Springer Series in SOLID-STATE SCIENCES. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH

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1 Springer Series in SOLID-STATE SCIENCES 128 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH

2 Springer Series in SOLID-STATE SCIENCES Series Editors: M. Cardona P. Fulde K. von Klitzing R. Merlin H.-J. Queisser H. Stormer 126 Physical Properties of Quasicrystals Editor: Z.M. Stadnik 127 Positron Annihilation in Semiconductors Defect Studies By R. Krause-Rehberg and H.S. Leipner 128 Magneto-Optics Editors: S. Sugano and N. Kojima 129 Computational Materials Science From Ab Initio to Monte Carlo Methods By K. Ohno, K. Esfarjani, andy. Kawazoe 130 Contact, Adhesion and Rupture of Elastic Solids By D. Maugis Volumes are listed at the end of the book.

3 S. Sugano N. Kojima (Eds.) Magneto-Optics With 237 Figures and 17 Tables " Springer

4 Prof. emer. Dr. Satoru Sugano Ageya, Nagano , Japan Prof. Dr. Norimichi Kojima Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo , Japan Series Editors: Professor Dr., Dres. h. c. Manuel Cardona Professor Dr., Dres. h. c. Peter Fulde* Professor Dr., Dres. h. c. Klaus von Klitzing Professor Dr., Dres. h. c. Hans-Joachim Queisser Max-Planck-Institut fiir Festkorperforschung, Heisenbergstrasse 1, D Stuttgart, Germany * Max-Planck-Institut fiir Physik komplexer Systeme, Nothnitzer Strasse 38 D Dresden, Germany Professor Dr. Roberto Merlin Department of Physics, 5000 East University, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI , USA Professor Dr. Horst Stormer Dept. Phys. and Dept. Appl. Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY and Bell Labs., Lucent Technologies, Murray Hill, NJ 07974, USA ISSN ISBN Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data applied for Die Deutsche Bibliothek- CIP-Einheitsaufnahme Sugano, Satoru: Magneto optics : with 17 tables I S. Sugano ; N. Kojima. (Springer series in solid-state sciences; 128) ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOl / This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2000 Originally published by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York in 2000 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2000 The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Typesetting: camera-ready copies by the authors Cover concept: estudio Calamar Steinen Cover production: design & production GmbH, Heidelberg SPIN: / o- Printed on acid-free paper

5 Preface This book is designed to provide graduate students and research beginners with an introductory review of recent developments in the field of microscopic magneto-optics. The field contains the most important subjects in solid state physics, chemical physics, and electronic engineering. Microscopic studies of magneto-optics stem from those of ligand-field spectra of paramagnetic ions in solids and liquids, which are also well known to have brought developments in material research for solid-state lasers. As the introductory chapter of this monograph, Chap. 1 deals with the fundamental properties of ligand-field spectra in useful solids. Chapter 2 is on elementary excitations such as magnons and excitons in magnetically ordered crystals, a central aspect of recent developments in microscopic magnetooptics. Chapter 3 concerns Raman spectroscopy accompanying magnetic excitations of high energies in strongly correlated electron systems, which are related to high Tc superconductors. Chapter 4 is on recent developments in the studies of non-linear optical effects, citing experiments for Cr203 and describing a microscopic theory for its second harmonic generation. In Chap. 5, after introducing a phenomenological theory of the Faraday and Kerr effects, we present a microscopic theory based on the ligand-field theory and discuss the future developments. Chapter 6 concerns diluted magnetic semiconductors, discussing formation, magnetic properties, and quantum confinement effects of magnetic polarons. Chapter 7 is also on diluted magnetic semiconductors, emphasizing the importance in growing new magnetic semiconductors and in studying their remarkable magneto-optical properties. Chapter 8 discusses "photo-induced magnetism", which is completely different from "photo-thermal magnetism" used in an optical magnetic memory device. The last chapter, Chap. 9, is devoted to subjects relevant for the applications of magneto-optical effects. In particular, various technologies for high density magneto-optical recording are discussed. Finally an appendix on the "magnetic space-group and its application" is provided to help readers understand magneto-optics from the group-theoretical point of view. In spite of the importance of the field, only one book on magneto-optics has been published in the last decade of the 20th century. It is the book "Modern Magneto-Optics and Magneto-Optical Materials" by A.K. Zvezdin and V.A. Kotov. That book aims at a comprehensive survey of a broad area of magneto-optics. In contrast, our book is focused on selected topics which are new and of fundamental importance. In particular, the description in the present monograph is expected to be more microscopic (quantum-mechanical) rather than phenomenological as compared with Zvezdin and Kotov's book. The publication of this book was planned by the following people on the occasion of organizing "The Second Sugano Symposium on Magnetism and

6 VI Preface Spectroscopy": they are A. Fujimori, A. Misu, K. Sato, K. Tsushima and T. Yamaguchi. We are indebted to these members for suggesting the contents and recommending authors for each chapter. It should be remarked that the present book is not the proceedings of the symposium but a monograph designed, as mentioned at the beginning of this preface, for pedagogical purposes: the symposium has been established to attract and stimulate the interest of young researchers. Finally we would like to express our sincere thanks to Dr. C. Ascheron, Physics Editor, at Springer-Verlag for supporting the publication of this monograph. Nagano, Tokyo, August 1999 S. Sugano N. Kojima Acknowledgements The authors are indebted to the following publishers and societies for granting permission to use, in the present edition, figures from the cited references: American Institute of Physics (J. Appl. Phys. and Appl. Phys. Lett.); The American Physical Society {Phys. Rev. and Phys. Rev. Lett.); The American Electrochemical Society (J. Electrochem. Soc.); W. A. Benjamin; Elsevier Science Ltd. (J. Magn. Magn. Mater., Physica B, Prog. Cryst. Growth and Charact. of Mater., J. Luminescence and J. Cryst. Growth); Gordon and Breach Science Publisher (Nonlinear Optics); The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE Trans. Magn. and Proc. IEEE); The Japan Society of Applied Physics (Jpn. J. Appl. Phys.); The Magnetics Society of Japan (J. Magn. Soc. Jpn.); Material Research Society (USA); Mar.uzen Co.; Optical Society of America (Appl. Opt., Optics Lett. and J. Opt. Soc. Amer.); Pergamon Press (Mat. Res. Bull. and J. Phys. Chern. Solids); The Physical Society of Japan (J. Phys. Soc. Jpn.); D. Reidel Publishing Co.; World Scientific Publishing Co.

7 Contents 1 Spectroscopy and Optical Applications of Rare-Earth- and Transition-Metal-Doped Materials T. Kushida 1.1 Introduction Optical Spectra of Rare-Earth and Transition-Metal Ions in Solids Solid-State Laser Materials Long-Lasting Phosphorescent Phosphors and Photostimulable Phosphors Persistent Spectral Hole-Burning References Elementary Excitations in Magnetically Ordered Materials N. Kojima 2.1 Introduction Double Excitations in Spin Cluster System Cooperative Excitations in the Magnetically Ordered State Exotic Elementary Excitations in Frustrated Spin System Exciton Dynamics in Magnetically Ordered State References Raman Spectroscopy of Magnetic Compounds with Strong Electron-Correlation S. Sugai 3.1 Strongly Correlated Electron System Raman Scattering Raman Scattering in Two-Leg Spin Ladders Sr14-x-yCax Y ycu References Nonlinear Optics of Antiferromagnetic Compounds Y. Tanabe, M. Fiebig, E. Hanamura 4.1 Introduction Macroscopic Theory of the Nonlinear Susceptibilities Microscopic Theory of the Nonlinear Susceptibilities Comparison with Experiments Discussion and Future Problems References

8 VIII Contents 5 Faraday and Kerr Effects in Ferromagnets K. Shinagawa 5.1 Introduction Faraday and Kerr Effects Kerr Rotation in Ferromagnetic CrBra Faraday Rotation in Magnetic Garnets Summary and Outlook References Addenda Magnetic Polarons in Diluted Magnetic Semiconductors S. Takeyama 6.1 Introduction Bound Magnetic Polarons Formation Mechanism of Magnetic Polarons Localized Magnetic Polarons Optical Detection of Free Magnetic Polarpns Two-Dimensional Exciton Magnetic Polarons Summary References Magneto-Optics of Diluted Magnetic Semiconductors: New Materials and Applications K. Ando 7.1 Introduction sp-d Exchange Interactions and Magneto-Optics Cdl-xMnx Te: A Prototype Diluted Magnetic Semiconductor Magneto-Optics of New Diluted Magnetic Semiconductors Magneto-Optic Applications of Diluted Magnetic Semiconductors Conclusion References Optical Control of Magnetic Properties in Molecule-Based Magnets S. Ohkoshi, K. Hashimoto 8.1 Introduction Molecule-Based Magnet Magnetism of Prussian Blue Analogs Mixed Ferro-Ferrimagnetism Photomagnetism Photo-Induced Magnetic Pole Inversion Conclusion References

9 Contents IX 9 Magneto-Optical Recording M. Kaneko 9.1 Review of Magneto-Optical Disks Manufacturing of Optical Disks Readout of Signals from an Optical Disk Magnetic Material for Thermo-Magnetic Recording Recording on Magneto-Optical Disks Magneto-Optical Effect in Readout from Magneto-Optical Disk High-Density Magneto-Optical Recording References A Appendix: The Magnetic Space-Group and Its Applications S. Sugano A.1 Non-Unitary Group A.2 Co-Representation A.3 Wigner Test A.4 Applications to Spectroscopy References Index