Comparison Of Blast-Induced Ground Vibration Predictors In Case Of Tulu-Plain Open Pit Colemanite Mine Of Eti Mine

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1 1 Comparison Of Blast-Induced Ground Vibration Predictors In Case Of Tulu-Plain Open Pit Colemanite Mine Of Eti Mine K. GÖGÜLÜ 1, E. APAZ, Ö. UYSAL*, Y.S. DUUTUK 1, A. DEMİCİ 1, M.K. DİLMAÇ 4, A. KOÇASLAN 1 1 Cumhuriyet University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Mining Engineering, Sivas, Turkey Kocaeli University, Kocaeli Vocational School, Kocaeli, Turkey Dumlupınar University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Mining Engineering, Kütahya, Turkey 4 Atatürk University, Oltu Faculty Of Earth Sciences, Department of Mining Engineering, Erzurum, Turkey ABSTACT In order to be able to model the blast induced ground vibrations and to prevent the occurrence of damages in the site different researches have proposed varying approaches. These approaches use blasting energy (maximum charge per delay) and absorbing effect (distance between explosion point and measurement point) as base. ithin the context of this research work the blast-induced ground vibrations in Tülü-plain open pit colemanite mine of Eti Mine have been monitored and could have been tried to determine the performance of pick particle velocity prediction methods (11 methods) as given in literature. To this end 6 blasting activities have been carried out for overburden removal and the related parameters have been measured with 7 devices. During the operating, 69 vibrations have been triaxially recorded (longitudinal, transversal and vertical). The components of pick particle velocities (PPVT, PPVV, PPVL, PVS and PPV) have been assessed according to the methods given in literature. Key ords: Blast, Ground vibration, Blast induced vibration, Blast vibration prediction 1. INTODUCTION Environmental problems caused by the ground vibrations, rock ejections, poisonous gases and smokes, dust and air cannons are frequently encountered in different sectors such as mining, construction, quarrying, tunnel and pipe lining where blasting is inevitable. For this reason, it is necessary to consider the remedies of the possible environmental problems in addition to technical and economic factors such as fragmentation degree, size distribution and cost while determining the blasting conditions. The measurement and prediction of the blastinduced parameters are of great importance to prevent the environmental problems (Arpaz, 000). The literature research shows that the relevant studies are intensely continuing; however reveals a lack of consensus on neither predicting and nor preventing these problems was reached. It is possible to explain this situation with the different environment and design parameters that have completely different features.

2 In this study, the results of a series of the field surveys conducted in Eti Mine Tülü Boron Enterprise will be given to test the performance of the equations obtained in the literature to be used in the estimation of the blastinduced ground vibrations.. PATICLE VELOCITY ESTIMATION METHODS Many people and institutions conducted various research studies about estimating blast-induced ground vibrations and the scaled distance-dependent estimation of the peak particle velocity was accepted in most of the literature. The results of some studies conducted for estimating the peak particle velocity are chronologically given below (Arpaz 000; Ghosh&Daemen 198; Gupta et al. 1988; oy 1991). i. Ambraseys and Hendron (1968) = K PPV [1] ii. Nicholls, Johnson and Duvall (1971) = K PPV [] iii. Langefors and Kihlström (197) PPV = K [] iv. Indian Standards Inst.(197) PPV = K v. Davies vd., (1964), Attewell vd., (1965), Shoop and Daemen (198), Birch and Chaffer (198) PPV = K [5] vi. Ghosh and Daemen (198) PPV = K e [6] vii. Ghosh and Daemen (198) PPV = K viii. Gupta vd., (1987) e PPV = K e [8] ix. Gupta vd., (1987) PPV = K e [4] [7] [9]

3 x. Gupta vd., (1988) PPV K = [10] xi. CMS (oy, P.P., 1991) = n + K e 1 PPV [11] Here; PPV: Peak particle velocity (mm/s) : Distance from the blasting point (m) : Maximum amount of explosives per delay (kg) K,,, n: Field constants e - e -(/) : Inelastic dilution factor : Inelastic absorption factor. OKING FIELD The study was conducted in Bigadiç Directorate for Tülü Open Pit Mine Enterprise that belongs to Eti Mine Directorate General. The enterprise is approximately 8 km away from Balıkesir which is located in westward Turkey. However, there are many villages in close vicinity around the enterprise. The borders of the enterprise are getting close to these villages day by day. These villages are affected by the blasts and problems arise frequently between villagers and the enterprise. These problems sometimes affect the production plans of the enterprise. The study was conducted in agricultural areas and regions close to residential areas. The blasts are shots for loosening the top layer of the boron. The formation consists of clay stone, limestone and tuff. The bore holes are in 8 m length and 170 mm diameter. Burden distance and spacing range between and 5 m. ANFO is used as an explosive, power gel dynamite is used for priming and nonel capsule is used for firing. 4. FIELD SUVEYS AND EVALUATIONS ithin the framework of the field surveys, the blast-induced vibrations in Etibank Bigadiç Tülü open-pit mine were followed and the success degree of the estimation methods (11 methods) of the particle velocity in literature was determined. For this aim, 6 shots made during the stripping activities between the dates 14 July- 8 August 011 were measured by 7 blast seismograph and 69 values of data belonging the blast vibration were recorded triaxially (longitudinal, latitudinal and vertical) (Table 1). The obtained components of the particle velocities bileşenleri (PPVT, PPVV, PPVL, PVS and PPV) were evaluated according to the methods in the literature and it was seen that the methods resulted in different success rates according to the correlation coefficients (Table ).

4 4 Table 1. esults of the measurements Charge Particle Velocity Distance per delay Transverse Vertical longitudinal esultant ()(m) () (kg) (PPVT) (PPVV) (PPVL) (PVS) mm/s mm/s mm/s mm/s mm/s Event No Maximum (PPV) Table. The evaluation of the particle velocity components and air cannon values according to the estimation methods in the literature. 1. Method V = K * K 67,84 15, 765,06 175,44 1,87 661,61-1,00-1,8-1,1-1,9-1,9-1,17 r 0,1 0,61 0,48 0,55 0,5 0,14. Method V = K * K 1,58 51,15 0,58 558,60 497,41 989,15-1,00-1,8-1,1-1,9-1,9-1,17 r 0,1 0,61 0,47 0,54 0,5 0,14. Method 4. Method V = K * K 65,60 199,8 14,09 5,9 01,44 1,7 1, 1,8 1,60 1,71 1,71 1,57 r 0,1 0,60 0,47 0,54 0,5 0,14 V = K * K 65,60 199,8 14,09 5,9 01,44 1,7 0,99 1,7 1,0 1,9 1,8 1,17 r 0,1 0,60 0,47 0,54 0,5 0,14

5 5 Table.Continuation V = K * * 5. Method 6. Method 7. Method 8. Method 9. Method K 1597,8 8568, ,0 64, ,6 01,9-1,00-1,7-1,0-1,8-1,8-1,17-0,098 0,004-0,096-0,99-0,67 0,585 r 0, 0,6 0,48 0,55 0,54 0,14 V = K * * K 10,14 8,,58 6,8 6,9 7,94 0,09-0,8-0,09-0,0-0,06-0,59-0,004-0,004-0,005-0,005-0,005-0,00 r 0,6 0,66 0,5 0,61 0,58 0,15 V = K * * K 9,5 47,0 4,85 7,95 8,5 1059,9 0,09-0,8-0,09-0,0-0,07-0,58-0,004-0,004-0,005-0,005-0,005-0,00 r 0,6 0,66 0,5 0,61 0,58 0,15 V = K * * e * K 10,8 1,04, 6,07 4,88 488,5-0,1 0,6 0,1 0,0 0,07 0,78-0,004-0,004-0,005-0,005-0,005-0,00 r 0,6 0,66 0,5 0,61 0,58 0,15 V = K * * K 10,8 1,04, 6,07 4,88 488,5-0,09 0,7 0,09 0,01 0,05 0,58-0,004-0,004-0,005-0,005-0,005-0,00 r 0,6 0,66 0,5 0,61 0,58 0,15

6 6 Table.Continuation 10. Method 11. Method V = K * * K 16,1 95,56 5,7 8,05 77,7 76,0-0,11-0,66-0,4-0,49-0,51-0,17-0, -0,181-0,0-0,199-0,194-0,47 r 0,4 0,6 0,49 0,57 0,55 0,16 1 V = K * + n K 97,14 17,1 17,76 179,80 16, ,94 n,09 0,8 1,6 1,8 1,6 6,7 r 0,1 0,7 0,6 0,7 0,6 0,09 5. ESULTS AND SUGGESTIONS The drilling and blasting comes to the forefront as the most economic excavation methods in sectors such as mining, construction and quarrying where the rock excavations are inevitable. However, ground vibrations that are formed due to the nature of the blasting can put the enterprises into difficult positions. Contemporarily, the research studies for the solution of these problems are based on the idea of estimating the blast-induced ground vibrations and getting them under the control according to these estimations. In this study, the performance of the estimation methods used to minimize the blast-induced ground vibrations in Bigadiç Enterprise Tülü colemanite open-pit mine enterprise that belongs to Eti Mine Directorate General was tried to be tested. For that purpose, 69 measurements were obtained from 6 blasts and they were evaluated according to 11 different methods in the literature. As a result of these evaluations, i. All methods result in different safety limits. ii. The evaluation based on the scaled distance, which is commonly accepted in the literature does not exhibit any significant difference in any evaluation. iii. No method comes to the forefront by giving the highest regression coefficient in every table. iv. It is revealed that there is not any method to be used in order to predict and control the blast-induced ground vibrations fully. v. It is seen that it is more suitable to get the shots under control according to the method that exhibits the highest regression on the basis of the regions by evaluating according to all methods for the prediction and control of the blast-induced ground vibrations.

7 7 6. ACKNOLEDGEMENTS This study was supported by TÜBİTAK (The Scientific and Technological esearch Council of Turkey) with the project numbered 110M94. Authors separately thank employees of Eti Mine. EFEENCES Ambraseys, N.., Hendron, A.J., Dynamic Behaviour of ock Masses, ock Mechanics İn Engineering Practices, London: iley, Arpaz, E., Monitoring and evaluation of blast induced vibrations in some open-pit mines in Turkey: Ph.D Thesis Cumhuriyet University Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences Department of Mining Engineering, Sivas, 000. Attawell, P.B., Farmer, I.. and Haslam, D., Prediction of Ground Vibration Parameters From Major Quarry Blasts, Mining and Minerals Eng., December, 1965, pp Birch,.J. and Chaffer,., Prediction of Ground Vibration from Blasting on Open Cast Sites, Trans. Inst. Min. Metall, Sec. A: Mining Industry, April, 198, Davies, B., Farmer, I.. and Attewell, P.B., Ground Vibration from Shallow Sub-Surface Blasts, The Engineer, 1964, vol. 17, pp Ghosh, A., Daemen, J.K., A simple new blast vibration predictor, In: Proceedings of the 4th US symposium on rock mechanics, College Station, Texas, 198, p Gupta,.N., oy, P.P. Bagachi, A. and Singh, B., Dynamics Effects in Various ock Mass and Their Predictions, j. Mines, Met. Fuels, 1987, pp Gupta,.N., oy, P., Singh, B., On a blast ınduced blast vibration predictor for efficient blasting, Proceedings of the nd International Conference of Safety in Mines, , Beijing, China, Langefors, U., Kihlström, B., The modern technique of rock blasting, Third Edition, Stockholm, Sweden. (1978). Nicholls H, Johnson CF, Duvall I., Blasting vibrations and their effects on structures. United States Department of Interior, USBM, Bulletin 656, oy, P.P., Vibration control in an opencast mine based on improved blast vibration predictors, Mining Science and Technology, 1, Shoop, S.A. and Daemen, J.J.K., Sire-Specific Predictions of Ground Vibrations Induced by Blasting, AIME Spring Meeting, March, Atlanta, 198.