s t i c : M a s l o w s H i e r a r c h y o f N e e d s Hierarchy of Needs: Maslow s proposal that basic physical necessities must be satisfied before higher-growth needs Self-Actualization: Maslow s belief in an inborn drive to develop all one s talents and capabilities 27 9

10 E v a l u a t i n g H u m a n i s t i c Pro: Many concepts incorporated into successful therapy Con: Naïve assumptions Poor testability and inadequate evidence Narrowness 28 S o c i a l C o g n i t i v e L E A R N I N G O B J E C T I V E S : 1. Explain Bandura s concepts of selfefficacy and reciprocal determinism and how they affect personality. 2. Describe the role that Rotter s concept of locus of control plays in personality. 3. Summarize the attractions and criticisms of the social-cognitive pe rspective on personality. 29 S o c i a l - C o g n i t i v e Social Cognitive Theories Personalityreflects: Individual s interactions with the environment How people think about the world and interpret what happens to them Key Figures: Bandura and Rotter 30 10

11 S o c i a l - C o g n i t i v e : B a n d u r a s K e y T e r m s Self-Efficacy: person s learned belief that one is capable of producing desired results Reciprocal Determinism: cognitions, behaviours, and the environment interact to produce personality 31 E v a l u a t i n g S o c i a l - C o g n i t i v e Pro: Emphasizes how environment affects and is affected by individuals Meets most standards for scientific research Con: Narrow focus Ignores unconsciousand emotional aspects of personality 32 P a u s e a n d R e f l e c t : C h e c k & R e v i e w 1. The approach to personality emphasizes internal experiences and the basic goodness of the individual. 2. Rogers thought was essential to a child s healthy personality development

12 B i o l o g i c a l L E A R N I N G O B J E C T I V E S : 1. Summarize the roles that brain structures and neurochemistry play in personality. 2. Describe how researchers study genetic influences on personality. 3. Describe how the biopsychosocial model integrates different theories of personality. 34 B i o l o g i c a l Three major biological contributors to personality: Brain Structures Neurochemistry Genetic Factors 35 B i o l o g i c a l : B i o p s y c h o s o c i a l M o d e l Biopsychosocial model suggests multiple theories provide different insights and contribute different proportions to personality

13 P e r s o n a l i t y A s s e s s m e n t L E A R N I N G O B J E C T I V E S : 1. Identify the major methods that psychologists use to assess personality, and explore the benefits and limitations of e ach. 2. Summarize the major features of objective personality tests. 3. Explain why psychologists use projectiv e tests to asse ss personality. 37 P e r s o n a l i t y A s s e s s m e n t Four methods to measure personality: Interviews Observations Objective Tests (MMPI) Projective Tests (Rorschach, TAT) 38 E v a l u a t i n g M e t h o d s o f P e r s o n a l i t y A s s e s s m e n t Interviews and Observations Pro: insights Con: time consuming and expensive Projective Tests Pro: insights Con: low reliability and validity Objective Tests Pro: standardized information Con: possible deliberate deception, social desirability bias, diagnostic difficulties, possible cultural bias, and inappropriate use 39 13

14 Web Links Centre for Psychology Resources Personality The Personality Project Personality and Individual Differences Online Psychological and Personality Tests Please enjoy our Online Psychological and Personality Tests and Quizzes links, as well as our guide to Books with Psychological Tests. Included in our site, you will also find information relevant to Psychology, IQ and Vocational Testing, and Psychological Assessment in general. Trait Theory of Personality The trait approach to personality is one of the major theoretical areas in the study of personality. Personality Synopsis Personality Factors M u l t i m e d i a Description of Five Factor Model The five factor model of personality focuses upon those behaviors that you express while dealing with people, changing circumstances and your environment. Face Perception 1 Find out whether your ideal partner is an extrovert or an introvert. The Id, Ego and Superego The Structural Model of Personality Freud s Stages of Psychosexual Development According to Sigmund Freud, personality is mostly established by the age of five. Early experiences play a large role in personality development and continue to influence behavior later in life. Defense Mechanism Because of anxiety provoking demands created by the id, superego and reality, the ego has developed a number of defense mechanisms to cope with anxiety. 40 Web Links M u l t i m e d i a Centre for Psychology Resources Personality Feeling Good and Grades When it comes to education, which comes first, the chicken or the egg? As this ScienCentralNews video reports, education researchers are questioning whether high self-esteem brings academic success or the other way around. Everybody s Above Average If you think you need to make a new year's resolution to better yourself, odds are you're right. As this ScienCentralNews video explains, psychologists who study how we rate ourselves say we consistently over-rate ourselves. Sports Esteem With the Superbowlon the horizon, fans of teams still in the hunt are sure to let you know who they're behind. You might call that gloating, but as this ScienCentralNews video reports, psychologists have a different word for it, and say it has a deeper meaning than just a love of sports. Various Theories Albert Bandura spersonality Theory Personality Synopsis Biological Theory: An Introduction Introduction to Biological & Evolutionary Perspectives on Personality One of the main criticisms of most Western personality theories is that they fall prey to Descartes' mind-body dualism, and treat personality and almost exclusively psychological. Testing and Assessment APA responds to a large number of testing questions each day, ranging from "What guidelines or standards govern testing and assessment?" to "What is APA's stand or viewpoint on a particular testing issue? 41 Web Links Projective Personality Tests Measure Your Sub- Consciousness The projective personality tests claim to measures your underlying personality traits, fears, anxieties and attitudes. Human Metrics Jung Typology Test Using the MBTI & Myers Briggs Personality Types Are you interested learning more about the various applications of Myers-Briggs Type Indicator personality type concepts, the MBTI instrument, and the psychological type framework of Carl Jung to personal & career development, leadership, teamwork, team building, workplace diversity and business management? Personality Test We all see and act with the world around us in different patterns. This quiz will help you understand your inner self: why you behave or make decisions in certain ways. M u l t i m e d i a 42 14

15 Videos Dog Personality (1:31) Do canines have character? As this ScienCentral News video reports, according to one psychologist, personality testing is going to the dogs. Shy Brains (1: 32) Some of us would never go up and talk to strangers at a party, while others may prefer to work the room. As this ScienCentralNews video reports, psychologists could see the signature of shyness imprinted in the brain, from toddlers to twenty-yearolds. M u l t i m e d i a 43 Animations Freud s Defense Mechanisms Have you ever found yourself trying to alleviate internal anxiety by denying something you know is true? Or have you ever justified an unacceptable behaviour by saying something like Everyone else is doing it? If you are like most people, chances are that you have. These are examples of what psychologists call defense mechanisms. M u l t i m e d i a 44 C o p y r i g h t Copyright 2013 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. All rights reserved. Reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Access Copyright (The Canadian Copyright Licensing Agency) is unlawful. Requests for further information should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. The purchaser may make back-up copies for his or her own use only and not for distribution or resale. The author and the publisher assume no responsibility for errors, omissions, or damages caused by the use of these programs or from the use of the information contained herein