Truth and Untruth in Neutrino Physics
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1 Symposium on exciting physics Makutsi Farm, November13-20, 2011 Truth and Untruth in Neutrino Physics Fedor Šimkovic Comenius University, Bratislava Laboratory of Theoretical Physics, JINR Dubna 6/1/2012 Fedor Simkovic 1
2 Main aims of my talk Advertise the field of ν physics Role of analogy in ν physics It is not easy to be right in ν physics Many important new discoveries are expected in ν physics in near future 6/1/2012 Fedor Simkovic 2
3 Physics at the beginning of 20th century There is nothing new to be discovered in physics now, All that remains is more and more precise measurements Kelvin /1/2012 Fedor Simkovic 3
4 Sources of neutrinos Abundant but challenging detection Analog of CMB Big-Bang (330 ν/cm 3 ) D. Vignaud and M. Spiro, Nucl. Phys.A 654 (1999) 350 Below detection threshold of current experiments ν/s come from the Sun on Earth, ~100 bilion pass through your finger nail (1 cm 2 ) Your body will stop ~1 neutrino which passes through it in a lifetime 6/1/2012 Fedor Simkovic 4
5 The first world energy crisis measured expected Problems: - nucleus (A,Z) thought to be A protons + (A-Z) electrons - beta decay: (A,Z) (A,Z+1) + e - (two body decay, monoenergetic e - ) Wrong explanations: - L. Meitner: β - undergo secondary interactions in nuclei losing energy that goes into additional γ-rays - N. Bohr: energy not conserved in β decay Further problems with spin of nuclei ( 6 3 Li and 14 7 N) measured to be integer Li: 6 protons + 3 electrons = 9 fermions N: 14 protons + 7 electrons = 21 fermions
6 Desperate idea of Pauli (81 years ago) A letter to Tuebingen Liebe Radioaktive Damen and Herren! (L. Meitner, H. Geiger) Human body = 20 mg of Potassium 40. Humans emit 340 million neutrinos per day!
7 Pauli proposes existence of neutron (with spin ½ and mass not more than 0.01 mass of proton) in nucleus. β-decay is then a three body decay with continues distribution of energy among constituents. 4 December 1930 A letter to Tuebingen Detector at Savannah River Nuclear reactor (1956) I have done a terrible thing I invented a particle that cannot be detected W. Pauli ν +p n + e + We are happy to inform you (Pauli) that we have definitely detected ν Reines & Cowan Signals due to: i) e + annihilation, ii) n-capture σ = (1.1±0.3) cm 2 6/1/2012 Fedor Simkovic 7-3 events per hour in agreement with Fermi theory of β-decay
8 Fundamental properties of neutrinos After 55 years we know 3 families of light (V-A) neutrinos: ν e, ν µ, ν τ ν are massive: we know mass squared differences relation between flavor states and mass states (neutrino mixing) only partially known Claim for evidence of the 0νββ νββ-decay H.V. Klapdor-Kleingrothaus et al.,nim A 522, 371 (2004); PLB 586, 198 (2004) Absolute ν mass scale from the 0νββ-decay. (cosmology, 3 H, 187 Rh?) ν s are their own antiparticles Majorana. No answer yet Is there a CP violation in ν sector? (leptogenesis) Are neutrinos stable? What is the magnetic moment of ν? Sterile neutrinos? Statistical properties of ν? Fermionic or partly bosonic? 6/1/2012 Fedor Simkovic 8
9 (A,Z) (A,Z-1)+ e + + ν e e - b + (A,Z) (A,Z-1) + ν e Weak nuclear transitions (A,Z) (A,Z+1)+ e - + ν e Fission Fusion ν e ν e ν e 6/1/2012 Fedor Simkovic 9
10 Atmospheric and accelerator ν The beam is comprised almost entirely from ν µ
11 Neutrino interactions 6/1/2012 Fedor Simkovic 11
12 1934 Fermi theory of β-decay n e - p Fermi, Z. Physik 88 (1934) 161 Fermi 4-fermion contact interaction, Lagrangian of interaction (in analogy with electrodynamics): ν e G F = Fermi coupling constant = ( ± ) 10-5 GeV -2 Cross section for interactions with nucleons: cm 2 at 1 GeV and increasing with energy 1935 Gamow and Teller interaction when final spin different to initial nucleus: Possible interactions: γ i = 1, γ 5, γ, γ µ µ γ 5, σ µν = S, P, V, A, T µν
13 1958 V-A theory of weak interaction, Feynman, Gell-Mann Two-component neutrinos: Landau, NP 3 (1957) 127, Salam, Nuovo Cim. 5 (1957) 299 Lee and Yang, Phys. Rev. 105 (1957) 1671 Chiral representation: Massless fermion => Chirality = Helicity Left-handed chirality V-A current interaction is violating parity: PV=-V, PA=A, (V-A)(V-A)=VV+AA 2AV P (V-A)(V-A)=VV+AA + 2AV Weak Hamiltonian is combination of vector (V) and axial-vector (A) currents β-decay Hamiltonian
14 Neutrinos in the Standard Model Neutrinos are massless Neutrinos only interact via the Weak force Neutrinos are left-handed, anti-neutrinos are right-handed Neutrinos are electrically neutral Neutrinos have three flavors: electron, muon, tau 6/1/2012 Fedor Simkovic 14
15 Search for Exotic (scalar and tensor type) Weak-Interactions WITCH double-penning trap system at ISOLDE-CERN R-parity violating SUSY vertex 6/1/2012 Fedor Simkovic 15
16 Why sun is shining?
17 1939 Energy production in Stars (Bethe) Nobel prize 1967
18 Standard Solar Model (SSM) Observables: Mass (M= kg), luminosity (L= W), Radius ( m), metal content of the photosphere, Age, Inferences of solar interior (ρ,p,t) Total neutrino flux (only ν e ): φ(ν e ) = cm 2 s -1 small theoretical uncertainty (~1%) by pp neutrinos large theoretical uncertainty (~20%) by 8 B neutrinos Solar Neutrino Energy Spectrum
19 Homestake solar neutrino observatory ( ) 615 tons of Perchloroethylene 1964 John Bahcall and Ray Davis have idea to detect solar neutrinos using the reaction 37 Cl + ν e 37 Ar + e Homestake experiment starts taking data 615 ton of cleaning fluid in a tank 4,100 mwe underground 37 Ar extracted chemically every few months (single atoms!) event rate: ~ 1 neutrino capture per day! 1968 First results: only 34% of predicted neutrino flux Why? Experiment observed: 2.56±0.23 SNU SSM prediction: 7.7 ±1.2 SNU 1 SNU = interactions/(target atom)/ s Davis, Harmer and Hoffman, Phys. Rev. Lett. 20 (1968) 1205 Next 20 years no other solar neutrino experiment
20 Neutrino oscillations 6/1/2012 Fedor Simkovic 20
21 1957 Neutrino oscillations (masses, mixing) In analogy with oscillations of kaons Bruno Pontecorvo (Dubna 1957) ν e + 37 Cl 37 Ar + e - Rumours that Ray Davis have seen ν e with this reaction(?!) ν e + 37 Cl 37 Ar + e - m 2 =10-3 ev sin 2 2θ θ = 1 <Ε> = 1 GeV Neutrino mixing Mass squared diff., distance
22 Neutrino production in the atmosphere Up moving ν µ 2 ν µ for each ν e Down moving ν µ
23 2000 Sudbury Neutrino Observatory 2 km to surface 17.8m dia. PMT Support Structure cm dia. PMTs 56% coverage 1006 tonnes D 2 O 12.01m dia. acrylic vessel 1700 tonnes of inner shielding H 2 O Urylon liner 5300 tonnes of outer shielding H 6/1/ O Fedor Simkovic 23 Nucl. Inst. Meth. A449, 127 (2000)
24 ν Detection at SNO SNO can determine both Φ(ν e ) and Φ(ν e +ν µ +ν τ ) Threshold energy 5 MeV => sensitive to 8 B ν CC: ν e +d p+p+e - Measurement of ν e energy spectrum, weak directionality NC: ν x +d p+n+ν x Measure total 8 B ν equally sensitive to all ν σ(ν e ) = σ(ν ) = σ(ν µ τ ) ES: ν x +d ν x +e - Low statistics σ(ν e ) 7 σ(ν µ ) 7 σ(ν τ ) strong directionality
25 Two-neutrino active oscillations Solar ν Oscillation Solutions In analogy with CKM matrix Fit to the rates of all solar neutrons events from all experiments
26 Idea: The same solution for neutrinos and antineutrinos CPT symmetry 2002 KamLAND exp. disappearance experiment KamLAND Scintillator-Detector (1000 t) Dashed: Best fit LMA sin 2 2θ=0.833, m 2 = ev 2 shaded: 95% CL LMA solar neutrino data
27 Neutrino mixing and masses 6/1/2012 Fedor Simkovic 27
28 Pontecorvo -Maki-Nakagawa-Sakata matrix Mixing of 3 light Neutrinos Flavor eigenstates Mass eigenstates Mass matrix m ββ ββ = Σ U ei U ei m i 6/1/2012 Fedor Simkovic 28
29 Is there analogy between lepton mixing matrix and quark mixing? PMNS Lepton Mixing Matrix CKM Quark Mixing Matrix Large off diagonal elements CP violating Phases: δ 13, δ CKM Disperity and challange for quark-lepton unified theories PMNS for Majorana neutrinos
30 What is the nature of neutrinos? The answer to the question whether neutrinos are their own antiparticles is of central importance, not only to our understanding of neutrinos, but also to our understanding of the origin of mass. GUT s Only the 0νββ-decay can answer this fundamental question Analogy with kaons: K 0 and K 0 Analogy with 6/1/2012 Fedor Simkovic π 30 0
31 The double beta decay process can be observed due to nuclear pairing interaction that favors energetically the even-even nuclei over the odd-odd nuclei The NMEs for 0νββ-decay must be evaluated using tools of nuclear theory 6/1/2012 Fedor Simkovic 31
32 Perspectives of the 0νββ νββ-decay search Normal hierarchy Inverted hierarchy (year ~2020) 6/1/2012 Fedor Simkovic 32
33 Quark-Lepton Complemenarity QLC- relations: H. Minakata, A.S. Phys. Rev. D70: (2004) [hep-ph/ ] θ l θ q 12 π/4 θ l θ q 23 π/4 θ 12 + θ C = 46.5 o +/- 1.3 o θ 23 + θ 23 = 43.9 o + 5.1/-3.6 o Qualitatively correlation: 2-3 leptonic mixing is close to maximal because 2-3 quark mixing is small 1-2 leptonic mixing deviates from maximal substantially because 1-2 quark mixing is relatively large 6/1/2012 Fedor Simkovic 33
34 θ 13 0 : How Big or How Small? Convincing flavor theory has been lacking it is at present impossible to predict fermion masses, flavor mixing angles and CP phases fundamental level the flavor problem Bi-maximal mixing U bm = U 23m U m 12 As dominant structure? Zero order? θ 13 has a role! T2K: 0.03 < sin 2 2θ 13 < 0.34 (June 2011) DOOBLE CHOOZ: sin 2 2θ 13 =0.085±0.051 ( ) 6/1/2012 Fedor Simkovic 34
35 Sterile neutrinos 6/1/2012 Fedor Simkovic 35
36 Assumption M R» m D See-Saw mechanism Left-right symmetric models SO(10) large small small large Probability of Neutrino Oscillations As N increases, the formalism gets rapidly more complicated! N m ij 2 θ ij CP Fedor Simkovic 36
37 The LSND Experiment: Evidence sterile ν (3.8 σ) LSND took data from L = 30m and 20 < E ν < 53 MeV Saw an excess of ν e : 87.9 ± 22.4 ± 6.0 events. π + µ + ν µ e + ν e ν µ Oscillations? ν e ν e Signal: p e + n n p d γ(2.2mev)
38 MiniBooNE was designed to test the LSND signal 8 GeV p µ - π - ν µ (antineutrino mode) π + Decay region ~50m Dirt ~500m Similar L/E as LSND MiniBooNE ~500m/~500MeV LSND ~30m/~30MeV Horn focused neutrino beam (p+be) Horn polarity neutrino or anti-neutrino mode 800 tons mineral oil Cherenkov detector Detector running since early 2003 Excess of events observed at lower energy: ± 20.4 ± 38.3 (3.0σ) 38
39 Reactor neutrinos anomaly (January 2011) Double Chooz re-evaluated reactor antineutrino flux (arxiv ) previous procedure used a phenomenological model based 30 effective beta branches new analysis used detailed knowledge of the decays of 10,000 + fission products New calculations Results in flux Increase of 3.5% In reactor antineutrinos sin 2 (2θ new ) ~ 0.14 m new 2 > 1.5 ev 2
40 Muon neutrinos CPT Violation 3+1 Model Muon antineutrinos Jeff Hartnell, NuFact
41 (Partly)bosonic or fermionic neutrinos? Bosons: In the ground state (T=0) all bosons occupy lowest energy state. Fermions: No two fermions can occupy the same state, so in the ground state (T=0), fermions stack from The lowest energy level to higher Energy levels, leaving no holes. 6/1/2012 Fedor Simkovic 41
42 2νββ νββ-decay Mixed ν excluded for sin 2 χ < Mo 100 Ru (SSD) NEMO 3 6/1/2012 Fedor Simkovic 42
43 Geo-neutrinos: anti-neutrinos from Earth U, Th and 40 K in the Earth release heat together with anti-ν, in a well fixed ratio: Open questions about natural radioactivity in Earth What is the radiogenic contribution to terrestrial heat production? How much U and Th in the crust? How much U and Th in the mantle? What is hidden in the Earth s core (geo-reactor, 40 K, )? Is the standard geochemical model consistent with geo-neutrino data? 6/1/2012 Fedor Simkovic 43
44 Energetics of the Earth and the missing heat source mystery Heat flow from the Earth is equivalent of some nuclear power plants H earth =(30-40) TW (There are about 500 operating nuclear power plants around the world. Nuclear reactors, the enemy of geo-neutrinos) The standard geochemical model (BSE), based on cosmochemical arguments, predicts a radiogenic heat production of 19 TW: 9 TW estimated from radioactivity in the (continental) crust 10 TW supposed from radioactivity in the mantle 0 TW assumed from a core deepest hole is 12 km; only crust and upper mantle can be tested directly 6/1/2012 Fedor Simkovic 44 seismology brings information on the density profile within the Earth
45 KamLAND experiment Inverse beta decay reaction E max (U) = 3.26 E MeV max (Th) = 2.25 E max (K) MeV = 1.3 MeV 2008 results: 73±27 ev (~ 2.5σ) The indication of an excess of low-energy anti-neutrinos consistent with an interpretation as geo-neutrinos persists. Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 (2008) 22 45
46 Supernovae The observed neutrino burst e - +p n+ν can confirmed the Supernova theory (Chandrasekar) 6/1/2012 Fedor Simkovic 46
47 Observation of SN1987A (29 events) 16 (Cherenkov) 23 rd Feb 1987, light years, Large Megallanic Cloud 8 (Cherenkov) 5 (LS)
48 Neutrinos that travel faster than light? (v-c)/c = (5.1 ± 2.9) x km 6/1/2012 Fedor Simkovic 48
49 Like most people, physicists enjoy a good mystery. When you start investigating a mystery you rarely know where it is going Mathematics is Egyptian Neutrino physics is Babylonian The truth is covered in ν experiments. 6/1/2012 Fedor Simkovic 49 Thanks to neutrinos we understand Sun, Supernova, Earth (nuclear reactions)
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