Advanced Accelerator Concepts. (special thanks to Massimo Ferrario)

Transcription

1 Advanced Accelerator Concepts (special thanks to Massimo Ferrario) Constantia 22 September 2018

2 Fermi s Globatron: ~5000 TeV Proton beam 1954 the ultimate synchrotron B max 2 Tesla r 8000 km fixed target 3 TeV cm 170 G$ 1994

3 Touschek s Anello Di Accumulazione (ADA) 1961 the first e+e- Collider E CM» 2E m 1 2 E CM» 2E

4 GeV Fixed Target equivalent accelerator energy versus year

5 Hawking: the Solartron Towards the Planck scale Without further novel technology, we will eventually need an accelerator as large as Hawking expected. The Universe in a Nutshell, by Stephen William Hawking, Bantam, 2001

6 Big science machines 16 T

7 or accelerator on a Chip?

8 SLAC Now and Tomorrow?

9 Modern accelerators require high quality beams: ==> High Luminosity & High Brightness ==> High Energy & Low Energy Spread L = N e+ N e- f r 4ps x s y N of particles per pulse => 10 9 High rep. rate f r => bunch trains Small spot size => low emittance B n» 2I e n 2 Short pulse (ps to fs) Little spread in transverse momentum and angle => low emittance

10 HIGH GRADIENT AAC ROAD MAP 1 2 Miniaturization of the accelerating structures ( ~ resonant) Wake Field Acceleration ( ~ transient)(lwfa, PWFA, DWFA) Power sources Accelerating structures High quality beams

11 The simplest solution: particle interacting with a plane wave in free space (e.g. laser)

12 ee æ x wt cos 2 ç 2g è 2g 2 ö ø

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14 Taking into account the boundary conditions the accelerating component of the field becomes: iwt-ik( z cosq -x sinq ) iwt-ik E z ( x,z,t) = ( E + sinq)e - ( z cosq +x sinq ) ( E+ sinq)e iwt-ikz cosq = 2iE + sinq sin( kx sinq)e z-tw pattern x-sw pattern x

15 v fz = w k z = w k cosq = c cosq > c

16 v j º c

17 Conventional RF accelerating structures

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19 High field ->Short wavelength->ultra-short bunches-> low charge

20 1 2 Miniaturization of the accelerating structures ( ~ resonant) Wake Field Acceleration ( ~ transient)(lwfa, PWFA, DWFA)

21 Accelerating structures routinely used

22 Accelerating structures and EM spectrum 8.56MHz 110GHz 450GHz 3GHz future dielectric 800MHz GHz

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24 THz-driven linear acceleration

25 Direct Laser Acceleration DLA

26 Laser based dielectric accelerator

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28 Dielectric Photonic Structure Why photonic structures (periodic optical nanostructures)? Natural in dielectric Advantages of burgeoning field design possibilities Fabrication Laser pulses 180 degrees out of phase e-beam Dynamics concerns Biharmonic ~2D structure External coupling schemes Schematic of GALAXIE monolithic photonic DLA

29 Laser-Structure Coupling: TW GALAXIE Dual laser drive structure, large reservoir of power recycles Laser pulses (180 degrees out of phase) e-beam

30 Limitations of Direct Laser Acceleration Low emittance Low charge Longitudinal dynamics Timing issue Alignment issues Inverse Free Electron Laser

31 Accelerator on chip option Rasmus Ischebeck for the ACHIP Collaboration, EAAC 2017

32 1 2 Miniaturization of the accelerating structures ( ~ resonant) Wake Field Acceleration ( ~ transient)(lwfa, PWFA, DWFA)

33 What about wakefields? Courtesy of Cho Ng, SLAC (Particle Driven) Wakefield Acceleration paradigm the EM fields of the accelerating wave are created inside of the structure itself by an intense, relativistic particle beam. This drive beam may be of lower quality and energy than a trailing, accelerating beam. Further, the drive beam may be specially shaped (in, e.g. a rising triangular current profile) to give much larger acceleration in the trailing beam than deceleration in the driver.

34 Wakefield feeding RF structures Courtesy of Cho Ng, SLAC

35 Dielectric Wakefield Acceleration DWA

36 Dielectric Wakefield Accelerator

37 Dielectric Wakefield Accelerator

38 Dielectric Wakefield Accelerator

39 Dielectric Wakefield Accelerator

40 Plasma Acceleration

41 Surface charge density Surface electric field Restoring force Plasma frequency Plasma oscillations

42 Breakdown limit?

43 From linear regime

44 to quasi linear and non linear regime

45 What about externally injected electrons or positrons? positrons

46 Wake Field Acceleration 1 Laser Driven LWFA

47 Direct production of e-beam Laser beam 1 mm Electron beam

48 Diffraction - Self injection - Dephasing Depletion

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56 Capillary Discharge

57 Capillary in the beam line

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61 Active Plasma lens The use plasma wakefields for creating lenses with extreme focusing strength was proposed for a linear collider final focus (5 orders stronger than conventional magnets).

62 An example of active Plasma lens

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66 Wake Field Acceleration 2 Beam Driven PWFA

67 Blumenfeld, I. et al. Energy doubling of 42 GeV electrons in a metre-scale plasma wakefield accelerator. Nature 445, (2007). Litos, M. et al. High-efficiency acceleration of an electron beam in a plasma wakefield accelerator. Nature 515, (2014).

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71 ILC International Linear Collider

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78 Protons and Ions

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80 3 Steps towards a reliable PWA High Gradient Low e- Beam Quality High e+e- Beam Quality Low Gradient High e+e- Beam Quality - High Gradient

81 This project has received funding from the European Union s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No EUROPEAN PLASMA RESEARCH ACCELERATOR WITH EXCELLENCE IN APPLICATIONS

82 EuPRAXIA Research Infrastructure Horizon 2020 PLASMA ACCELERATOR HEP & OTHER USER AREA FEL / RADIATION SOURCE USER AREA

83 Participating Institutions Horizon Associated Partners (as of August 2016) JUS Jiao Tong-University Shanghai TUB Tsingua University Beijing ELI-B Extreme Light Infrastructure-Beams PHLAM Lille University HIJ Helmholtz Institute Jena HZDR Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf LMU Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München WIGNER Wigner Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Science 14 USTRATH University of Strathclyde, UK STFC Science & Technology Facilities Council, UK UNIMAN University of Manchester, UK ULIV University of Liverpool, UK ICL Imperial College London, UK UOXF University of Oxford, UK CNRS Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, France SOLEIL Synchrotron SOLEIL - French National Synchrotron, France CEA Commissariat à l'énergie Atomique et aux énergies alternatives, France DESY Stiftung Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron, Germany UHH Universität Hansestadt Hamburg, Germany IST-ID Associacao do instituto superior tecnico para a investigacao e desenvolvimento, Portugal INFN Instituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Italy CNR Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Italy ENEA Agenzia nazionale per le nuove tecnologie, l'energia e lo sviluppo economico sostenibile, Italy UROM Sapienza Universita di Roma, Italy CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research KPSI/JAEA Kansai Photon Science Institute, Japan Atomic Energy Agency OU Osaka University RSC RIKEN SPring-8 Center LU Lund University 14 CASE Center for Accelerator Science and Education at Stony Brook U & BNL LBNL Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory UCLA University of California, Los Angeles

84 Future of Accelerators E-XFEL LHC FAIR HiLumi FCC Conceptual Design started muons ILC Technical Design exists Waiting funding decision SuperKEKb LHeC ERL ESS SwissFEL LBNL LWFA 2014 Hadron acc. project Hadron acc. proposal Lepton acc. project Lepton acc. proposal R. Assmann, EAAC 2015, 9/2015

85 Conclusions (I) There are several options for high gradient structures: RF accelerating structures, from X-band to K-band => 100 MV/m < E acc < 1 GV/m Dielectric structures, laser or particle driven => 1 GV/m < E acc < 5 GV/m Plasma accelerator, laser or particle driven => 1 GV/m < E acc < 100 GV/m

86 Conclusions (II) The R&D now concentrates on beam quality, stability, staging and continuous operation. The R&D is pursued in a modern way - Collaborative effort (networking, both in Europe and US) - Building a demonstrator facility - Strong use of simulation (start-to-end, multidisciplinary) Compact machine to spread the use of particle accelerators Application driven accelerators (HEP, radiation sources, material science, radio-biology, ) Accelerator physics is opening to different fields (laser science, plasma physics, computer science, advanced technology ) very interesting!

87 CAS on High Gradient Wakefield Accelerator

88 Thank you