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1 α thrusters, , 193, 195 ABL. See airborne laser. Absorber/receiver, assembly, Acceleration chamber materials, 242 double stage Hall effect thrusters and, Adaptive telescope, 379 Additives, 22 Airborne laser (ABL), 396 AL. See aluminum rocket fuel. Alcohols, properties of, 168 Alkali metals propellants, Altitude adaptation, Aluminum (AL), 21 as cryotank liner, 65 Americium, Ammonium dinitramide (AND), 29 Ammonium perchlorate (AP), 20 Ammonium-nitrate (AN) propellants, 26 AN. See ammonium-nitrate. AND. See ammonium dinitramide. AP. See ammonium perchlorate. Atmospheric drag, laser propulsions limitations and, Atmospheric transmission, laser propulsion limitations and, 372 Attitude control cryogenic propellant storage and, 213 laser propulsion and, 382 laser propulsion and, solar sails and, 447 Bardeen, Cooper and Schrieffer (BCS) theory, 291 BCS. See Bardeen, Cooper and Schrieffer theory. Bearings, hydrostatic supports, magnetic, monitoring and control of, 73 Bell type nozzle, 50 dual bell, 50 lightcraft, multibell, 386 Binder prepolymers, 29 Bipropellants, 156 Boost pumps, 69 Booster engines, 100 BSCCO phases, Index 481 C/C thrust-chamber liner, liner, transpiration cooling, CADB (Chemical Automation Design Bureau) liquid rocket engines, RD-0105, 135, 137 RD-0109, 137 RD-0110, RD-0107, Carbon fiber reinforced composites (CFRC), 61, 62 CFD. See computational-fluid-dynamics. CFRC. See carbon fiber reinforced composites. Chemical Automation Design Bureau. See CADB. Chemical propulsion, , 192, 193 Chemical rockets, 174 CL 2 O, 29 Cluster configurations, Hall effect thrusters and, CO 2 technology, in situ resource utilization and, 456 CO 2 /Mg powder engine, 466 Cold-gas thrusters, , 178, , , 194 Combustion chamber liners, optimization of, 60 Combustion cycles (SC), 48 Combustion-chamber liners, cooling channel geometry, high aspect ratio cooling, 56 Composite materials, solid rocket motors and, Computational-fluid-dynamics (CFD), 56 Concentrator, mirror assembly, 212 Constant power throttling (CPT), 333 Continuous casting process, Continuous casting propellants, double-screw extruding, 32 Continuous laser propulsion systems, Cooling channel geometry, computational-fluid-dynamics, 56 finite element method, 56 Cost analysis, VASIMR and, Costs green propellants, 160 laser propulsion systems and, , 398 Mars mission and, Rubbia s engine, Russian upper stage liquid rocket engines,150 solar thermal propulsion and, solid rocket motors, 38, 41

2 482 INDEX CPT. See constant power throttling. Cryocoolers, Cryogenic engines, advantages of, concepts of, launcher, 45 propulsion, cycles, future of, liquid rocket engines, system analysis, technology advanced nozzles, advanced nozzles, 60 bell-type nozzles, 50 C/C thrust-chamber liner, combustion-chamber liners, cryotanks, optimized combustion-chamber liners, 60 thermal barrier coatings, spray forming, 60 transpiration cooling, 59 turbopumps, 60 62, TBC, transpiration cooling, 49 type comparisons, Cryogenic propellant storage, multilayer insulation, 211 thermodynamic vent system, 211 Cryotanks, health monitoring, 65 inspection of, 65 manufacturing process, 65 technology, aluminum, 65 design of, development of, fluoro-elastomers, 64 fluoro-polymers, 64 operations of, silicon based rubbers, 65 Current distribution, 259 Data transmission, 327 Delrin, 390 Discharge cathode, Double stage Hall effect thrusters, Applications, GEO Telecom satellite applications, 278 scientific exploration, current models in use, principles of, systems, technologies, acceleration chamber materials, intermediate electrode, magnetic-circuit design, 279 spacecraft/thruster interaction, 281 thermal design, 279 Double-screw extruding propellants, 32 Dual bell type nozzles, 50 EC. See expander cycle. Electric fields, VASIMR and, 342 Electric propulsion, 175, double stage Hall effect thrusters, high power gridded ion thrusters, high power hall effect thrusters, MPD thrusters, superconductivity and, Electrical interface, Hall effect thrusters and, Electric-circuit designs, Electrolysis, 327 Electromagnetic acceleration, 407 Electromagnetic levitation and acceleration, technology, Electromagnetic propulsion, 175 Electrostatic propulsion, 175 ELV. See expendable launch-vehicle. ENEAS solar sail mission proposal, return planning, Energiya, Energomash, 119 Energy accumulators, 327 Engine cycles, 48 49, evaluations, 150 expander, 48 simple combustion, 48 gas generator, 48 Environmental safety, laser propulsion systems and, 395 Europe, laser propulsion systems and, Exhaust performance, VASIMR and, 346 Expander cycle (EC), 48 Expendable launch vehicles (ELV), 5, FEEP, , 193, FEM. See finite element method. Finite element method (FEM), 56 Flight caculations, laser propulsion systems and, Flight systems, in situ resource utilization (ISRU) and, 456 Fluoro-elastomers, 64 Fluoro-polymers, 64 FMMR. See free molecular microresistojet. Free molecular microresistojet (FMMR), 175, , 192, 193 Fuel requirements, Mars mission planning and, 459, 460 Gas fed MPD thrusters, propellant gas, 275 Gas generator (GG), 48

3 INDEX 483 GEO. See geostationary orbit. Geostationary orbit (GEO), 5 telecom satellite, 278 Germany, laser propulsion systems and, GG. See gas generator Glushko NPO, Green propellants, advantages of, 157 applications for, 170 benefits and uses of, 160 costs, 160 formulations, 31, 32 future of, 161 HAN, hydrogen peroxide, liquid hydrogen (LH2), 163 liquid oxygen (LOX), 163, manufacturers of, 160 market needs, nontoxic orbital maneuvering system/ reaction control systems (OMS/RCS), 160 properties of, alcohols, 168 hydrocarbon fuels, 167 kerosene, 167, 168 methane fuels, oil origin fuels, 167 Russian development of, technologies, 159 H 2 O 2, 159 HAN,159 Gridded ion thrusters, applications, 229 current uses, 224, key thruster technologies, materials, 231 principles of, ion acceleration, ionization mechanism, plume neutralization, system aspects, 234 Ground systems, in situ resource utilization (ISRU) and, 456 Guidance systems, laser propulsion and, 382 H 2 O 2. See hydrogen peroxide. Hall effect thrusters (HET), double stage, operating principles, Morozov, Zharinov, 239 Hall parameter, HAN propellants, Heating process, VASIMR and, HET. See Hall effect thrusters. High aspect ratio cooling, 56 High power electric propulsion (HiPEP) test ISS monitoring diagnostics, operational diagnostics, 353 VASIMR ISS flight experiment and, performance measurement diagnostics, 353 High power gridded ion thrusters, High power Hall effect thrusters, applications, current models in use, demonstrated use of, development tools, 250 system aspects, cluster architectures, electrical interface, mechanical interface, propellant feeding systems, 248 thruster control system, technologies, acceleration chamber materials, 242 electric-circuit design, health monitoring, 245 magnetic design, multimode operations, neutralizer reliability, 243 spacecraft/thruster interactions, thermal design, 241 High temperature superconductivity (HTSC), 292 applications, 295 low-temperature superconductivity vs., materials technology, BSCCO phases, YBCO coated phases, 294 MgB 2, 294 High-altitude propulsion, 46 HiPEP. See high power electric propulsion. HNF. See hydrazinium nitroformate. HTPB. See hydroxil-terminated polybutadiene. Hybrid laser/chemical propulsion system, Hydrazinium nitroformate (HNF), 29 Hydrocarbon fuels, properties of, 167 Hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), liquid rocket fuel, propellants, 159 Hydrostatic supports, Hydroxil-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB), 21 ICRF (Ion cyclotron radio frequency), 337 IHPRP. See Integrated High Payoff Rocket Propulsion Technology. In situ propellant utilization (ISPU), 456

4 484 In situ resource utilization (ISRU), CO 2 technology, 456 flight systems, 456 ground systems, 456 life support technologies, 455 CO 2, 456 mass of materials, 461 Mars mission planning, cost estimates, development phases, propulsion systems, 461 settlement, mission planning, fuel requirements, 459, 460 power generation, 456 propellants, LOX/CH 2 propulsion, LOX/H 2 propulsion, technologies, zirconia cell process, technology readiness level, Inducers, supercavitating, 74 Integrated High Payoff Rocket Propulsion Technology (IHPRP), 48 Intermediate electrode, double stage Hall effect thrusters and, International space station (ISS), 5 flight experiment, VASIMR and, high-power electric propulsion test, Interplantery spacecraft, solar thermal propulsion and, Ion acceleration, Ion cyclotron radio frequency. See ICRF. Ionization mechanism, Ionization process, VASIMR and, ISPU. See in situ propellant utilization. ISRU. See in situ resource utilization. ISS. See international space station. Japan, laser propulsion systems and, 384 Keplerian orbits, Kerosene, 167, 168 Key thruster technology, discharge cathode, neutralizer, 233 optical system, RF-gridded ion thrusters, 233 Korolev rocket engines, Kuznetsov, 124, 127, Laser ablation, polymeric propellants and, Laser beam range, Laser micropropulsion, 359 INDEX Laser propulsion systems, applications, assessments, environmental safety, 395 lightcraft, military design, 396 orbital waste and debris, 395 weather factors, 395 attitude control, classifications, continuous laser, hybrid laser/chemical, laser micropropulsion, 359 laser sail (photon propulsion), laser/electric, microwave propulsion, 365 pulsed detonation, ram laser, concepts, costs, , 398 developmental steps, 398, 399 flight calculations, future of, Germany and Europe, Japan, 384 lightcraft architecture, bell-type nozzle, plug nozzle, limitations, atmospheric drag, transmission, 372 laser-beam range, power requirements, radiation, 373 mass loss per pulse, performance comparisons, polymeric propellants, pulsed, requirements, adaptive telescope, 379 attitude control, 382 guidance and tracking, 382 lightcraft, 378 power supply, repetitively pulsed type, 379 types, 380 Russia, 384 self-stabilization, United States, Laser radiation, laser propulsion limitations and, 373 Laser sail (photon) propulsion, Laser/electric propulsion, Launch vehicles, scenarios of, 5 Launchers, cyrogenic engines and, 45 LEO. See low Earth orbit.

5 INDEX 485 LFA (Lorentz force accelerator), LH 2. See liquid hydrogen. Life support technologies, in situ resource utilization and, 455 Lightcraft, 378, architecture, bell-type nozzle, plug nozzle, flight stability and control, performance data, pulsed lasers, 394 structure, telescope, Liquid hydrogen (LH2), 163 tank, 218 Liquid oxygen (LOX), 163, engines, booster/main, 100 costing of, future direction, hydrocarbon, kerosene, 91 key technologies, 103, 104 methane, needs for, 92 technological readiness level, 103, 105 type comparison, upper stages, propulsion LOX/CH LOX/H 2, properties of, Liquid propellant rockets, 174 Liquid rocket engines (LRE), Energomash, 119 Glushko NPO, Samara type, system analysis, design issues, expendable launch vehicles, reusable launch vehicles, 75 staged combustion cycles, system architecture, 76 Liquid rocket fuel, hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), Liquid rocket motors (LRM), 20 Lithium fed LFA (Lorentz force accelerator), Long-life cathodes, Lorentz force accelerator. See LFA. Low attitude propulsion, Low Earth orbit (LEO), 5 Low temperature superconductivity (LTSC), high temperature superconductivity vs., LOX. See liquid oxygen. LRE. See liquid rocket engines. LRM. See liquid rocket motors. Maglev mass accelerator, power systems, technology, issues with, Magnet fields, VASIMR and, 342 Magnetic bearings, Magnetic circuit design, double stage Hall effect thrusters and, 279 Magnetic coils, permanent magnets, 266 solenoidal magnet, 266 superconductive magnets, Magnetic designs, Magnetic nozzle, VASIMR and, Magnetic resonance imaging, Mars mission planning cost estimates, development phases, in situ resource utilization and, mass of materials, 461 propulsion systems, 461 Rubbia s engine and, 321 spacecraft modules, 322 Mars settlements, in situ resource utilization and, Mass accelerators, analysis of, electromagnetic levitation and acceleration, future of, Maglev, moon-based mass drivers, near-vertical earth launching, railguns, uses of, Mass drivers, moon based, Mass loss per pulse, Mechanical interfaces, Hall effect thrusters and, Medium Earth orbit. MEMS, 195 MEO. See medium Earth orbit. Methane fuels, properties of, MgB 2, high temperature superconductivity (HTSC) materials technology, 294 Micropropulsion, laser, 359 Microspacecraft (MSC), Microvalves, Microwave propulsion, 365 Military laser design, 396 airborne laser, 396 tactical high-energy laser, 396 Miniaturized propulsion, future use of, marketing of, civil sector, 197 commercial, 197 military,

6 486 INDEX Miniaturized propulsion (Continued ) microspacecraft (MSC), microvalves, types, α thrusters, chemical propulsion, chemical rockets, 174 cold gas thrusters, , 178, electric, 175 electromagnetic, 175 electrostatic, 175 FEEP, free molecular microresistojet, 175, liquid-propellant, 174 unit integration, uses, chemical propulsion, 192, 193 cold-gas thrusters, , 194 FEEP, 193, FMMR, 192, 193 MEMS, 195 mission types, MLI. See multilayer insulation. Momentum coupling coefficient, Monopropellants, 156 Moon based mass drivers, Morozov type Hall thrusters, MPD thrusters, applications of, current models in use, gas fed, lithium-fed LFA, principles of, current distribution, 259 Hall parameter, system aspects, technologies, alkali metals, long-life cathodes, magnetic coil, numerical models, onset phenomena control, testing facilities, MSC. See microspacecraft. Multibell nozzle, 386 Multilayer insulation (MLI), 211 Multimode operation, Hall effect thrusters and, Near-vertical earth launching, Neutralized propellants, 26, 27 Neutralizers, 233 reliability, 243 Nitramine-added propellants, 27, 28 Non Keplerian orbits, Nontoxic orbital maneuvering system/reaction control systems (OMS/RCS), 160 Nozzles advanced design, 57 58, 60 bell type, 50 Nuclear magnetic resonance, 297 Nuclear propulsion, Americium, Rubbia s engine, use analysis, fuel production, 318 Numerical modeling, MPD thrusters and, ODISSEE solar sale mission proposal, Oil origin fuels, properties of, 167 OMS/RCS. See orbital maneuvering system/ reaction control systems. Onboard power, 327 Onset phenomena control, Operational diagnostics, high power electric propulsion (HiPEP) test and, 353 Optical systems, Optimized combustion-chamber liners, 60 Orbital maneuvering system/reaction control systems (OMS/RCS), 160 Orbital waste, 395 Orbit-transfer stage, solar thermal propulsion and, Oxidizers, ammonium dinitramide (AND), 29 CL 2 O, 29 hydrazinum nitroformate, 29 Oxidizing metallic powders, CO 2 /Mg powder engine, 466 Particle accelerators, 297 Patents, propulsion systems and, 4 Performance measurement diagnostics, high power electric propulsion (HiPEP) test and 353 Permanent magnets, 266 Photo propulsion, Plug nozzle lightcraft, Plume neutralization, Pointing controls, cryogenic propellant storage and, 213 Polymeric propellants, laser ablation of, Power generation In situ resource utilization (ISRU) and, 456 Rubbia s engine and, 327 Power losses, VASIMR and, Power requirements, laser propulsion limitations and, Power supply, laser propulsion systems and, Power systems, Maglev mass accelerators and,

7 INDEX 487 Power transmission, 297 Pressure, VASIMR and, Propellant consumption, specific, Propellant feeding systems, 248 Propellant gases, MPD thrusters and, 275 Propellants advanced solid type, binder prepolymers, 29 continuous casting process, green formulations, 31, 32 groups of, 25 in situ resource utilization (ISRU) and, LOX/CH 2 propulsion, LOX/H 2 propulsion, new materials, oxidizers, semicontinuous casting process, types, ammonium-nitrate, 26 neutralized, 26, 27 nitramine-added, 27, 28 scavengers, 26, 27 sodium-nitrate, 26 Propulsion cyrogenic engines and, altitude adaptation, high-altitude, 46 low altitude, miniaturizing of, systems applicability matrix, 7, 8, 9 in situ resource utilization and, 461 launch vehicle scenarios, 5 mission scenarios, 5 7 patents, 4 satellite scenarios, 6 spacecraft scenarios, 7 tradeoffs re, 9 14 types, 1 2 Pulsed detonation propulsion system, Pulsed laser lightcraft and, 394 propulsion, momentum coupling coefficient, specific propellant consumption, repetitively, 379 Radiation, laser propulsion limitations and, 373 Railguns, technology, TRL evaluation, Ram laser propulsion system, RD-0105 rocket engine, 135, 137 RD-0107 rocket engine, RD-0109 rocket engine, 137 RD-0110 rocket engine, Reactor chamber design, Rubbia s engine and, Receiver subsystem test, Repetitively pulsed type laser, 379 Reusable launch vehicles (RLV), 75 RF gridded ion thrusters, 233 RLV. See reusable launch vehicles. Rocket engines RD-0105, 135, 137 RD-0107, RD-0109, 137 RD-0110, Rocket fuels additives, 22 aluminum, 21 hydroxil-terminated polybutadiene, 21 Rubbia s engine, current status, 328 development costs and time frame, efficiency of, evaluation, 320 future development of, data transmission, 327 electrolysis, 327 energy accumulators, 327 onboard power, 327 superconductive MPD, 327 Mars missions, 321 spacecraft modules, 322 performance data, 321 reactor chamber design, power generation, 327 Russian green propellants, Russian laser propulsion systems and, 384 Russian LOX-hydrocarbon engines, cost evaluation, cycles of, development of, future of, liquid, problems, upper stage liquid rocket engines, Russian upper stage liquid rocket engines, CADB, costs, 150 cycle evaluations, 150 design issues, development stages, future of, Korolev types, Samara types, Sabatier/water electrolysis, Samara liquid rocket engines, , Satellites, scenarios of, 6 Scavenger propellants, 26, 27

8 488 Semicontinuous casting process, Silicon based rubbers, 65 Simple combustion cycles (SC), 48 Simple gas generator (GG), 48 SMES. See superconducting magnetic energy storage. SN. See sodium-nitrate. Sodium-nitrate (SN) propellants, 26 Solar sails, attitude control, 447 background, demonstration missions, 448 demonstration of, first generation types, materials, mission proposals, ENEAS, escape missions, non-keplerian orbits, ODISSEE, performance definitions, principles, sizing, Solar system escape missions, Solar thermal propulsion, application synergies, 215 applications, interplanetary spacecraft, orbit-transfer stage, concepts, absorber/receiver, concentrator, performance, 206 cost estimations, cost benefits, development costs, development of, LH 2 tank 218 receiver subsystem test, future of, 221 requirements, 210 technologies, absorber/receiver assembly, attitude control, 213 concentrator/mirror assembly, 212 cryogenic propellant storage, pointing and attitude control, 213 technology readiness level (TRL), uses, 202 Solenoidal magnet, 266 Solid rocket motors (SRM), countries using, composite materials, case technology, design and development, current status of, 23 development costs, 38, 41 INDEX disadvantages, propellant groups, 25 Spacecraft, scenarios of, 7 Spacecraft/thruster interaction, double stage Hall effect thrusters and, 281 Specific propellant consumption, Spray forming, TBC and, 55 SRM. See solid rocket motors. Stabilization, laser propulsion and, Staged combustion cycles, Supercavitating inducers, 74 Superconducting electric motors, 297 Superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES), 297 Superconducting magnets, applications, nuclear magnetic resonance, 297 magnetic resonance imaging, particle accelerators, 297 power transmission, 297 superconducting electric motors, 297 superconducting magnetic energy storage, 297 thermonuclear fusion, 297 Superconductive MPD, 327 Superconductivity, Bardeen, Cooper and Schrieffer (BCS) theory, 291 cryocoolers, electric propulsion, future use of, high temperature superconductivity (HTSC), materials technology, superconducting magnets, technology, 296 use in thrusters, Tactical high-energy laser (THEL), 396 TBC, functional principle, operational issues, spray forming, 55 Technology readiness level (TRL), in situ resource utilization and, Telescope adaptive, 379 lightcraft and, THEL. See tactical high-energy laser. Thermal analysis, VASIMR and, Thermal barrier coatings, Thermal designs, 241 double stage Hall effect thrusters and, 279 Thermal spray forming, 60 Thermodynamic vent system (TVS), 211 Thermonuclear fusion, 297 Thrust range capability (TRC), 10 Thruster control systems, Thruster health monitoring, 245

9 INDEX 489 Thruster/Spacecraft interaction, double stage Hall effect thrusters and, 281 TPU. See turbopump unit. Tracking systems, laser propulsion and, 382 Transpiration cooling, 49, 51 52, 59 TRC. See thrust range capability. TRL. See technology readiness level. TRL evaluation, Turbopump unit (TPU), 118 Turbopumps, 60 62, supercavitating inducers, 74 technology of, bearings, boost pump, 69 inducers, TVS. See thermodynamic vent system. United States, laser propulsion systems and, Upper stage engines, liquid rocket engines, Variable specific impulse magnetoplasma rocket. See VASIMR. VASIMR (variable specific impulse magnetoplasma rocket), analysis of, constant-power-throttling (CPT), 333 cost analysis, exhaust performance, 346 future development, heating process, ICRF (ion cylcotron radio frequency), 337 ionization process, ISS flight experiment, high-power electric propulsion test, magnet and electric fields, 342 magnetic nozzle, power losses, pressure, technical readiness level, thermal analysis, Weather, laser propulsion systems and, 395 YCBO coated phases, 294 Zharinov type Hall thrusters, 239 Zirconia cell module, 464 Zirconia cell process, oxidizing metallic powders, Sabatier/water electrolysis,

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