The meaning of German nach
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1 The meaning of German nach Boris Haselbach IMS, Universität Stuttgart, SFB 732/B4 Workshop The Meaning of P RU Bochum, November / 33
2 what does the preposition nach mean? (1) Homer tanzte nach Bochum. a. Homer danced to Bochum. directional b. After Bochum, Homer danced. temporal (2) Homer tanzte nach Mitternacht. Homer danced after midnight. (3) Homer tanzte nach 15 Metern. After 15 meter, Homer danced. temporal path? (4) Nukularalarm nach Homers Tanz a. Nucular alert after Homer s dance temporal b. Nucular alert because of Homer s dance causal? (5) Homer tanzte nach Marges Aussage. a. After M s statement, H danced. temporal b. According to M s statement, H danced. propositional 2 / 33
3 what does the verb particle nach mean? (6) Die Nukularalarmglocke klang nach. The nucular alarm bell lingered. temporal (7) Marge strickte Lisa eine Mütze nach. a. Marge copied Lisa s knitting of a cap. temporal (copy manner) b. Marge re-knitted a cap for Lisa. temporal (rep./res.) (8) Homer tanzte Marge nach. a. Homer copied Marge s dancing. temporal (copy manner) b. Homer followed Marge dancing. directional temporal (9) Homer schärfte ein Messer nach. Homer re-sharpened a knife. temporal (rep./res.) (10) Homer dachte über Kernphysik nach. Homer thought about nucular physics. propositional 3 / 33
4 disclaimer This talk is NOT on the disambiguation or on reading preferences of nach! (Eberle 2010, Haselbach et al. to appear,...) 4 / 33
5 disclaimer This talk is NOT on the disambiguation or on reading preferences of nach! (Eberle 2010, Haselbach et al. to appear,...) 4 / 33
6 the interface Historically, both prepositions and verb particles have the same origin: adverb (Kolehmainen 2005) P-root nach Categorial head turns nach into a preposition [prepositionalizing P-head], or a verb particle [V-head in extended VP-shell] Similar to verbalizing V-head (Arad 2003, Marantz 2005) Semantics: DRT (Kamp/Reyle 1993) In a PP, the meaning of nach is (usually) discrete The (functional) structure of the PP puts forth one of the semantic predispositions of nach As a verb particle, the meaning of nach is not necessarily discrete The (functional) structure of the VP and its extended projection(s) do not weed out the semantic predispositions of nach, but the semantics of the underlying VP determines the semantic evolvement of nach (Haselbach 2011) 5 / 33
7 nach s semantic predisposition directional prop. nach temporal causal path prop. = propositional 6 / 33
8 nach s semantic predisposition directional nach prop. temporal 7 / 33
9 the preposition nach directional preposition Homer tanzte nach Bochum. Homer danced to Bochum. w x z e t Homer(x) Bochum(z) dancing(e) e t t < n agent(e,x) to(w,z) path(e,w) 8 / 33
10 the preposition nach directional preposition: syntax VoiceP DP Homer Voice Voice VP VP tanz P spat P PP nach DP Bochum nach P spat directional preposition nach 9 / 33
11 nach s semantic predisposition directional nach prop. temporal 10 / 33
12 the preposition nach temporal preposition (1) canonical reading Homer tanzte nach Mitternacht. Homer danced after midnight. x e t t Homer(x) dancing(e) e t t < n agent(e,x) midnight(t ) t < t 11 / 33
13 the preposition nach temporal preposition (2) canonical reading Homer tanzte nach 15 Minuten. After 15 minutes, Homer danced. x e m t t Homer(x) dancing(e) e t t < n agent(e,x) m = dist(t,t) 15minutes(m) t < t 12 / 33
14 the preposition nach temporal preposition (3) path reading Homer tanzte nach 15 Metern. After 15 meters, Homer danced. x w e t t Homer(x) e dancing(e) event(e ), e t path(e,w) t < n e t agent(e,x) 15meter(w) t < t 13 / 33
15 the preposition nach temporal preposition (4) non-canonical reading Homer tanzte (, ) nach Bochum. After Bochum, Homer danced. x z e t t Homer(x) e Bochum(z) event(e ), dancing(e) loc(e,z) e t e t t < n agent(e,x) t < t 14 / 33
16 the preposition nach temporal reading: syntax... PP... P temp P nach DP Mitternacht 15 Minuten 15 Meter Bochum DP Homer VoiceP Voice Voice VP tanz nach P temp temporal preposition nach 15 / 33
17 the temporal preposition nach temporal preposition (5) causal reading Nukularalarm nach Homers Tanz Nucular Alert after Homer s Dance x e e t t Homer(x) nucular alert(e) e t dance(e ) e t agent(e,x) t < t e cause e cause: pragmatics 16 / 33
18 nach s semantic predisposition directional nach prop. temporal 17 / 33
19 the preposition nach, adposition actually propositional preposition Marges Aussage nach tanzte Homer. According to Marge s statement Homer danced. x z e p Homer(x) Marge(z) statement(e,p) agent(e,z) e t p: dancing(e) e t t < n agent(e,x) 18 / 33
20 the preposition nach propositional preposition: syntax... PP... DP Marges Aussage P funct P nach DP Homer VoiceP Voice Voice VP tanz nach P funct propositional preposition nach 19 / 33
21 nach s semantic predisposition directional nach prop. temporal What about nach as a verb particle? 20 / 33
22 the verb particle nach temporal particle (1) continuation reading Die Nukularalarmglocke klang nach. The nucular alarm bell lingered. y e t t e nucular alarm bell(y), ringing(e,y) ringing(e,y) e t e t t < n t < t 21 / 33
23 the verb particle nach continuation reading: syntax wp w VP w nach V kling DP die Nukularalarmglocke 22 / 33
24 the verb particle nach temporal particle (2) redo reading Marge strickte (Lisa dat:benefactive ) *(eine acc Mütze) nach. Marge re-knitted a cap (for Lisa). existence + s s x y e s t t t s Marge(x) knitting(e) s : exists(y) agent(e,x) s t e t t < n s, cap(y) theme(e,y) s : exists(y) result(e,s) s t s: exists(y) s s s time rep. res. (t < t ) (t < t ) s t t < t t < t 23 / 33
25 the verb particle nach redo reading: low syntax VoiceP DP Marge Voice Voice wp w VP w nach V strick DP eine Mütze 24 / 33
26 the verb particle nach temporal particle (3) copy manner reading Marge strickte *(Lisa dat ) (eine acc Mütze) nach. Marge copied Lisa s knitting of a cap. x y z e t t Marge(x) Lisa(z) e knitting(e) knitting(e ), e t agent(e,z) agent(e,x) e t t < n cap(y) theme(e,y) t < t 25 / 33
27 the verb particle nach copy manner: high syntax wp DP dat Lisa w w VoiceP w nach DP Marge Voice Voice VP V strick copy manner reading: high syntax (cf. #Eine Maschine strickte Lisa nach.) DP die Mütze 26 / 33
28 nach s semantic predisposition directional nach prop. temporal 27 / 33
29 the verb particle nach temporal particle (2 ) redo reading Homer tanzte *(einen acc Tango) nach. Homer copied the tango. x y e s t t t Homer(x) dancing(e) e t e s t < n theme(e,y), result(e,s ) s t agent(e,x) tango(y) theme(e,y) result(e,s) s t t < t t < t 28 / 33
30 the verb particle nach temporal particle (3) copy manner reading // temporal directional particle Homer tanzte *(Marge dat ) (einen Tango) nach. Homer copied Marge s dancing (of a tango). Homer followed Marge dancing (a tango) e dancing(e ) x y z e t t agent(e,z) e t Homer(x) theme(e,y) Marge(z) dancing(e), e w event(e ) e t path(e,w) participant(e 0,z) path(e,w) e t t < n agent(e,x) tango(y) theme(e,y) t < t 29 / 33
31 the verb particle nach directional nach prop. temporal 30 / 33
32 the verb particle nach»d oh«example Nach Bochum tanzte Homer nom Marge dat einen acc Tango nach Stuttgart nach. After Bochum, Homer followed Marge to Stuttgart dancing... e event(e ) loc(e,u) e t dancing(e), e event(e ) e t path(e,w) participant(e,z) u v w x y z e t t t Homer(x) Marge(z) Bochum(u) Stuttgart(v) e t t < n agent(e,x) tango(y) theme(e,y) to(w,v) path(e,w) t < t t < t 31 / 33
33 thank you! 32 / 33
34 references Maya Arad. Locality constraints in the interpretation of roots: the case of Hebrew denominal verbs. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, 21(4): , Kurt Eberle. -ung Nominalizations of verbs of saying in German events and propositions. In Proceedings of Chronos 2009: 9th International Conference on Tense, Aspect and Modality, Paris, Boris Haselbach. Deconstructing the German verb particle nach at the syntax-semantics interface. In Lena Baunaz, Anamaria Bentea, and Joanna Blochowiak, editors, Generative Grammar in Geneva 7, pages Department of Linguistics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Boris Haselbach, Kerstin Eckart, Wolfgang Seeker, Kurt Eberle, and Ulrich Heid. Approximating theoretical linguistics classification in real data: the case of German nach particle verbs. Submitted to COLING Hans Kamp and Uwe Reyle. From Discourse to Logic. Introduction to Modeltheoretic Semantics of Natural Language, Formal Logic and Discourse Representation Theory, volume 42 of Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht/Boston/London, Leena Kolehmainen. Präfix- und Partikelverben im deutsch-finnischen Kontrast. PhD thesis, Universität Helsinki, Alec Marantz. Objects out of the lexicon! argument-structure in the syntax, April / 33
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