Nonlinear control of renewable energy systems

Transcription

1 Nonlinear control of renewable energy systems Christoph Hackl Technische Universität München (TUM) Munich School of Engineering (MSE) Research group Control of Renewable Energy Systems (CRES) May 6 th, 2016 Duac UC Santiago de Chile, Chile

2 Outline 1 Introduction 2 Nonlinear DC-link control in airborne wind energy systems 3 Conclusion C. Hackl Nonlinear control of renewable energy systems 2/24

3 Outline 1 Introduction Technical University of Munich (TUM) Students and staff Main campuses Organigram Munich School of Engineering (MSE) Organigram Recent research foci MSE Research group Control of Renewable Energy Systems (CRES) Team Research Laboratory setup C. Hackl Nonlinear control of renewable energy systems 2/24

4 Technical University of Munich (TUM) Students and staff Students & Programs TUM Members Students men women Professors (including university hospital) 501 International students 1. China 2. Austria 3. Italy 4. India 5. Turkey Programs among these Bachelor Master English-language master and PhD Programs at TUM Asia in Singapore Proportion of women New appointments 2013 Other teaching staff (including university hospital) Proportion of women Non-teaching staff (not-including university hospital) Proportion of women 16 % % % Newly enrolled students Graduates Data as of Dec. 1, 2013 C. Hackl Nonlinear control of renewable energy systems 3/24

5 Technical University of Munich (TUM) Main campuses Departments Locations & Networks 154 programs - 13 departments - 3 locations Munich Architecture Civil, Geo and Environmental Engineering Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering TUM School of Medicine Sport and Health Sciences TUM School of Education TUM School of Management Freising TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan Freising Garching TUM science network Max Planck Institutes: Garching Martinsried Munich Helmholtz Zentrum München iwb Anwenderzentrum Augsburg Fraunhofer Institutes: Holzkirchen Freising TUM locations Munich Garching Freising Garching Chemistry Informatics Mathematics Mechanical Engineering Physics Munich Iffeldorf Obernach Straubing Wettzell Singapore: TUM Asia Beijing Brussels Cairo Mumbai São Paulo C. Hackl Nonlinear control of renewable energy systems 4/24

6 Technical University of Munich (TUM) Organigram C. Hackl Nonlinear control of renewable energy systems 5/24

7 Munich School of Engineering (MSE) Integrative research center (Organigram) C. Hackl Nonlinear control of renewable energy systems 6/24

8 Munich School of Engineering Munich of Engineering (MSE) Recent research foci MSE Research Technische Universität München cross-faculty research-projects flexible power plant technologies synthetic energy carriers technologies for energy storage energy studies and concepts solarthermal power plants carbon neutral energy generation novel energy materials conversion of raw materials to energy sources local energy storage TUM.Energy interdisciplinary development of electric vehicles investigation of mobility behavior development of new mobility concept Science Center for Electromobility sustainable urban development sustainable buildings energy optimized building envelopes energy efficient building technology Center for Sustainable Building C. Hackl Nonlinear control of renewable energy systems 7/24

9 Group Control of renewable energy systems (CRES) Team H. Eldeeb, M.Sc. C. Dirscherl, M.Sc. C. Hackl, Dr.-Ing. J. Kullick, M.Sc. K. Schechner, M.Sc. Z. Zhang, M.Sc. (CRES,09/2015) (CRES,01/2014) (CRES,01/2014) (CRES,10/2015) (CRES,01/2014) (CRES/EAL,07/2015) External PhD candidates... and collaborations with EAL (Prof. Kennel) S. Krüner, M.Sc. A. Birda, M.Sc. F. Bauer, M.Sc. M. Abdelrahem, A. Ayad, (SINNPower,11/2015) (BMW,04/2016) (EAL) M.Sc. (EAL) M.Sc. (EAL) C. Hackl Nonlinear control of renewable energy systems 8/24

10 Group Control of renewable energy systems (CRES) Research projects Classical wind turbine systems Airborne wind energy systems Small-scale wind turbines Focus: Efficiency and reliability Wave converters (SINN Power) Focus: Fault-tolerant control Geothermal power systems Focus: Use of RSMs (ď 50 kw) Electric vehicles (BMW) Focus: Efficiency and reliability Focus: Fault-tolerant control Focus: Optimal control C. Hackl Nonlinear control of renewable energy systems 9/24

11 Group Control of renewable energy systems (CRES) Point of view and publications: Electrical components of e.g. large-scale wind turbine systems Turbine Generator Gear Generator current control Back-to-back converter Filter PCC Trafo Grid Grid current control parameter-free [7] model-based [1, 8, 13] DC-link control [1, 16 19] RL filter [1, 16, 17] LCL filter [20, 21] Grid faults MTPA, MTPV [14, 15] [20, 21] Impacts of non-ideal torque control [3, 12] Speed control encoderless [6, 9] parameter-free [10, 11] ω β m DFIG i abc s VSI AC i abc r DC s abc m DC-link u dc Machine topologies Online parameter Power control [1, 22] PMSG [1, 3, 4] estimation DFIG [5] DFIG [2, 5, 6] Control Converter topologies RSM [7, 8] Two-level converters [1] β ref ω m,ref u dc,ref Three-level NPC converters p pcc [22] q pcc Dynamic power flow [1, 2] Further contributions Operation management Dynamic friction modeling (chapter) [23] Non-identifier based adaptive control Modeling v& w control WTS (chapter) [1] in mechatronics p (monograph) pcc,ref q [24] pcc,ref Airborne wind energy (chapters) [19, 25, 26] VSI DC AC s abc g i abc f u abc g Grid synchronization PLL [1] geberlos [22] C. Hackl Nonlinear control of renewable energy systems 10/24

12 Group Control of renewable energy systems (CRES) Laboratory setup Reluctance and Permanent-magnet SMs Real-time system and VSIs Electrically-excited SM and doubly-fed IM C. Hackl Nonlinear control of renewable energy systems 11/24

13 Outline 2 Nonlinear DC-link control in airborne wind energy systems Problem formulation Airborne wind energy systems during pumping mode Overview of grid-side control system Classical DC-link PI controller Grid-side control structure in voltage orientation Structurally varying (linearized) system Root locus and local stability analysis Nonlinear DC-link PI controller Grid-side control structure in voltage orientation Simulation results C. Hackl Nonlinear control of renewable energy systems 11/24

14 Problem formulation Airborne wind energy systems during pumping mode ùñ Bidirectional power flow reel out phase energy dissipation machine: p m ą 0 net/grid: p pcc ă 0 wind vector reel in phase tether kite energy production machine: p m ă 0 net/grid: p pcc ą 0 ground winch with electric drive C. Hackl Nonlinear control of renewable energy systems 12/24

15 Problem formulation Overview of grid-side control system Turbine Gear Generator Back-to-back converter Filter PCC Trafo Grid p m p s p dc p f p pcc VSI DC-link VSI SG AC DC DC AC ω m i abc s s abc m u dc s abc g i abc f u abc g Control ω m,ref u dc,ref p pcc q pcc Operation management v w p pcc,ref q pcc,ref C. Hackl Nonlinear control of renewable energy systems 13/24

16 Classical DC-link PI controller Grid-side control structure in voltage orientation with constant PI controller DC-link PI-controller current controllers (PI) Park transformation Clarke transformation PWM VSI filter PCC grid u dc,ref i d f,ref u k f,ref dq u s f,ref αβ u abc f,ref s abc g u abc f αβ abc i q f,ref compensation φ g ω g û g PLL u abc g u dc p s p f DC-link (capacitance) i k f dq i s f αβ i abc f u dc αβ abc implementation in pd,qq-cosy (voltage oriented control) approximation PI controller with constant gains: eptq : u dc,ref ptq u dc ptq tş i d f,refptq V r eptq ` Vr T epτq dτ, V n r, T n ą 0 0 i k f,ref 1 T app i k f C. Hackl Nonlinear control of renewable energy systems 14/24

17 Classical DC-link PI controller Structurally varying (linearized) system [1] current closed-loop linearized system F S 1 T app ri d f,ref ri d f V S p1`st V q s ru dc (Case 1) p f 0 ùñ i d, f 0 ùñ T V 0 ùñ ru dcpsq ri d f,refpsq V S sp1 ` st app q (Case 2) p f ą 0 ùñ i d, f ą 0 ùñ T V ą 0 ùñ ru dcpsq ri d f,refpsq V S p1 ` st V q sp1 ` st app q (minimum-phase) (Case 3) p f ă 0 ùñ i d, f ă 0 ùñ T V ă 0 ùñ ru dcpsq ri d f,refpsq V S p1 s T V q sp1 ` st app q (nonminimum-phase) C. Hackl Nonlinear control of renewable energy systems 15/24

18 Classical DC-link PI controller Root locus (T V T V depends on equilibrium!) T V = 0 T V > 0 T V < 0 ] Imaginary axis ω [ rad s e+036e+034e+032e Real axis σ [ ] rad x 10 4 s C. Hackl Nonlinear control of renewable energy systems 16/24

19 Classical DC-link PI controller Local stability analysis: Hurwitz criterion Transfer function of (linearized) closed-loop system F CL psq u dcpsq u dc,ref psq V r V S p1 ` st app qp1 ` st V q s 3 T loomoon n T app `s 2 T n p1 ` TV V looooooooomooooooooon S V r q `s ptv ` T n qv loooooooomoooooooon S V r ` lomon V r VS :a 3 :a 2 :a 1 :a 0 Sufficient condition for local stability 0 ă V r ă 1 T V V S T n ą T app 1 V r V S T V ` T V ą 0 T n ùñ a 0, a 1, a 2, a 3 ą 0 and D 2 : a 2 a 1 a 3 a 0 ą 0. stable region V r C. Hackl Nonlinear control of renewable energy systems 17/24

20 Nonlinear DC-link PI controller Control system in voltage orientation with nonlinear PI controller nonlinear PI-controller current controllers (PI) Park transformation Clarke transformation PWM VSI filter PCC grid u dc,ref i d f,ref u k f,ref dq u s f,ref αβ u abc f,ref s abc g u abc f αβ abc i q f,ref compensation φ g ω g û g PLL u abc g u dc p s p f DC-link (capacitance) i k f dq i s f αβ i abc f u dc αβ abc implementation in pd,qq-cosy (voltage oriented control) approximation Nonlinear PI controller eptq : u dc,ref ptq u dc ptq i d f,refptq V r pi k f, u dc q eptq ` Vrpi k f,u dc q T n pi k f,u dc q tş epτq dτ 0 i k f,ref 1 T app i k f C. Hackl Nonlinear control of renewable energy systems 18/24

21 Nonlinear PI-control for DC-link voltage Simulation results for 20 kw AWE system: constant PI, nonlinear PI p m [kw] u dc [V] u dc,ref (C dc = C 0) u dc [V] u dc,ref (C dc = 3 4 C0) 800 u dc [V] 600 Ð unstable! (too slow) u 400 dc,ref (C dc = 1 2 C0) time t [s] C. Hackl Nonlinear control of renewable energy systems 19/24

22 Outline 3 Conclusion C. Hackl Nonlinear control of renewable energy systems 19/24

23 Conclusion and future work To take home: DC-link voltage control nonlinear system dynamics with structurally varying nature nonminimum-phase behavior during reel-in phase very conservative classical PI controller design necessary nonlinear PI controller Future work: design based on pole placement and online parameter adjustment faster tracking and disturbance rejection smaller DC-link capacitance feasible (Ñ cheaper) Lyapunov-based stability analysis Measurement results (construction of test bench in progress) C. Hackl Nonlinear control of renewable energy systems 20/24

24 References I [1] Christian Dirscherl, Christoph Hackl, and Korbinian Schechner. Modellierung und Regelung von modernen Windkraftanlagen: Eine Einführung (available at the authors upon request). In Dierk Schröder, editor, Elektrische Antriebe Regelung von Antriebssystemen, chapter 24, pages Springer-Verlag, [2] Christian Dirscherl and Christoph M. Hackl. Dynamic power flow in wind turbine systems with doubly-fed induction generator. In Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International Energy Conference, [3] Christoph M. Hackl and Korbinian Schechner. Non-ideal torque control of wind turbine systems: Impacts on annual energy production. Technical report, arxiv: v1 [cs.sy], [4] Zhenbin Zhang, Christoph Hackl, Tongjing Sun, and Ralph Kennel. Computationally efficient DMPC for three-level NPC back-to-back converters in wind turbine systems with PMSG. submitted to IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, [5] Mohamed Abdelrahem, Christoph M. Hackl, and Ralph Kennel. Application of extended Kalman filter to parameter estimation of doubly-fed induction generators in variable-speed wind turbine systems. In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Clean Electrical Power, pages , [6] Mohamed Abdelrahem, Christoph M. Hackl, and Ralph Kennel. Sensorless control of doubly-fed induction generators in variable-speed wind turbine systems. In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Clean Electrical Power, pages , [7] Christoph M. Hackl. Current PI-funnel control with anti-windup for synchronous machines. In Proceedings of the 54th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control, pages , [8] Christoph M. Hackl, Maarten J. Kamper, Julian Kullick, and Joshua Mitchell. Nonlinear PI current control of reluctance synchronous machines. arxiv.org/pdf/ v1, C. Hackl Nonlinear control of renewable energy systems 21/24

25 References II [9] Z. Zhang, C. Hackl, F. Wang, Z. Chen, and R. Kennel. Encoderless model predictive control of back-to-back converter direct-drive permanent-magnet synchronous generator wind turbine systems. In Proceedings of 15th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications, pages 1 10, [10] Christoph M. Hackl. Funnel control for wind turbine systems. In Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE International Conference on Control Applications, pages , [11] Christoph M. Hackl. Speed funnel control with disturbance observer for wind turbine systems with elastic shaft. In Proceedings of the 54th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control, pages , [12] Christoph M. Hackl and Korbinian Schechner. Non-ideal torque control in wind turbine systems: Causes and impacts. In Proceedings of the 5 th MSE-Kolloquium on Innovations for Energy Systems, Mobility, Buildings and Materials, [13] Christoph M. Hackl, Maarten J. Kamper, Julian Kullick, and Joshua Mitchell. Current control of reluctance synchronous machines with online adjustment of the controller parameters. In to be published in Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE 2016), [14] Julian Kullick. Simulation and control of a small-scale wind turbine system with reluctance synchronous generator. Master s thesis, Technische Universität München, MSE Research Group "Control of renewable energy systems", [15] Lorenz Horlbeck, Markus Lienkamp, and Christoph Hackl. Analytical solution for the MTPV hyperbola including the stator resistance. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology (submitted), C. Hackl Nonlinear control of renewable energy systems 22/24

26 References III [16] Christian Dirscherl, Christoph Hackl, and Korbinian Schechner. Explicit model predictive control with disturbance observer for grid-connected voltage source power converters. In Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology, pages , [17] Christian Dirscherl, Christoph M. Hackl, and Korbinian Schechner. Pole-placement based nonlinear state-feedback control of the DC-link voltage in grid-connected voltage source power converters: A preliminary study. In Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE International Conference on Control Applications, pages , [18] Florian Bauer, Christoph M. Hackl, and Korbinian Schechner. DC-link control for airborne wind energy systems during pumping mode. In Proceedings of the Airborne Wind Energy Conference 2015, [19] Korbinian Schechner, Florian Bauer, and Christoph M. Hackl. Nonlinear DC-link PI control for airborne wind energy systems during pumping mode. In Roland Schmehl, editor, Airborne Wind Energy: Advances in Technology Development and Research. Springer-Verlag, [20] Christoph M. Hackl. MPC with analytical solution and integral error feedback for LTI MIMO systems and its application to current control of grid-connected power converters with LCL-filter. In Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE International Symposium on Predictive Control of Electrical Drives and Power Electronics (PRECEDE), pages 61 66, [21] Christian Dirscherl, Josef Fessler, Christoph M. Hackl, and Hanko Ipach. State-feedback controller and observer design for grid-connected voltage source power converters with LCL-filter. In Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE International Conference on Control Applications, pages , [22] Zhenbin Zhang, Hue Xu, M. Xue, Z. Chen, T. Sun, Ralph Kennel, and Christoph Hackl. Predictive control with novel virtual flux estimation for back-to-back power converters. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 62(5): , C. Hackl Nonlinear control of renewable energy systems 23/24

27 References IV [23] Christoph M. Hackl. Dynamische Reibungsmodellierung: Das Lund-Grenoble (LuGre) Reibmodell (available at the authors upon request). In Dierk Schröder, editor, Elektrische Antriebe Regelung von Antriebssystemen, chapter 25, pages Springer-Verlag, [24] Christoph M. Hackl. Non-identifier based adaptive control in mechatronics: Theory and Application. Lecture Notes in Control and Information Sciences. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2015 (accepted; final version in preparation). [25] Florian Bauer, Christoph M. Hackl, Keyue Smedley, and Ralph Kennel. On multicopter-based launching and landing of lift power kites. In Roland Schmehl, editor, Airborne Wind Energy: Advances in Technology Development and Research. Springer-Verlag, [26] Florian Bauer, Christoph M. Hackl, Keyue Smedley, and Ralph Kennel. Crosswind kite power with tower. In Roland Schmehl, editor, Airborne Wind Energy: Advances in Technology Development and Research. Springer-Verlag, C. Hackl Nonlinear control of renewable energy systems 24/24