Application of Plasma Phenomena Lecture /5/17

Transcription

1 Application of Plasma Phenomena Lecture /5/ /5/16 updated 1

2 There are alternative 2

3 Field reverse configuration is used in Tri-alpha energy *Magneto-Inertial Fusion& Magnetized HED Physics by Bruno S. Bauer, UNR & Magneto-Inertial Fusion Community ** 3

4 Field reverse configuration is used in Tri-alpha energy 4

5 General fusion is a design ready to be migrated to a power plant 5

6 The performance of a fusion plasma has doubled every 1.8 years like the Moore s law Nucl. Fusion 50,

7 We are really closed! Phys. Plasma 17,

8 Outline Introduction to nuclear fusion Magnetic confinement fusion (MCF) Tokamak Stellarator Inertial confinement fusion (ICF) Indirection drive ICF Direct drive ICF Innovation idea MCF + ICF Pulsed-power system at NCKU 8

9 High energy density plasma is the regime that p > 1 Mbar 9

10 A pulsed-power system is much cheaper than a laser facility Facility OMEGA at University of Rochester National Ignition Facility (NIF) at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) Advanced Light Source (ALS) at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in Berkeley (LBNL) Taiwan Photon Source (TPS) at National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center (NSRRC) Pulsed-power system at ISAPS, NCKU Budgets (NTD) ~1.8 billion ~100 billion ~3 billion ~7 billion ~0.002 billion (<0.1 %)!!! 10

11 A pulsed-power machine using Marx Generator is being built ISAPS, NCKU Peak current Rise time Total energy 200 ka ~500 ns 9 kj Power ~10 GW Capacitors 1 uf/each +30 kv -30 kv 21 Unit: cm # of capacitor 20 Voltage ±30 kv In a marx generator, capacitors are connected in parallel during charge period and in series during discharge to provide high voltage output. 11

12 Different wire configurations can be used to generate plasma jets and hard x rays x pinch multi-wires x pinch wire array conical-wire array inverse-wire array radial-wire array radial foil 12

13 Spatial coherent hard x rays can be generated using x pinches for point-projection x-ray radiography x pinch The process of an exploded x pinch Point-projection x-ray radiography We are expecting x-ray yields of couple kev, < 1ns, <10 um, ~5 J in total energy generated in our system. * G. V. Ivanenkov et al. Plasma Physics Reports 34, 619 (2008) * T. A. Shelkovenko et al. Plasma Physics Reports 42, 226 (2016) * T. A. Shelkovenko et al. IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 34, 2336 (2006) * D. H. Kalantar et al. J. Applied Physics 73, 8134 (1993) 13

14 Soft x rays for 3-D x-ray tomographic microscopy can be generated using gas-puff z pinches Line radiation in the range of Å ( ev) with a total energy of 10 J using CO 2 is expected. Anode Gas-puff Cathode Soft x rays (~520eV) from synchrotron radiation at Advanced Light Source (ALS) is used for 3-D x-ray tomographic microscopy. 0.5 um Single line emission in 41.8 / 32.8 nm is expected using Xenon or Krypton. *P. Choi et al. Rev. Sci. Instru. 57, 2162 (1986) *G. Nave et al. J. Appl. Phys. 65, 3385 (1989) *M. Uchida et al. Proc. National Acad. Sci. 106, (2009) 14

15 Plasma jet can be created for laboratory astrophysics and space science A conical-wire array can be used to generate a plasma jet where the flow speed is 200 km/s with Mach number up to 20. The solar wind is a supersonic plasma flow with Mach number 5-10 and the flow speed 400 km/s. * S. V. Lebedev et al. Astrophys. J. 564, 113 (2002) * George K. Parks, Physics of Space Plasmas: An Introduction (Perseus Books (Sd), 1991). 15

16 Hydrodynamic equations can be written in a dimensionless form Dimensional form: + ρρ uu = 00 ρρ uu + uu uu = + uu = γγγγ uu Dimensionless form: ρρ ~ tt ~ + ρρ ~ ~ uu = 00 ρρ ~ ~ uu tt ~ + ~ uu pp ~ ~ uu ~ tt ~ + uu = pp ~ pp ~ = γγpp ~ uu ~ Any two hydrodynamic systems involve identically in a scaled sense if f, g, h, and u*(ρ*/p*) 1/2 are the same. rr ~ = rr LL ~ tt tt = LL ρρ ~ = ρρ ρρ pp ~ = pp pp uu ~ pp ρρ = uu pp ρρ ρρ ~ 00 rr ~ = ff rr ~ pp ~ 00 rr ~ = gg rr ~ ~ uu ~ 00 rr = pp ~ hh rr ρρ 16

17 Interactions between solar winds and planetary magnetic fields or unmagnetized planets will be studied Electrically nonconductive planets Electrically conductive planets w/o B Electrically conductive planets w/ B Ex: moon Ex: mars or venus Ex: earth Lucy-Ann McFadden and Torrence Johnson and Paul Weissman, ed., Encyclopedia of the Solar System, 2nd Ed. (Academic Press, 2006). 17

18 Reconnection can be simulated experimentally using pulsed-power machine * James L. Burch and James F. Drake, American Scientist 97, 392 (2009) * Lucy-Ann McFadden and Torrence Johnson and Paul Weissman, ed., Encyclopedia of the Solar System, 2nd Ed. (Academic Press, 2006). 18

19 An Dense-Plasma-Focus (DPF) device is a pulsed-power device that can generate high-energy electrons and ions, x rays, and neutrons A 6 kj DPF device can generate up to 108 neutrons in each discharge and is a very attractive neutron source. It can be a table-top neutron source for Neutron capture therapy of cancer. Plasma Sources Science and Technology, 13(2):272,

20 Neutral beam source Neutral beam injection for heating plasma in Tokamak Jure Maglica, Seminar at University in Ljubljana Ian G. Brown, The Physics and Technology of Ion Sources Electric propulsion (plasma thrusters) D. M. Goebel and I. Katz, Fundamentals of Electric Propulsion: Ion and Hall Thrusters 20

21 Neutral beam source Neutral beam injection for heating plasma in Tokamak Jure Maglica, Seminar at University in Ljubljana Ian G. Brown, The Physics and Technology of Ion Sources Electric propulsion (plasma thrusters) D. M. Goebel and I. Katz, Fundamentals of Electric Propulsion: Ion and Hall Thrusters 21

22 Hot plasma is confined by the magnetic field in magnetic confinement fusion

23 Neutral beam injector is one of the main heat mechanisms in MCF 3 ηη TT 2 D. Mazon, etc., NATURE PHYSICS, 12, 14,

24 Varies way of heating a MCF device Nuclear Fusion, 39, 2495,

25 Neutral particles heat the plasma via coulomb collisions 1. create energetic (fast) neutral ions 2. ionize the neutral particles 3. heat the plasma (electrons and ions) via Coulomb collisions 25

26 Negative ion source is preferred due to higher neutralization efficiency 26

27 There are two ways to make negative ions surface and volume production Surface production, depends on : Work function Φ H Electron affinity level, 0.75 ev for H - Perpendicular velocity Work function can be reduced by covering the metal surface with cesium HH + ee HH Volume production: HH ee HH H - 27

28 Two-chamber method of negative ions in volume production with a magnetic filter 28

29 Adding cesium increases negative ion current 29

30 Electrons need to be filtered out since they are extracted together with negative ions 30

31 Acceleration Multi-stage acceleration Single-stage acceleration The ITER neutral beam system: status of the project and review of the main technological issues, presented by V. Antoni 31

32 NBI system of the LHD fusion machine 180 kev and 30 A Arc chamber: 35 cm x 145 cm, 21cm in depth Single stage accelerator Y. Takeiri, etc., Nucl. Fusion, 46, S199,

33 JT60U NBI system JT-60 (Japan-Torus) is a tokamak in Japan. 550 kev, 22A 2m in diameter and 1.7 m in height 3-stage accelerator 33

34 Neutralization Gas neutralization Collisions between fast negative ions and atoms HH + HH 22 HH + HH 22 + ee Fast ions can lose another electron after neutralized HH + HH 22 HH + + HH 22 + ee Plasma neutralization Collisions with charged particles in plasma HH + XX( ee, AAAA, HH +, HH + 22 HH + XX + ee The efficiencies reach up to 85% for fully ionized hydrogen plasma 34

35 Beam dump R. W. Moir, Fusion Technology, 25, 129,

36 NBI for ITER beam components (Ion Source, Accelerator, Neutralizer, Residual Ion Dump and Calorimeter) other components (cryo-pump, vessels, fast shutter, duct, magnetic shielding, and residual magnetic field compensating coils) 15 m 9 m 5 m The ITER neutral beam system: status of the project and review of the main technological issues, presented by V. Antoni 36

37 Neutral beam penetration Parallel direction Longest path through the densest part of the plasma Harder to be built Perpendicular direction Path is short Larger perpendicular energies leads to larger losses Easier to be built 37

38 Neutral beam source Neutral beam injection for heating plasma in Tokamak Jure Maglica, Seminar at University in Ljubljana Ian G. Brown, The Physics and Technology of Ion Sources Electric propulsion (plasma thrusters) D. M. Goebel and I. Katz, Fundamentals of Electric Propulsion: Ion and Hall Thrusters 38

39 Comparison between liquid rockets and ion thrusters Liquid rockets u~4500 m/s Isp~450 s Energy ~ 100GJ Power ~ 300MW Thrust ~ 2x10 6 N Ion thrusters u~30000 m/s Isp~3000 s Energy ~ 1000GJ Power ~ 1kW Thrust ~ 0.1 N graphers/propulsion.html 39

40 Electric thruster types - electrothermal Resistojet Arcjet 40

41 Electric thruster types - electrothermal Ion thruster Hall thruster

42 Electric thruster types - Electromagnetic Pulsed plasma thruster Magnetoplasmadynamic thruster (MPD) A. Nawaz, etc., Acta Astro., 67, 440 (2010) 42

43 Structure of thruster plume can be complicated D. M. Goebel and I. Katz, Fundamentals of Electric Propulsion: Ion and Hall Thrusters 43

44 The rocket equation PP iiiiii = PP ffffffffff MMvv = MM dddd vv + ddvv ddmm pp vv eeee vv MMvv = MMvv + MMddvv ddddvv ddddddvv ) MM( tt = mm dd + mm pp vv ii ddmm pp vv eeee + ddmm pp vv MMddvv = ddmm pp vv eeee + dddd + ddmm pp vv ddddddvv MMddvv = vv eeee ddmm pp vv ffddvv = vveeee mm dd mm dd +mm pp dddd MM vv ff vv ii = ΔΔvv = vv eeee llll mm dd = mm dd + mm pp ee ΔΔvv vv eeee ΔΔΔΔ = IIIIII gg mm dd mm dd + mm pp llll( mm dd + mm pp mm dd mm pp = mm dd [ee ΔΔvv vv eeee 11 = mm dd [ee ΔΔvv IIIIII gg 11 M TTTTTTTTTTTT = vv eeee ddmm dddd mm dd mm pp vv eeee 44

45 The thrust in an ion engine is transferred by the electrostatic force between the ions and the two grids dddd( xx) = dddd EE( xx ) = qq εε 00 ρρ( xx) εε 00 = 0 xx qqqq ii (xx) εε 00 nn ii (xx ) ddddd + EE ssssssssssss Surface charge: σσ = εε 00 EE ssssssssssss FF ssssssssssss = σσ EE ssssssssssss FF aaaaaaaaaa = σσ EE aaaaaaaaaa = εε 00EE ssssssssssss 22 = εε 00EE aaaaaaaaaa 22 TT = FF ssssssssssss + FF aaaaaaaaaa = 11 εε (EE 22 ssssssssssss EE 22 aaaaaaaaaa dd dd dddd FF iiiiii = qq nn ii (xx) EE(xx) dddd = εε dddd EEdddd = εε 00 (EE aaaaaaaaaa 22 EE ssssssssssss 22 45

46 Force transfer TT = dd dddd mm ppvv eeee = vv eeee dddd pp dddd = mm. ppvv eeee mm. pp = QQQQ PP jjjjjj = mm. ppvv eeee 22 = TT22 22mm. pp TT = dddd pp dddd vv eeee mm. iivv ii mm. pp = pppppppppppppppppppp mmmmmmmm ffffffff rrrrrrrr iiii kkkk ss QQ = pppppppppppppppppppp pppppppppppppppp ffffffff rrrrrrrr iiii pppppppppppppppppp ss mm. ii = iiiiii mmmmmmmm ffffffff rrrrrrrr iiii kkkk ss vv ii = 22qqqq bb MM mm. ii mm. pp = QQQQ = #/ tt mm. ii = II bbmm ee VV bb = gggggggg vvvvvvvvvvvvvv MM = ee #/ ee tt MM II bb = iiiiii bbbbbbbb cccccccccccccc TT = 22MM ee II bb VV bb NNNN TT = II bb,aammmm VV bb,vv (mmmm) 46

47 Thrust FF tt = cccccccc II bb = II + + II ++ FF tt = 22 ππππππ( rr ) cccccccc( rr) dddd II bb TT mm = II + 22MMMM bb ee + II ++ MMMM bb ee = 22MMMM II+ bb ee II ++ II + II + αα 22MMMM bb ee γγ = αααα tt TT = γγmm. iivv ii = γγ 22MM ee II bb VV bb αα = II II++ II + + II ++ II = II II++ II + TT = γγII bb VV bb mmmm Ex: 10 o half-angle beam divergence, I ++ /I + =10% I b =2A, V b =1500V, Xenon, T=122.4 mn γγ =

48 Specific impulse (Isp) IIIIII = TT mm. ppgg = vv eeee gg TT = mm. ppvv eeee IIIIII = TT mm. ppgg = vv ii gg mm. ii mm. pp TT mm. iivv ii Thruster mass utilization efficiency (ionized versus unionized propellant) ηη mm = mm. ii mm. pp = II bb ee MM II bb. ηη mm = αα mm ee mm pp MM. mm pp TT = γγmm. iivv ii = γγ 22MM ee II bb VV bb αα and γγ are to consider number of charge per ion. IIIIII = γγηη mm gg 22eeee bb MM = γγγγ mm VV bb MM aa = γγγγ mm VV bb FFFFFF xxxxxxxxxx, MM aa = Ex: 10 o half-angle beam divergence, I ++ /I + =10% γγ = I b =2A, V b =1500V, Xenon, 90% propellant utilization, Isp=4127 s 48

49 Thruster efficiency Electrical efficiency of the thruster ηη ee = PP bb PP iiii = PP bb PP TT = II bbvv bb II bb VV bb + PP 00 Ion production efficiency (discharge loss) ηη dd = PPPPPPPPPP tttt pppppppppppppp tttttt iiiiiiii CCCCCCCCCCCCCC oooo iiiiiiii pppppppppppppppp = PP 00 II bb Total efficiency ηη TT = PP jjjjjj PP iiii = TT22 PP jjjjjj = 22mm. pppp iiii mm. ppvv eeee 22 = TT22 22mm. pp ηη TT = γγ 22 ηη mm II bb VV bb PP iiii = γγ 22 ηη mm ηη ee TT = γγ 22MM ee II bb VV bb Ex: 10 o half-angle beam divergence, I ++ /I + =10% γγ = I b =2A, V b =1500V, Xenon, 90% propellant utilization ion production efficiency: 250EV/ion ηη ee = = ηη TT = =

50 Ion thruster has the highest specific impulse (Isp) 50