BIOLOGICAL WARFARE AGENT SLURRY DROPLET METHODOLOGY
|
|
|
- Shon Patterson
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 BIOLOGICAL WARFARE AGENT SLURRY DROPLET METHODOLOGY 30 th Annual AAAR Conference Rosen Shingle Creek, Orlando, Florida 3-7 October 2011 by Timothy Bauer, Z24 Naval Surface Warfare Center Dahlgren Division (NSWCDD) Building 1480 Room 227, 4045 Higley Road Suite 344 Dahlgren, VA Phone: Approved for Public Release; Distribution is Unlimited 1
2 Biological Warfare Agent Slurry Attack Commercial spraying system Crop duster Truck-mounted Backpack Exploding munition Event Description Ayres Crop Duster Approved for Public Release; Distribution is Unlimited 2
3 Slurry Physical Properties Bulk Density Density of aqueous slurry fill 1.02 g/cm 3 to 1.11 g/cm 3 Particle Density Density of particle after evap. ECBC bacillus anthracis cells 1.2 g/cm 3 for spores and 1.1 g/cm 3 for other organisms Solid Mass Percent Percent of organisms, suspended solids, dissolved solids 1% to 20% with ~4% typical as growth media Agent Purity Percent of solids that is organisms 80% to almost 100% for sophisticated state-run programs Viability Decay Rates Exponential rate at which airborne organisms die 1%/min to 10%/min in sunlight, 0%/min to 5%/min at night Approved for Public Release; Distribution is Unlimited 3
4 Release Parameters Total release mass Dissemination efficiency Droplet mass-median dia. (MMD) Geometric distribution sigma Log-Normal Probability Distribution Function Droplet Size Distribution P = exp[ -(Ln D Ln D m ) 2 /(2 Ln 2 g )] [(2 ) 1/2 Ln g ] Define 50 Droplet Size Bins (-3 to +4 g ) Compute total number of droplets d NMD = d MMD exp(-3 Ln 2 g ) Integrate error function for each bin 10 mm maximum diameter Combine sizes < 10 m as respirable Micronair Man-Portable AU8000 Micronair AU7000 spray head Approved for Public Release; Distribution is Unlimited 4
5 Transport and Diffusion Source is a Gaussian Cloud or Plume Immediate droplet deceleration in planetary boundary layer Concentration decreases away from cloud center or plume centerline Gaussian distribution using cloud sigmas and initial location: C = exp[-(x x 0 ) 2 /2 x2 ] exp[-(y y 0 ) 2 /2 y2 ] exp[-(z - z 0 ) 2 /2 z2 ] m/[(2 ) 3/2 x y z ] Individual Droplet or Size Bin Transport Micronair AU9200 and Diffusion is Independent of Approach Gaussian puff or plume Lagrangian particle Computational fluid dynamics Should Include Inertial Diffusion Factor f v = [1 + (5v t /u) 2 ] -1/2 Multiply by square of turbulence velocity Approved for Public Release; Distribution is Unlimited 5
6 Droplet Fall Terminal Velocity is Relevant at Altitudes Below ~15 km Algorithm Includes Droplet Deformation and Viscous Recirculation Uses liquid surface tension and viscosity Effects are not relevant for droplets < 1000 m in diameter Slurry droplets leading to respirable particles are < 100 m in diameter Simpler Equations are Based on Reynolds Number, Air Properties, Slurry Density, and Droplet Diameter Re = (9/2) 2 ({1 + (2/9)[4 g a ( d a ) D 3 /(18 a2 )] 1/2 } 1/2 1) 2 v t = a Re/( a D) Terminal Velocity is Used to Track Droplet Height with Time Approved for Public Release; Distribution is Unlimited 6
7 Droplet Mass Balance Function of Water Vapor Diffusivity, Droplet Diameter, Sherwood Number, Slurry Volatility, and Water Vapor Concentration q/ t = D Sh (V Rh V b ) Sh = 2( Re 1/2 Sc 1/3 ) more complex for D > 1000 m Sc = a /( a ) = 0 (T/T r ) 0.75 ( r / a ) V = 10 v1-v2/(v3+td ) f e W/RT d V b = 10 v1-v2/(v3+t ) W/RT V is at droplet temperature, and and V b are at air temp. Slurry Volatility is Adjusted for the Water Mass Fraction f e = 3 f w -2 f w = max (q w /q, 0.764) minimum f e is Slurry properties are based on a 1996 NSWCDD study of biological weapons slurry formulations Approved for Public Release; Distribution is Unlimited 7
8 Droplet Energy Balance Function of Droplet and Air Temps., Water Heat of Evap. and Heat Capacity, Nusselt Number, and Air Thermal Conductivity T d / t = q/ t (T d H/ca) - K D Nu (T d T a )/(q ca) Nu = 2( Re 1/2 Pr 1/3 ) more complex for D > 1000 m Pr = 0.71 for air First term on right is for energy lost with evaporated mass Second term on right is for energy added through convection Droplet Mass Equation q = d D 3 /6 Extent of Droplet Evaporation Volatility reduction plateaus, but evaporation continues Evaporation stops if V = Rh V b due to temp. or composition Evaporation will continue if T d < T a when droplet warms A moist (and larger) particle results if evaporation stops Approved for Public Release; Distribution is Unlimited 8
9 Droplet and Particle Deposition Common Approach Uses Deposition Velocity v d = F/C 0.01 cm/s for m dia. and 1 cm/s for 10 m dia. Plus: Considerable research done and data generated Minus: Concentration is reduced throughout cloud height 100 NSWCDD Approach Uses Rate Data: Model: of Diffusion at Ground Chamberlain, 1983 gamma = 0.5 u * = m/s veg size = 2 mm Flux and concentration 10 zo = 0.6 cm u* = 0.4 m/s zo = 0.6 cm give equivalent v d Compute v d for a range of 1 environmental conditions Scale to match data % reflection for 0.1 m 0% reflection for 10 m Plus: Mass removed and 0.01 reflected at cloud bottom Particle Diameter (um) Minus: Accurate for a limited range of conditions Deposition Velocity (cm/s) Diehl, ITT, Feb Approved for Public Release; Distribution is Unlimited 9
10 Conclusions NSWCDD has developed and implemented methodology which simulates the physical processes relevant to biological warfare agent slurry droplets generated from an attack. Release mass is divided into droplet size bins. The terminal velocity for each droplet size is tracked with time. The rate of evaporation of water from the droplet uses mass and energy balances and a volatility adjustment for composition. A fraction of slurry droplets and solid particles will deposit. More data are needed to better characterize the effects of temperature and slurry composition on vapor pressure. The slurry droplet methodology is appropriate for use with common atmospheric transport and diffusion methodology. Approved for Public Release; Distribution is Unlimited 10
11 Thank You for Listening Questions? Approved for Public Release; Distribution is Unlimited 11
Introduction to Heat and Mass Transfer. Week 12
Introduction to Heat and Mass Transfer Week 12 Next Topic Convective Heat Transfer» Heat and Mass Transfer Analogy» Evaporative Cooling» Types of Flows Heat and Mass Transfer Analogy Equations governing
Multi-Scale Modeling of Turbulence and Microphysics in Clouds. Steven K. Krueger University of Utah
Multi-Scale Modeling of Turbulence and Microphysics in Clouds Steven K. Krueger University of Utah 10,000 km Scales of Atmospheric Motion 1000 km 100 km 10 km 1 km 100 m 10 m 1 m 100 mm 10 mm 1 mm Planetary
Convective Mass Transfer
Convective Mass Transfer Definition of convective mass transfer: The transport of material between a boundary surface and a moving fluid or between two immiscible moving fluids separated by a mobile interface
UNCLASSIFIED. Bulk Chemical Source Term Accuracy Requirements. Dr. Martin B. Richardson Jay C. Willis MEVATEC Corporation
Bulk Chemical Source Term Accuracy Requirements Dr. Martin B. Richardson Jay C. Willis MEVATEC Corporation Presented at 11 th Annual AIAA/MDA Technology Conference Naval Postgraduate School 29 July 1 August
PREDICTION OF ICE CRYSTAL ACCRETION WITH IN-HOUSE TOOL TAICE
PREDICTION OF ICE CRYSTAL ACCRETION WITH IN-HOUSE TOOL TAICE Erdem Ayan, Serkan Özgen, Erhan Tarhan, Murat Canıbek TAI Turkish Aerospace Industries Inc. SAE 2015 International Conference on Icing of Aircraft,
Mass Transfer Operations-I Prof. Bishnupada Mandal Department of Chemical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati
Mass Transfer Operations-I Prof. Bishnupada Mandal Department of Chemical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati Module - 2 Mass Transfer Coefficients Lecture - 1 Concept of Mass Transfer
Module 9: Mass Transfer Lecture 40: Analysis of Concentration Boundary Layer. The Lecture Contains: The concentration boundary layer
The Lecture Contains: The concentration boundary layer Heat and Mass Transfer Analogy Evaporate Cooling file:///d /Web%20Course%20(Ganesh%20Rana)/Dr.%20gautam%20biswas/Final/convective_heat_and_mass_transfer/lecture40/40_1.html[12/24/2014
ENVR 116 Introduction to Aerosol Science December 17, 2001 FINAL EXAMINATION
ENVR 116 Introduction to Aerosol Science December 17, 2001 FINAL EXAMINATION Please answer all questions on the attached sheets Answer Question No. 1 and 4 of the remaining 6 questions. No extra credit
Forced Convection: Inside Pipe HANNA ILYANI ZULHAIMI
+ Forced Convection: Inside Pipe HANNA ILYANI ZULHAIMI + OUTLINE u Introduction and Dimensionless Numbers u Heat Transfer Coefficient for Laminar Flow inside a Pipe u Heat Transfer Coefficient for Turbulent
Modeling of Humidification in Comsol Multiphysics 4.4
Modeling of Humidification in Comsol Multiphysics 4.4 Indrajit Wadgaonkar *1 and Suresh Arikapudi 1 1 Tata Motors Ltd. Pimpri, Pune, India, 411018. *Corresponding author: Indrajit Wadgaonkar, Tata Motors
Convective Heat and Mass Transfer Prof. A.W. Date Department of Mechanical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay
Convective Heat and Mass Transfer Prof. A.W. Date Department of Mechanical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay Module No. # 01 Lecture No. # 32 Stefan Flow Model We are now familiar with
Radiative-Convective Models. The Hydrological Cycle Hadley Circulation. Manabe and Strickler (1964) Course Notes chapter 5.1
Climate Modeling Lecture 8 Radiative-Convective Models Manabe and Strickler (1964) Course Notes chapter 5.1 The Hydrological Cycle Hadley Circulation Prepare for Mid-Term (Friday 9 am) Review Course Notes
Studies on flow through and around a porous permeable sphere: II. Heat Transfer
Studies on flow through and around a porous permeable sphere: II. Heat Transfer A. K. Jain and S. Basu 1 Department of Chemical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Delhi New Delhi 110016, India
Mass Transfer Fundamentals. Chapter#3
Mass Transfer Fundamentals Chapter#3 Mass Transfer Co-efficient Types of Mass Transfer Co-efficient Convective mass transfer can occur in a gas or liquid medium. Different types of mass transfer coefficients
Mass Transfer Operations I Prof. Bishnupada Mandal Department of Chemical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati
Mass Transfer Operations I Prof. Bishnupada Mandal Department of Chemical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati Module - 2 Mass Transfer Coefficient Lecture - 4 Boundary Layer Theory and
Mass Transfer Coefficients (MTC) and Correlations II
Mass Transfer Mass Transfer Coefficients (MTC) and Correlations II 7.2- Correlations of Mass Transfer Coefficients Mass transfer coefficients (MTCs) are not physical properties like the diffusion coefficient.
SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS - Here's a brief review of the atomic picture or gases, liquids, and solids GASES
30 SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS - Here's a brief review of the atomic picture or gases, liquids, and solids GASES * Gas molecules are small compared to the space between them. * Gas molecules move in straight lines
5) The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 C is called: Page Ref: 69
Homework #2 Due 9/19/14 1) If the maximum temperature for a particular day is 26 C and the minimum temperature is 14 C, what would the daily mean temperature be? (Page Ref: 66) 2) How is the annual mean
Spray evaporation model sensitivities
Center for Turbulence Research Annual Research Briefs 20 23 Spray evaporation model sensitivities By Shashank, E. Knudsen AND H. Pitsch. Motivation and objective The energy density of solid- and liquid-phase
Fundamental Concepts of Convection : Flow and Thermal Considerations. Chapter Six and Appendix D Sections 6.1 through 6.8 and D.1 through D.
Fundamental Concepts of Convection : Flow and Thermal Considerations Chapter Six and Appendix D Sections 6.1 through 6.8 and D.1 through D.3 6.1 Boundary Layers: Physical Features Velocity Boundary Layer
Initiation of rain in nonfreezing clouds
Collision-coalescence Topics: Initiation of rain in nonfreezing clouds ( warm rain process) Droplet terminal fall speed Collision efficiency Growth equations Initiation of rain in nonfreezing clouds We
Solid to liquid. Liquid to gas. Gas to solid. Liquid to solid. Gas to liquid. +energy. -energy
33 PHASE CHANGES - To understand solids and liquids at the molecular level, it will help to examine PHASE CHANGES in a little more detail. A quick review of the phase changes... Phase change Description
Transport and Fate; Contaminants in the Atmosphere II
Transport and Fate; Contaminants in the Atmosphere II Conrad D. Volz, DrPH, MPH-Course Director Bridgeside Point100 Technology DriveSuite 564, BRIDGPittsburgh, PA 15219-3130office 412-648-8541: cell 724-316-5408
Transport processes. 7. Semester Chemical Engineering Civil Engineering
Transport processes 7. Semester Chemical Engineering Civil Engineering 1 Course plan 1. Elementary Fluid Dynamics 2. Fluid Kinematics 3. Finite Control Volume nalysis 4. Differential nalysis of Fluid Flow
1. Droplet Growth by Condensation
1. Droplet Growth by Condensation It was shown before that a critical size r and saturation ratio S must be exceeded for a small solution droplet to become a cloud droplet. Before the droplet reaches the
An Introduction to the. NanoFluid. By Amin Behzadmehr Hassan Azarkish
An Introduction to the NanoFluid By Amin Behzadmehr Hassan Azarkish Introduction Nanofluids are a relatively new class of fluids which consist of a base fluid with nano-sized particles (1 100 nm) suspended
Modeling of cloud microphysics: from simple concepts to sophisticated parameterizations. Part I: warm-rain microphysics
Modeling of cloud microphysics: from simple concepts to sophisticated parameterizations. Part I: warm-rain microphysics Wojciech Grabowski National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado parameterization
Lecture 9 Laminar Diffusion Flame Configurations
Lecture 9 Laminar Diffusion Flame Configurations 9.-1 Different Flame Geometries and Single Droplet Burning Solutions for the velocities and the mixture fraction fields for some typical laminar flame configurations.
ESCI 485 Air/Sea Interaction Lesson 1 Stresses and Fluxes Dr. DeCaria
ESCI 485 Air/Sea Interaction Lesson 1 Stresses and Fluxes Dr DeCaria References: An Introduction to Dynamic Meteorology, Holton MOMENTUM EQUATIONS The momentum equations governing the ocean or atmosphere
PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. By Brett Lucas
PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY By Brett Lucas INTRODUCTION TO ATMOSPHERIC MOISTURE Atmospheric Moisture The Nature of Water The Hydrologic Cycle Evaporation Measures of Humidity Condensation The Buoyancy of Air Precipitation
A MODEL STUDY OF POWDER PARTICLE SIZE EFFECTS IN COLD SPRAY DEPOSITION
A ODEL STUDY OF POWDER PARTICLE SIZE EFFECTS IN COLD SPRAY DEPOSITION D. Helfritch and V. Champagne U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, D ABSTRACT The importance of high velocity for
Using Cloud-Resolving Models for Parameterization Development
Using Cloud-Resolving Models for Parameterization Development Steven K. Krueger University of Utah! 16th CMMAP Team Meeting January 7-9, 2014 What is are CRMs and why do we need them? Range of scales diagram
If there is convective heat transfer from outer surface to fluid maintained at T W.
Heat Transfer 1. What are the different modes of heat transfer? Explain with examples. 2. State Fourier s Law of heat conduction? Write some of their applications. 3. State the effect of variation of temperature
Heat processes. Heat exchange
Heat processes Heat exchange Heat energy transported across a surface from higher temperature side to lower temperature side; it is a macroscopic measure of transported energies of molecular motions Temperature
Outlines. simple relations of fluid dynamics Boundary layer analysis. Important for basic understanding of convection heat transfer
Forced Convection Outlines To examine the methods of calculating convection heat transfer (particularly, the ways of predicting the value of convection heat transfer coefficient, h) Convection heat transfer
Circle one: School of Mechanical Engineering Purdue University ME315 Heat and Mass Transfer. Exam #2. April 3, 2014
Circle one: Div. 1 (12:30 pm, Prof. Choi) Div. 2 (9:30 am, Prof. Xu) School of Mechanical Engineering Purdue University ME315 Heat and Mass Transfer Exam #2 April 3, 2014 Instructions: Write your name
Heat and Mass Transfer Prof. S.P. Sukhatme Department of Mechanical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay
Heat and Mass Transfer Prof. S.P. Sukhatme Department of Mechanical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay Lecture No. 18 Forced Convection-1 Welcome. We now begin our study of forced convection
Summary of Dimensionless Numbers of Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer
1. Nusselt number Summary of Dimensionless Numbers of Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer Average Nusselt number: convective heat transfer Nu L = conductive heat transfer = hl where L is the characteristic
Lecture 16 : Fully Developed Pipe flow with Constant Wall temperature and Heat Flux
Module 2 : Convection Lecture 16 : Fully Developed Pipe flow with Constant Wall temperature and Heat Flux Objectives In this class: The fully developed temperature profile for uniform circumferential heating
MYcsvtu Notes HEAT TRANSFER BY CONVECTION
www.mycsvtunotes.in HEAT TRANSFER BY CONVECTION CONDUCTION Mechanism of heat transfer through a solid or fluid in the absence any fluid motion. CONVECTION Mechanism of heat transfer through a fluid in
HEAT TRANSFER BY CONVECTION. Dr. Şaziye Balku 1
HEAT TRANSFER BY CONVECTION Dr. Şaziye Balku 1 CONDUCTION Mechanism of heat transfer through a solid or fluid in the absence any fluid motion. CONVECTION Mechanism of heat transfer through a fluid in the
CFD calculations of the test 2-4 experiments. Author: G. de With
CFD calculations of the test 2-4 experiments Author: G. de With 34. Model setup and boundary conditions Dimensions CFD model: x=1000m / y=100m / z=2000m. CFD Model: Transient simulation, with steady-state
NEW FLOW BOILING HEAT TRANSFER CORRELATION FOR CFC-114 AND C4Flo
WETO- 167 NEW FLOW BOILING HEAT TRANSFER CORRELATION FOR CFC-114 AND C4Flo A. J. Szady Engineering Technology Division, ORNL Uranium Enrichment Organization Lockheed Martin Utility Services, Inc. DISCLAIMER
Mechanical Engineering. Postal Correspondence Course HEAT TRANSFER. GATE, IES & PSUs
Heat Transfer-ME GATE, IES, PSU 1 SAMPLE STUDY MATERIAL Mechanical Engineering ME Postal Correspondence Course HEAT TRANSFER GATE, IES & PSUs Heat Transfer-ME GATE, IES, PSU 2 C O N T E N T 1. INTRODUCTION
Outline. Definition and mechanism Theory of diffusion Molecular diffusion in gases Molecular diffusion in liquid Mass transfer
Diffusion 051333 Unit operation in gro-industry III Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of gro-industry Kasetsart University Lecturer: Kittipong Rattanaporn 1 Outline Definition and mechanism Theory of
CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER
CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER Mohammad Goharkhah Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sahand Unversity of Technology, Tabriz, Iran CHAPTER 4 HEAT TRANSFER IN CHANNEL FLOW BASIC CONCEPTS BASIC CONCEPTS Laminar
SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS - Here's a brief review of the atomic picture or gases, liquids, and solids GASES
30 SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS - Here's a brief review of the atomic picture or gases, liquids, and solids GASES * Gas molecules are small compared to the space between them. * Gas molecules move in straight lines
Thermodynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans
Thermodynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans Judith A. Curry and Peter J. Webster PROGRAM IN ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF AEROSPACE ENGINEERING UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO BOULDER, COLORADO USA
6. Laminar and turbulent boundary layers
6. Laminar and turbulent boundary layers John Richard Thome 8 avril 2008 John Richard Thome (LTCM - SGM - EPFL) Heat transfer - Convection 8 avril 2008 1 / 34 6.1 Some introductory ideas Figure 6.1 A boundary
Diabatic Processes. Diabatic processes are non-adiabatic processes such as. entrainment and mixing. radiative heating or cooling
Diabatic Processes Diabatic processes are non-adiabatic processes such as precipitation fall-out entrainment and mixing radiative heating or cooling Parcel Model dθ dt dw dt dl dt dr dt = L c p π (C E
طراحی مبدل های حرارتی مهدي کریمی ترم بهار HEAT TRANSFER CALCULATIONS
طراحی مبدل های حرارتی مهدي کریمی ترم بهار 96-97 HEAT TRANSFER CALCULATIONS ١ TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE For any transfer the driving force is needed General heat transfer equation : Q = U.A. T What T should
Internal Forced Convection. Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Internal Forced Convection Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Introduction Pipe circular cross section. Duct noncircular cross section. Tubes small-diameter
Convection Heat Transfer. Introduction
Convection Heat Transfer Reading Problems 12-1 12-8 12-40, 12-49, 12-68, 12-70, 12-87, 12-98 13-1 13-6 13-39, 13-47, 13-59 14-1 14-4 14-18, 14-24, 14-45, 14-82 Introduction Newton s Law of Cooling Controlling
Separating Cloud Forming Nuclei from Interstitial Aerosol
Chapter 16 Separating Cloud Forming Nuclei from Interstitial Aerosol Gourihar Kulkarni Additional information is available at the end of the chapter http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/50589 1. Introduction Our
IR thermometry for heat and mass transfer analysis of surface drying of fruit
11 th International Conference on Quantitative InfraRed Thermography IR thermometry for heat and mass transfer analysis of surface drying of fruit Abstract by K. Gottschalk*, Cs. Mészáros** *Leibniz-Institut
SONAR-BASED VOLUMETRIC FLOW METER FOR CHEMICAL AND PETROCHEMICAL APPLICATIONS
SONAR-BASED VOLUMETRIC FLOW METER FOR CHEMICAL AND PETROCHEMICAL APPLICATIONS Daniel L. Gysling and Douglas H. Loose CiDRA Corporation 50 Barnes Park North Wallingford, CT 06492 USA Abstract A sonar-based
PAPER No.4: Environmental Chemistry MODULE No.5 : Properties of Water and hydrologic cycle
Subject Chemistry Paper No and Title Module No and Title Module Tag Paper 4: Environmental Chemistry 5: Properties of Water and Hydrologic Cycle CHE_P4_M5 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Learning Outcomes 2. Introduction
Atmospheric Sciences 321. Science of Climate. Lecture 13: Surface Energy Balance Chapter 4
Atmospheric Sciences 321 Science of Climate Lecture 13: Surface Energy Balance Chapter 4 Community Business Check the assignments HW #4 due Wednesday Quiz #2 Wednesday Mid Term is Wednesday May 6 Practice
ELEC9712 High Voltage Systems. 1.2 Heat transfer from electrical equipment
ELEC9712 High Voltage Systems 1.2 Heat transfer from electrical equipment The basic equation governing heat transfer in an item of electrical equipment is the following incremental balance equation, with
Field Behavior of NBC Agents
/AFM 105-7 FMFM 7-11H Field Behavior of NBC Agents Pub Date 11-86 PCN 139 711800 00 FMFM 7-11-H AFM 105-7 3 NOVEMBER 1986 By Order of the Secretaries of the Army and Air Force: Official: R. L. DILWORTH
Module 6: Free Convections Lecture 26: Evaluation of Nusselt Number. The Lecture Contains: Heat transfer coefficient. Objectives_template
The Lecture Contains: Heat transfer coefficient file:///d /Web%20Course%20(Ganesh%20Rana)/Dr.%20gautam%20biswas/Final/convective_heat_and_mass_transfer/lecture26/26_1.html[12/24/2014 6:08:23 PM] Heat transfer
PHASE CHANGE. Freezing Sublimation
Melting Graphic Organizer Deposition PHASE CHANGE Freezing Sublimation Boiling Evaporation Condensation PHASE CHANGE Phase change happens as the temperature changes. All matter can move from one state
Unit 4 Lesson 2 Clouds and Cloud Formation. Copyright Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Head in the Clouds What are clouds? A cloud is a collection of small water droplets or ice crystals that are suspended in the air. Clouds are visible because water droplets and ice crystals reflect light.
Heat Transfer Convection
Heat ransfer Convection Previous lectures conduction: heat transfer without fluid motion oday (textbook nearly 00 pages) Convection: heat transfer with fluid motion Research methods different Natural Convection
DEVELOPMENT OF A NUMERICAL APPROACH FOR SIMULATION OF SAND BLOWING AND CORE FORMATION
TMS (The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society), DEVELOPMENT OF A NUMERICAL APPROACH FOR SIMULATION OF SAND BLOWING AND CORE FORMATION G.F. Yao, C. W. Hirt, and
Determining Liquid Capacity 4 th Annual Pipeline Knowledge Retention Chris Sonneborn November 7, 2013
Determining Liquid Capacity 4 th Annual Pipeline Knowledge Retention Chris Sonneborn November 7, 2013 Outline What is important? Liquid Properties Thermal Conditions Hydraulic Gradient Flow Regime in Liquids
Scale-up problems are often perceived as difficult. Here the reaction calorimetry has proven to be
APPLICATION OF REACTION CALORIMETRY FOR THE SOLUTION OF SCALE-UP PROBLEMS A paper from the RC User Forum Europe, Interlaken, 1995 Francis Stoessel, Ciba AG, Basel, Switzerland. Scale-up problems are often
Rogers and Yau Chapter 10: Drop breakup, snow, precip rate, and bulk models
Rogers and Yau Chapter 10: Drop breakup, snow, precip rate, and bulk models One explanation for the negative exponential (M-P) distribution of raindrops is drop breakup. Drop size is limited because increased
Clouds associated with cold and warm fronts. Whiteman (2000)
Clouds associated with cold and warm fronts Whiteman (2000) Dalton s law of partial pressures! The total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases equals the sum of the partial pressure of the gases! Partial
Fundamentals of Weather and Climate
Fundamentals of Weather and Climate ROBIN McILVEEN Environmental Science Division Institute of Environmental and Biological Sciences Lancaster University CHAPMAN & HALL London Glasgow Weinheim New York
NUMERICAL STUDY OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER DURING EVAPORATION OF A THIN LIQUID FILM
THERMAL SCIENCE, Year 2015, Vol. 19, No. 5, pp. 1805-1819 1805 NUMERICAL STUDY OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER DURING EVAPORATION OF A THIN LIQUID FILM by M hand OUBELLA a, M barek FEDDAOUI b *, and Rachid MIR
States of Matter. Reviewing Vocabulary. Match the definition in Column A with the term in Column B.
Name Date Class States of Matter Reviewing Vocabulary Match the definition in Column A with the term in Column B. Column A 1. A measure of the resistance of a liquid to flow 2. The energy required to increase
Chapter 6 Fundamental Concepts of Convection
Chapter 6 Fundamental Concepts of Convection 6.1 The Convection Boundary Layers Velocity boundary layer: τ surface shear stress: s = μ u local friction coeff.: C f y y=0 τ s ρu / (6.) (6.1) Thermal boundary
Heat and Mass Transfer in Tray Drying
Heat and Mass Transfer in Tray Drying Group # 11: Sami Marchand (GL), Chase Kairdolf (WR), Tiffany Robinson (OR) Instructor: Dr. Wetzel Objective: The objective of this experiment is to exhibit how accurately
UNRESOLVED ISSUES. 1. Spectral broadening through different growth histories 2. Entrainment and mixing 3. In-cloud activation
URESOLVED ISSUES. Spectral broadening through different growth histories 2. Entrainment and mixing. In-cloud activation /4 dr dt ξ ( S ) r, ξ F D + F K 2 dr dt 2ξ ( S ) For a given thermodynamic conditions
Phase Change: solid to liquid. Melting
Phase Change: solid to liquid Melting Most solids shrink in size when frozen. What substance is an exception and actually expands? water Use the phase diagram below to answer the following question. What
MECHANISM BEHIND FREE /NATURAL CONVECTION
CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER By: Prof K. M. Joshi, Assi. Professor, MED, SSAS Institute of Technology, Surat. MECHANISM BEHIND FREE /NATURAL CONVECTION The stagnate layer of fluid in immediate vicinity of
A B C D PROBLEMS Dilution of power plant plumes. z z z z
69 PROBLEMS 4. Dilution of power plant plumes Match each power plant plume (-4) to the corresponding atmospheric lapse rate (A-D, solid lines; the dashed line is the adiabatic lapse rate Γ). Briefly comment
8.1 Technically Feasible Design of a Heat Exchanger
328 Technically Feasible Design Case Studies T 2 q 2 ρ 2 C p2 T F q ρ C p T q ρ C p T 2F q 2 ρ 2 C p2 Figure 3.5. Countercurrent double-pipe exchanger. 8. Technically Feasible Design of a Heat Exchanger
Ben Wolfe 11/3/14. Figure 1: Theoretical diagram showing the each step of heat loss.
Condenser Analysis Water Cooled Model: For this condenser design there will be a coil of stainless steel tubing suspended in a bath of cold water. The cold water will be stationary and begin at an ambient
Topic 1 The Atmosphere and Atmospheric Variables
Name Notes: Topic 1 The Atmosphere Regents Earth Science Topic 1 The Atmosphere and Atmospheric Variables What is the atmosphere? Meteorology is the study of A. Structure of the Atmosphere: What two gases
Level 7 Post Graduate Diploma in Engineering Heat and mass transfer
9210-221 Level 7 Post Graduate Diploma in Engineering Heat and mass transfer 0 You should have the following for this examination one answer book non programmable calculator pen, pencil, drawing instruments
Introduction. Effect of aerosols on precipitation: - challenging problem - no agreement between the results (quantitative and qualitative)
Introduction Atmospheric aerosols affect the cloud mycrophysical structure & formation (observations, numerical studies) An increase of the aerosol particles: - increases CCN concentrations - decreases
SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS - Here's a brief review of the atomic picture or gases, liquids, and solids GASES
30 SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS - Here's a brief review of the atomic picture or gases, liquids, and solids GASES * Gas molecules are small compared to the space between them. * Gas molecules move in straight lines
Objectives. Conservation of mass principle: Mass Equation The Bernoulli equation Conservation of energy principle: Energy equation
Objectives Conservation of mass principle: Mass Equation The Bernoulli equation Conservation of energy principle: Energy equation Conservation of Mass Conservation of Mass Mass, like energy, is a conserved
Chapter 10: Boiling and Condensation 1. Based on lecture by Yoav Peles, Mech. Aero. Nuc. Eng., RPI.
Chapter 10: Boiling and Condensation 1 1 Based on lecture by Yoav Peles, Mech. Aero. Nuc. Eng., RPI. Objectives When you finish studying this chapter, you should be able to: Differentiate between evaporation
Some remarks on climate modeling
Some remarks on climate modeling A. Gettelman & J. J. Hack National Center for Atmospheric Research Boulder, Colorado USA Selected overheads by Doug Nychka Outline Hierarchy of atmospheric modeling strategies
Exchange of Volatiles between Air and Water, Lecture 5b, Contaminant Fate and Transport in the Environment (Chapter 2)
Exchange of Volatiles between Air and Water, Lecture 5b, Contaminant Fate and Transport in the Environment (Chapter 2) Conrad (Dan) Volz, DrPH, MPH Bridgeside Point 100 Technology Drive Suite 564, BRIDG
Heat and Mass Transfer Unit-1 Conduction
1. State Fourier s Law of conduction. Heat and Mass Transfer Unit-1 Conduction Part-A The rate of heat conduction is proportional to the area measured normal to the direction of heat flow and to the temperature
Heat Transfer with Phase Change
CM3110 Transport I Part II: Heat Transfer Heat Transfer with Phase Change Evaporators and Condensers Professor Faith Morrison Department of Chemical Engineering Michigan Technological University 1 Heat
PHYSICAL MECHANISM OF CONVECTION
Tue 8:54:24 AM Slide Nr. 0 of 33 Slides PHYSICAL MECHANISM OF CONVECTION Heat transfer through a fluid is by convection in the presence of bulk fluid motion and by conduction in the absence of it. Chapter
ATS 421/521. Climate Modeling. Spring 2015
ATS 421/521 Climate Modeling Spring 2015 Lecture 9 Hadley Circulation (Held and Hou, 1980) General Circulation Models (tetbook chapter 3.2.3; course notes chapter 5.3) The Primitive Equations (tetbook
EXPERIMENT 1 DETERMINATION OF GAS DIFFUSION COEFFICIENT
EXPERIMENT 1 DETERMINATION OF GAS DIFFUSION COEFFICIENT Objective: The objective of this experiment is to calculate diffusion coefficient of a volatile organic compound in air by means of Chapman Enskog
- As for the liquids, the properties of different solids often differ considerably. Compare a sample of candle wax to a sample of quartz.
32 SOLIDS * Molecules are usually packed closer together in the solid phase than in the gas or liquid phases. * Molecules are not free to move around each other as in the liquid phase. Molecular/atomic
Outline. Aim. Gas law. Pressure. Scale height Mixing Column density. Temperature Lapse rate Stability. Condensation Humidity.
Institute of Applied Physics University of Bern Outline A planetary atmosphere consists of different gases hold to the planet by gravity The laws of thermodynamics hold structure as vertical coordinate
S.E. (Chemical) (Second Semester) EXAMINATION, 2011 HEAT TRANSFER (2008 PATTERN) Time : Three Hours Maximum Marks : 100
Total No. of Questions 12] [Total No. of Printed Pages 7 [4062]-186 S.E. (Chemical) (Second Semester) EXAMINATION, 2011 HEAT TRANSFER (2008 PATTERN) Time : Three Hours Maximum Marks : 100 N.B. : (i) Answers
Mixing and Turbulence
Mixing and Turbulence November 3, 2012 This section introduces some elementary concepts associated with mixing and turbulence in the environment. 1 Conserved Variables Studies of mixing of different airmasses
Habitable Planets. Much of it stolen from. Yutaka ABE University of Tokyo
Habitable Planets Much of it stolen from Yutaka ABE University of Tokyo 1. Habitability and Water Why water? Importance of Liquid Gas: highly mobile, but low material density. Solid: high density but very
Crux of AGW s Flawed Science (Wrong water-vapor feedback and missing ocean influence)
1 Crux of AGW s Flawed Science (Wrong water-vapor feedback and missing ocean influence) William M. Gray Professor Emeritus Colorado State University There are many flaws in the global climate models. But
Greenhouse Steady State Energy Balance Model
Greenhouse Steady State Energy Balance Model The energy balance for the greenhouse was obtained by applying energy conservation to the greenhouse system as a control volume and identifying the energy terms.