Momentum and Impulse. Prefixes. Impulse F * t = delta(mv) / t OR area under Force time graph

Transcription

1 Momentum and Impulse 2 of 20 How do we calculate momentum (P)? P = m * v Newton's first and second laws: An object remains at rest or in uniform motion unless acted on by a force Rate of change of momentum is proportional to the resultant force What is impulse? How is it measured? an impulse is a force acting on an object multiplied by the time over which it acts Impulse F * t = delta(mv) / t OR area under Force time graph Prefixes 1 of 20 Peta 10^15 P Tera 10^12 T Giga 10^9 G Mega 10^6 M Kilo 10^3 k Centi 10^-2 c Milli 10^-3 m Micro 10^-6 Nano 10^-9 n Pico 10^-12 p

2 Conservation of Momentum 4 of 20 Is Momentum ever lost in a collision? No What do we mean by conservation of momentum? Momentum before = Momentum after What condition must be fulfilled if the momentun is to be conserved? No external forces must be acting on the system Impact Forces 3 of 20 What happens to the impact for if duration of force is reduced and why? F = (mv-mu) / t Therefore as time is reduced, the Force is increased How do we calculate change in momentum for an object stopping or reversing? Choose a positive and negative direction What happens to the momentum of a ball which hits a wall? If the ball hit the wall 'normally' the velocity after is opposite to the velocity before If the ball hits the wall at an angle the component of the velocity which is at a normal to the wall after is the same as before

3 Explosions 6 of 20 What energy changes take place in an explosion? Chemical energy is transformed into kinetic energy, heat and sound What can we always say about total momentum of an explosive system? The total momentum of the system before is equal to the momentum after What are the consequences after an explosion when two bodies move apart? The two bodies move apart with equal momentum, hence why a gun recoils. Elastic and Inelastic Collisions 5 of 20 What are elastic and inelastic collisions? Elastic no loss of kinetic energy Inelastic colliding objects stick together Partially inelastic colliding object move apart with less kinetic energy What is conserved in elastic conditions? Momentum and kinetic energy Are any real collisions ever perfectly elastic? No, some of the kinetic energy is converted to other forms of energy such as sound

4 Centripetal Acceleration 8 of 20 Why is the velocity not constant for a body in uniform circular motion? Velocity is speed in a given direction, so as the direction is always changing, so is the velocity In which direction does the acceleration take place? Acceleration is towards the centre of the circle How is centripetal force calculated? Where does it act? F = (m * v^2) / r Towards the centre of the circle Uniform Circular Motion 7 of 20 How do we recognise uniform circular motion? For an object to move in uniform circular motion it must rotate at a steady rate How do we measure the speed of an object moving in circular motion? v = 2r(pi) / T = 2rf(pi) What are angular displacement and angular speed? angular displacement the angle an object moving in uniform circular motion goes through (rad) angular speed angular displacement per second (rad per s)

5 At the fairground 10 of 20 When is the contact force on a 'big dipper' passenger greatest? S - mg = mv^2 / r at the bottom What condition applies when a passenger just fails to stay in his seat? S > mg On the road 9 of 20 Why are passenger thrown outwards going quickly round a bend? The centripetal force is not big enough to hold the passenger on the circular path Which forces are acting when going over a curved bridge? mg - S = mv^2 / r weight and support force What forces provide the centripetal force on a banked track? Horizontal component of the support forces provide the centripetal force

6 SHM 12 of 20 What condition apply to the acceleration of SH oscillations? always in the opposite direction to the displacement is zero when v-t graph gradient is zero What is the phase difference between displacement, velocity and acceleration? D V T/4 D A T/2 V A T/4 Oscillations 11 of 20 What is one complete oscillation? One full cycle of motion, which ends in the same place as it started. How are amplitude, frequency and period defined? Amplitude maximum displacement Frequency number of cycles per second Period time taken for one compete oscillation What is the phase difference between two oscillation? 2t(pi) / T

7 Forced oscillations and resonance 14 of 20 When does resonance occur? When the applied frequency is equal to the natural frequency. What are free and forced oscillations? Free oscillations are not subjected to any periodic force. Why does a resonant system reach maximum amplitude of vibration? Because the amplitudes of both the free and forced oscillations add together. Energy and SHM 13 of 20 How do KE and PE vary with displacement? KE EP maximum displacement Etotal o equilibrium 0 Etotal How do KE and PE vary with time if damping is negligible? Maximum KE and Pe remain the same What is the effect of damping on oscillations? Light damping displacement in oscillations reduce damping stop oscillations just after mass passes equilibrium slows return to equilibrium Critical Heavy/over damping

8 Gravitational potential 16 of 20 What is gravitational potential? Work done per unit mass to get an object from infinity to that point What is the gravitational potential difference between two points? Change in W = m * change in velocity Where is the gravitational potential of an object zero? Wherever there is no overall gravitational force acting upon it Gravitational field strength 15 of 20 How do we represent a gravitational field? Arrows in the direction of the field What is gravitational field strength? Force per unit mass on a test mass placed in a field What is a radial field? a uniform field? Radial field is around an entire planet Uniform field is over a small area

9 Planetary fields 18 of 20 What is the shape of g against r for points outside a planet? Exponential decay curve where g is proportional to r^2 What is the shape of a V - r graph? Exponential curve where V is proportional to -1/r What is the significance of the gradient of the V - r graph? Gradient of a V-r graph is -g Newton's law of gravitation 17 of 20 How does gravitational attraction vary with distance? 2d F/4 3d F/9 4d F/16 What do we mean by inverse square law? The force is inversely proportional to the distance squared Can we treat spherical objects as point masses? Over large distances, yes

10 Field Patterns 20 of 20 How do we charge an object? Add or remove electrons What does the direction of a field line show concerning a test charge? the direction is that which a positive test charge would follow How is the strength of an electric field represented? Where the field is strongest the lines and most concentrated11 Satellite Motion 19 of 20 When does a satellite stay in a stable orbit? What happens to the speed of a satellite as it moves closer to earth? The speed increases Why must a geostationary satellite be in orbit above the equator? So that its time period is 24h and doesn't move relative to the earth.