Sensitometric Characteristics of Monobaths

Transcription

1 Rcheste Institute f Technlgy RIT Schla Wks Theses Thesis/Dissetatin Cllectins Sensitmetic Chaacteistics f Mnbaths Kenneth Guld Bet Zaccaia Fllw this and additinal wks at: Recmmended Citatin Guld, Kenneth and Zaccaia, Bet, "Sensitmetic Chaacteistics f Mnbaths" (1966). Thesis. Rcheste Institute f Technlgy. Accessed fm This Thesis is bught t yu f fee and pen access by the Thesis/Dissetatin Cllectins at RIT Schla Wks. It has been accepted f inclusin in Theses by an authized administat f RIT Schla Wks. F me infmatin, please cntact itschlawks@it.edu.

2 SENSITOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS OF MONOBATHS Kenneth C. Guld and Bet Zaccaia Pepaed in patial fulfillment f the equiements f a BS in Phtgaphic Science and Engineeing Rcheste Institute f Technlgy May 11, 1966

3 TABLE OF NTENTS SUBJECT PAGE NUMBER Abstact 1 Objective 2 Intductin 3, 4 Test Pcedue (Flw chat) 5, 6, 7 Results 8 Discussin 9 Reccmendatins 10 Acknwledgements 11 Bibligaphy 12 Appendix ( Fmulatins) 13, 14, 15, 16 Gaphs and Figues ph vaiatin Fig. I Sdium Hydxide Dependence Fig. II Thisulfate Dependence Fig. Ill IV Tempeatue Seies Fig. V Tempeatue vs. Gadient and Speed Fig. VI Phenidne Dependence Fig. VII Cmpaisn f Nmal and Mdified Mnbath Fmulatins Fig. VIII Agitatin (Spay Pcess) Fig. IX

4 TABLE OF NTENTS (cn't) Time Vaiatin (PL1 develpe) Sample gadient deteminatin Fig. X See appendix Speed citein See appendix Cntast Index Gid See appendix

5 Page 1 f 16 ABSTRACT The United States Ai Fce pesently uses SO233 Duplicating Film 0NBiMM^pi f the pcessing f tanspaent pints and has achieved a lng staight line cuve f epductin cntl pupses. Type 8430 Duplicating Film is als used f the same pupse but f diffeent cntasts. Thei pblem was that 9BMI and Type 8430 wee nt cmpatible and did nt have a sufficiently high density a lng enugh staight line. The esults f this expeiment have yielded a mnbath fmulatin which when used with type 8430 film will give the desied density and staight line equied.

6 Page 2 f 16 OBJECTIVE T test the hypthesis that an incease in the maximum density and a lengthening f the staight line ptin f the chaacteistic cuve f Kdak Type 8430 Duplicating Film will be effected by use f a mnbath develpe by vaying the input vaiables f ph, time, tempeatue, and cncentatins f slutins and by measuing the espnse vaiables f maximum density, minimum density, fg, aveage gadient, and speed f the unifmly expsed sensitmetic stips by use f densitmetic pcedues.

7 f Page 3 f 16 INTRODUCTION A mnbath is a phtgaphic pcessing slutin that cntains bth develping agent and silve halide slvent, plus caustic agents, pe sevatives and buffeing agents. The eactin kinetics ae such that the develpment f the latent image and the slvent.actin unexpsed silve halide, ae simultaneus. Thus, by its vey natue, a mnbath fmulatin is designed f a paticula phtgaphic emulsin emulsin types, and f specific pcessing paametes, such as time, tempeatue, and kind f agitatin. The pupse, is t shw what seveal cmpnent pats must be vaied t achieve the desied bjective f lnge scale and an incease in maximum density. Mnbaths ae based n the pemise that being an extemely active develpe with a vey sht inductin time, they must be used s that expsed silve halide gains can be develped befe they ae attacked by the hyp and disslved. The difficulty invlved in fmulating a mnbath is that all the cmpnents ae intedependent. The the pblem invlved is that t ceate a mnbath with sufficient activity, esults inhjigh fg, eticulatin and apid exhaustin. It was fund that the use f small pecentages f hyp in a develpe

8 Page 4 f 16 ^cease fg, hweve lage amunts f hpy act smewhat as an antifggant. This is beneficial since extensive use f antifggants such as benztiazle and ptassium bmide cause a eductin in film speed, i

9 Page 5 f 16 TEST PROCEDURE Kdak Type 8430 film, cut t 70mm X seven inch stips wee expsed t an EG&G sensitmete f 1/1000 secnd. Light mdulatin was accmplished by using a 1/100 secnd attenuat. The film was efigeated with five stips t a package t minimize any latent image change upn emval. A study f existing mnbath fmulatins was made t detemine the ppe aea f study in elatin t the film used and the bjectives. Data btained fm the chatacteistic cuves f this study enabled the ppe selectin f a mnbath fmula t establish gunds f final study geaed twad the bjectives. A seies f tests wee un t detemine which cmbinatin f the develping agents (metl, phenidne, hydquinne) wuld give the best esults with Type 8430 film. The test was accmplished by keeping the ptassium alum, sulfite, sdium hydxide, hyp, and antifg levels cnstant and vaying the thee develping agents. The fmula used as a basis was the BU315*, which uses 10 gams f metl and 40 gams f hydquinne withut phenidne. It was fund using maximum density and aveage gadient as k citeia, that f Type 8430 film, metl shuld be eliminated and a phenidne hyd quinne fmulatin fund mst satisfacty.

10 Page 6 f 16 A cental cmpsite design f detemining ptimum peating cnditins was used t extact the maximum amunt f infmatin with the least numbe f uns in the labaty. This design makes use f deviatins fm a nmal value in de t detemine the ptimum cnditins f inceasing the staight line ptin f the chaacte istic cuve and pduce an effective incease in maximum density. Seven eplicatins wee un f the nmal fmulatin which pduced an estimate f expeimental e and an aveage chaacteistic cuve. 95% cnfidence limits wee placed n sectins in the te, staight line, and shulde aea f the aveage cuve. With this estimate f e it was pssible t un the cental cm psite design and attain cntu cuves t detemine ptimum pe ating cnditins. Axial pints enabled bette estimatin f the cn tus because they ae un #J3 fm the nmal value which extended beynd the limits set up by the design. Upn cmpletin f the expeimental design, the data waj evaluated thugh a egessin analysis technique. The values wee calculated by means f the fwad Dlittle methd and substituted int the mathematical mdel f the expeimcnent. Patial deivatives wee taken t find the maximum and minimum cnditins f the develpe fmulatins. These values being the ptimum cnditins f the

11 Page 7 f 16 film develpe cmbinatin. Upn attaining the desied aim pints f maximum density and maximum aveage gadient, a seies was un t detemine the tempeatue dependence elatinship. With this infmatin the data was pepaed and evaluated t suit the design f the spay pcess. (See appendix f design f pcess) Tests wee made f agitatin effects p duced by the spay with tatin f the film and the spay withut tatin. Develpe xidatin was held t a minimum by maintaining nitgen pessue in the pcess and develpe tank. A time seies' was made t detemine the actual develpment time f the mnbath and the minimum time equied t be in slutin.

12 TEST PROCEDURE CUT, EXPOSE AND STORE FILM v TEST PARAMETERS SURVEY AND TESTING OF GRADIENT & Dmax MONOBATH FORMULATIONS NTROL TEMP. TIMEAGI TATI ON OBJECTIVE PARAMETERS GRADIENT AND D max MODEL (NORMAL) OF MONOBATH FORMULATION REPLICATION OF NORMAL ERROR DETERMINATION MODEL (NORMAL) OF MONOBATH FORMULATION NTROL TIME TEMP. AGITATION EXPERIMENT CENTRAL MPOSITE DESIGN EVALUATE FOR SPRAY PROCESSOR NTROL TIME TEMP. AGITATION INITIATE TO SPRAY PROCESSOR OBJECTIVE PARAMETEERS GRADIENT AND Dmax EVALUATE PARAMETERS

13 Page 8 f 16 RESULTS Vaying amunts f phenidne shwed a. 02 change in maximum density with a. 05 change in aveage gadient. The degee f change by vaying ph was. 76 delta density cespnding t a ph change f t and a elative speed shift f 25 t 126 which appached the nmal speed f 126 ( Fig. I). Inceasing thisulfate cncentatin pduced a delta density f. 26 having a miximum density f and a elative speed shift f 160 t 318 with cncentatins vaying fm 50 t 80 gams (Fig. III). As expected, n single cmpnent yielded the desied aim pints but athe thugh the inteactins f ph, thisulfate and phenidne. Using 80 gams/lite f hyp, gams/lite f phenidne, and gam^lite f sdium hydxide (ph f ) esulted in a gadient f. 99, a maximum density f and a elative speed f 180. Using the latte calculated ptimum cncentatins, esulted in a cuve at 90 F (Fig. VIIJ) which p duced an aveage gadient f and a maximum density f and a elative speed incease f 274 fm the nmal. This, when intduced t spay cnditins pduced an incease f aveage gadient f. 09 and an incease f maximum density f. 24 and a elative speed incease f 30 (Fig. IX).

14 Page 9 f 16 DISCUSSION By means f systematic tials f vaied cmpnents f a mnbath develpe dictated by a cental cmpsite design a satisfacty fmulatin was achieved. Once the statistical analysis was tabulated, futhe labaty testing was necessay t detemine me accuately, its ph dependence, the ptimum unning tempeatue, and the effects f using the mnbath unde pessue in a spay pcessp. It was fund that the spay with the film platen tating at 7 50 pm gave a highe density and a lnge staight line than did the spay with the platen statinay. Thee was little diffeence between the spay with the statinay platen and the tay methd f agitatin. An incease f the facts f ph, develping agent, agitatin, and tempe atue and a deceasing in hyp pduced, the desied maximum density and lengthened staight line ptin f the chaacteistic cuve.. It was nted that changes beynd ptimum cncentatins esulted in excessive fg.

15 Page 10 f 16 RECMMENDATIONS A Design a ecvey unit t eliminate the lage amunts f chemicals used. B. Cnvet the fmula t a diffusin tansfe system t cnfm t cuent pcessing methds. C. Futhe test the fmula t accuately detemine at what cn ditins the desied aveage gadients f andl may be accuately achieved. D. Cqnsideatin f Cntast Index as a me meaningful measue f the staight line and shulde ptins f the chaacteistic cuve than the pesently used aveage gadient methd. Cntast Index is a me epeatable methd when many diffeent peple ae invlved in making measuements. It is me meaningful in the shulde and staight line ptin whee mst f the ecnnaissance infmatin is ecded.??refeenced fm SPSE see bibligaphy E. Use f a cmpute pgam f statistical analysis. F. Deteminatin f image stability thugh methds such as esidual silve cntent degadatin due t time.

16 cmpletin1 Page 11 f 16 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT S The auths wuld like t thank the United States Ai Fce f thei help in supplying the pblem, equipment, and film f the f this eseach pject. Als u thanks t H. R. B. Singe, Inc., expecially t M. Le Lang and M. Wane Ellitt f helpful knw ledge cncening mnbath fmulatins, and t M. Chales Chidsey and M. Hd f the Mechanical Depatment at the Rcheste Institute f Technlgy f thei help in the design and cnstuctin f the spay I. pcess.

17 Vl. Page 12 f 16 BIBLIOGRAPHY 1 SPSE #2, Numbe 3, Oct. 1958, Cmbined Develpment and Fixatin f Phtgaphic Image With Mnbaths by Mailyn Levy.

18 2.75 Page 13 f 16 APPENDIX* FORMULATIONS (gams/lite) A100 2 gams phenidne 10 gams ptassium alum 50 gams sdium sulfite 40 gams hydquinne 35 gams sdium hydxide VARIABLE HYPO NCENTRATIONS (50, 60, 70, 80 gams) 20 cc Kdak antifg #2 (0. 5% slutin) A101 Same as A100 VARIABLE PHENIDONE NCENTRATIONS (1.15 gam^ A102 Same as A100 VARIABLE SODIUM HYDROXIDE NCENTRATIONS (Dependent upn ph , , , ) A gams phenidne gams ptassium alum gams sdium sulfite 40s 0 gams hydquinne gams sdium hydxide gams sdium thisulfate 20 cc Kdak antifg #2 (0. 5% slutin) A105 2 gams phenidne 10 gams ptassium alum 50 gams sdium sulfite 40 gams hydquinne 35 gams sdium hydxide 110 gams sdium thisulfate 20 cc Kdak antifg #2 (0. 5% slutin)

19 Page 14 f 16 APPENDIX ORIGINAL BU gams metl 50 gams 40 gams 20 gams 35 gams 110 gams sdium sulfite hydquinne ptassium alum sdium hydxide sdium thisulfate Kdak antifg #2 (. 5% slutin) BASIC FORMULAS TESTED USASEL MONOBATH 242D Wate (100F) Sdium sulfite hydquinne sdium hydxide phenidne ptassium bmide benztiazle sdium thisulfate wate t make fmaldehyde (38%) 7 50 cc 60 gams 30 gams 25 gams 3 gams 2 gams 4. gams 150 gams 1000 cc 10 cc USASEL MONOBATH 242 wate t make sdium sulfite hydquinne sdium hydxide phenidne sdium thisulfate fmaldehyde ( cc 60 gams 30 gams 25 gams gams gams 10 cc FORMULA FOR FU J I F. G. POSITIVE sdium sulfite phenidne hydquinne sdium hydxide ptassium thicyanate sdium thisulfate 2Mecaptbenzthiazle wate t make 40 gams 2 gams 15 gams 60 gams.20 gams 75 gams 0.]L gams 1000 cc

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21 Page 16 f 16 APPENDIX SPECIFICATIONS OF SPRAY PROCESSOR F cnstuctual design see enclsed dawings Nitgen pessue 40 lbsysq. in. nzzels Spay used Type 1/8 K # lbs pessue lbs pessue Type 1/8 K # lbs pessue lbs pessue 10 galln develpe tank fed pcess supplied fm demand system. Mateials used plexiglass and stainless steel. Speed citein Speed = 1/E X 1000

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24 FIG. II SODIUM HYDROXIDE DEPENDENCE KODAK TYPE 8430 DEVELOPMENT TIME 2 MIN. TEMPERATURE 68 F DEVELOPER # A102* PROCESSING METHOD ASA STANDARD GRAMS/LITER 1.1 ^ 1.0._ GRAMS/LITER * S* atvemaix f fmulatin

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26 THIOSULEATE DEPENDENCE FIG. IV 3.0 M A X I M U M 2.5. KODAK TYPE 8430 DEVELOPMENT TIME 2.MIN. TEMPERATURE 68E DEVELOPER # AlOO* PROCESSING METHOD ASA STANDARD N S I T Y j5 lb ITER ia t A V E 1 A G 1.0 G R A D I E N I GRAMS/LITER * See appendix f fmulatin

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28 TEMPERATURE va. GRADIENT AND SPETjn FIG. VI 1.5 A V E R * G E G R A D I E N T KODAK TYPE 8430 LAMP EG&G EXPOSURE TIME ATTENUATOR 1/100 DEVELOPMENT TIME DEVELOPER #A104* PROCESSING METHOD : H H l/looo 2 MIN. ASA TEMPERATURE (P) fw R E L A T I V E } S P E E D TEMPERATURE (F)

29 PHENIDONE DBPTflWTaxn.p FIG. VII 2.5^. M A X I M U D E N S I T Y KODAK TYPE 8430 DEVELOPMENT TIME 2> MIN. TEMPERATURE 68 F DEVELOPER # A101 * PROCESSING METHOD ASA 1*0 L I 1.0* GRAMS/LITER 1.1 T A V E R A G 1.0 i. G R A D I E N T GRAMS/LITER * See appendix f fmulatin

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