From Simplicity to Complexity

Transcription

1 Klaus Mainzer Achim Müller Walter G. Saltzer (Eds.) From Simplicity to Complexity Part II Information - Interaction - Emergence vieweg

2 Contents Preface Contents 1 From Simple to Complex Systems: Some Preliminary Ideas on the Order of Reality 1 Klaus Mainzer and Achim Müller Information, Interaction, and Complexity in Classical and Modern Physics 2 Classical Dynamics with the Uncertainty Principle 7 S. Danko Bosanac 2.1 Basic Principles Inclusion of the Electromagnetic Field Dynamics Equation Examples and Discussion 14 3 Complex Reality: Differentiation of One versus Complicated Interaction of Many viewed by a Quantum Physicist 19 Hans-Peter Dürr 3.1 Introduction Setting the Stage The Mechanistic-Atomistic Approach to an Interpretation of Reality The Quantum-Mechanic-Holistic Approach to an Interpretation of Reality Concluding Remarks 27 4 C. F. von Weizsäcker's Concept of Information - Quantum Theory of Information - a Basis for Sciences 29 Thomas Görnitz 4.1 Introduction Entropy is Information Matter is Energy In Daily Life Matter is totally Different from Energy Analogy with Information: The Entropy of Black Holes The Concepts of von Weizsäcker's Urtheory Introduction The Concepts of Urtheory Cosmological Consequences of the Urtheory The Cosmological Model Philosophical Consequences 36 V VII

3 VIII Contents 5 Relations between Quantum Mechanics, Formal Logics, Bertrand Russell's Type Theory and Chemistry (with Adjacent Sciences) 37 Christian K. J0rgensen 5.1 Introduction Quantum Mechanics of Monatomic Entities What is the Goal of Quantum Chemistry? Electron Correlation in Configurations Formal Logics and Degrees of Identity Electron Configurations as Preponderant (but not Perfect) Emergence of Characteristics of Sciences (Conceivably Obtained by Reduction from Chemistry, or even Physics) 45 Emergent Properties and Complexity in Material Systems 6 Order and Complexity in Physical Systems 47 Thomas Dorfmüller 6.1 Introduction The Ingredients of Complexity Computational Access to Nature Conditions of Emergence of Complexity Information Generating and Using Physical Systems IGUS Measurement, Life, and Knowledge 56 7 Increasing the Size of Polyoxometalates: Emergent Properties upon Self-Assembly and Condensation Processes 57 Achim Müller and Michael T. Pope 7.1 Introduction Polyoxometalates Polyoxoanion Assembly Processes The Role of Heteroatoms Properties of Polyoxometalates of Intermediate Size in Contrast to those of Smaller Ones Acidity and Oxidizing Power Chirality and Allosterism Magnetic Domains An Interesting Relevant Example of a Giant Cluster: Conclusions and Perspectives 64 8 "Intelligent" Catalysts. Combining Self-Assembly, Multifunctional Structure, Intrinsic Stabüity, and Dynamic Function 69 Craig L. Hill and Xuan Zhang

4 9 Self-Organization in Chemical and Biological Systems 73 Benno Hess 9.1 Introduction Macroscopic Spirals Chemical Systems Spirals in Biology Microscopic Self-Organization in Living Cells Traffic Time Molecular Networks Outlook Constructional Restraints on Molecular Mechanisms 83 Wolfgang Friedrich Gutmann f 10.1 Reductionistic Postulates The Reliable and Well-Corroborated Supramolecular Principles and Laws Structure and Organization Constructional Explanation Chemical and Molecular Mechanisms in Living Organization The Driving Energy Evolution Conclusions Traditional Disciplines of Biology System Theory, Autopoiesis, and Organismic Autonomy as Modernistic Pseudobiologies Endobiology and Evolution Machines in Industrial Societies Organismic Borderlines: Interactive Information Systems between Seif and Non-Self 97 Gertrud J. Klauer 11.1 Introduction Cell Membrane and Intracellular Membrane Systems Skin Ontogeny Conclusion 100 Emergence and Reduction in Complex Systems 12 Complexity and Symmetry Breaking - Models for the Emergence of Order innature 103 Klaus Mainzer 12.1 Models of Order in the History of Science: From Simplicity and Symmetry to Complexity and Symmetry Breaking Complexity, Symmetry Breaking, and the Emergence of Physical Order 106

5 X Contents 12.3 Complexity, Symmetry Breaking, and the Emergence of Chemical Order Complexity, Symmetry Breaking, and the Emergence of Biological andcognitive Order Complexity and Symmetry Breaking in the Philosophy of Science Chaos, Emergence and Complexity: On the Onset of Variety 117 Peter L. Eisenhardt 13.1 Introduction What does "Theory of Emergence" mean? Chaos, Self-Organization, Complexity, and Emergence Local and Global Emergence Topology Change and Emergence Fractal Topology Self-Organization, Complexity, Variability Summary Emergenz und topologische Komplexität 127 Dan Kurth 14.1 Komplexität und Emergenz Monismus "Emergent Evolution" Emergenz und Stratifikation: Strata der Komplexität Komplexitätsmaße, Thermodynamische und informationstheoretische Komplexitätsmaße Algorithmische Komplexität Kompliziertheit Schleifenkomplexität und emergente Höhe Emergenz und Komplexität Noch nicht naturalisierte Epistemologie Antimorphismus Topologische Komplexität It all Depends what you Mean by Reduction 141 Eric R. Scerri 15.1 Introduction Varieties of Reduction Quantitative Reduction Quantum Chemistry Convergence and Error Bounds Summary Emergence and the Hierarchies of Form: An Onto-Epistemic Approach to Metaphysics 153 Rainer E. Zimmermann 16.1 Introduction 153

6 XI 16.2 Substance and Initial Emergence Self-Organization and Chaos The Dialectic of the Worldly Conclusion Emergenz in der Evolution lebender Organismen 163 Rolf Löther 17.1 Einführung Über Erklärungsmodelle Fulguration und Emergenz Zum Entstehen evolutionärer Neuheiten Katastrophen und Innovationsschübe in der Evolution der Biosphäre Epilog 170 Some Further Aspects of Natural Philosophy and Theory of Science 18 Mathematische Ordnung der Wirklichkeit - Philosophische Reflexionen zur Weltsicht von Helmholtz und Heisenberg 171 Herbert Hörz 18.1 Einführung Positionen Ordnung durch Mathematik Empirismus und relativer Apriorismus Zum Zusammenhang der Wissenschaften Rationale und ästhetische Aneignung der Wirklichkeit Wie kann man die praktischen Erfolge der Mathematik erklären? Worin bestehen die Grenzen der Mathematik? Theoriekrise? Fazit: Tendenzen zu einer einheitlichen Ordnung der Wirklichkeit Plato's Timaios: Precosmic State and the Constitution of the True Elements Walter G. Saltzer 19.1 Introductory Remarks Principles of Traditional Cosmogony - Chance, Necessity and Reason Precosmic Space and Pre-Elements The Geometrie and Dynamic Character of the New Elements Concluding Remarks 199 References 201 Authors 223 Names Index 229 Subject Index 231