1. Einleitung. 1.1 Organisatorisches. Ziel der Vorlesung: Einführung in die Methoden der Ökonometrie. Voraussetzungen: Deskriptive Statistik

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1 1. Einleitung 1.1 Organisatorisches Ziel der Vorlesung: Einführung in die Methoden der Ökonometrie Voraussetzungen: Deskriptive Statistik Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung und schließende Statistik Fortgeschrittene Statistik 1

2 Internet-Seite der Vorlesung: Studium Ökonometrie I Vorlesungsstil: Freier Vortrag anhand von Slides Slides stehen zur Verfügung als PDF-Dateien auf der Internet-Seite (Beschaffung der Folien wird unbedingt empfohlen) 2

3 Literatur: siehe Literaturliste im Inhaltsverzeichnis Klausurvorbereitung: Stoff der Vorlesung Übung (Freitag, Uhr, J 498) Ansprechpartner: Dipl.-Mathem. Marc Lammerding 3

4 1.2 Was ist Ökonometrie? Zunächst: Einige Erklärungsversuche (a) (Selbst)Definition der Econometric Society:... its main object [of the Econometric Society] shall be to promote studies that aim at a unification of the theoretical-quantitative and the empirical-quantitative approach to economic problems and that are penetrated by constructive and rigorous thinking similar to that which has come to dominate the natural sciences. 4

5 But there are several aspects of the quantitative approach to economics, and no single one of these aspects taken by itself, should be confounded with econometrics. Thus, econometrics is by no means the same as economic statistics. Nor is it identical with what we call general economic theory, although a considerable portion of this theory has a definitely quantitative character. Nor should econometrics be taken as synonomous with the application of mathematics to economics. Experience has shown that each of these three viewpoints, that of statistics, economic theory, and mathematics, is a necessary, but not by itself a sufficient, condition for a real understanding of the quantitative relations in modern economic life. It is the unification of all three that is powerful. And it is this unification that constitutes econometrics. 5

6 (b) Stock & Watson (2005): Many decisions in business and economics require quantitative estimates of how a change in one variable affects another variable. Conceptually, the way to estimate a causal effect is in an ideal randomized controlled experiment, but performing such experiments in economic applications is usually unethical, impractical, or too expensive. Econometrics provides tools for estimating causal effects using either observational (nonexperimental) data or data from real-world, imperfect experiments. 6

7 Cross-sectional data are gathered by observing multiple entities at a single point in time; time series data are gathered by observing a single entity at multiple points in time; and panel data are gathered by observing multiple entities, each of which is observed at multiple points in time. (c) Von Auer (2007):... Zusammenfassend lässt sich aber sagen: Die Ökonometrie analysiert anhand von beobachtbaren Daten (ökonomische Realität) ökonomische Wirkungszusammenhänge (ökonomische Theorie). Dabei greift sie auf Methoden zurück, die in der statistischen Theorie entwickelt wurden. 7

8 Beispiel für eine ökonometrische Analyse: Wirkung von Werbemaßnahmen auf den Absatz von 84 US- Unternehmen Modell (Y = Absatz, X = Werbeausgaben) y i = α + β x i + u i (α, β unbekannte Parameter, u i Fehler) 8

9 Einfache lineare Regression Schätzung: Absatz = * Werbeausgaben 560 Absatz in Mill. US-$ Werbeausgaben in Mill. US-$ 9

10 Ökonometrische Fragestellungen: Schätzung der unbekannten Parameter α, β Ist der unbekannte Parameter β wirklich von Null verschieden, d.h. gilt (Hypothesentest) β = 0 oder β 0 Angenommen, ein Unternehmen gibt 20 Mill. US-Dollar für Werbung aus. Welcher Absatz ist zu erwarten? (Prognose) 10

11 Zwischenfazit: Ökonometrie besteht aus Spezifikation ökonomischer Modelle Übersetzung in mathematisch-statistische Modelle Schätzung der Modellparameter Hypothesentests über die Modellparameter Prognosen 11

12 Unterschied zur Empirischen Wirtschaftsforschung: Empirische Wirtschaftsforschung beschäftigt sich eher mit der praktischen Anwendung statistischer Verfahren (enger Bezug zu wirtschaftswissenschaftl. Theorie) Ökonometrie beschäftigt sich mit der Entwicklung mathematisch-statistischer Verfahren zur Auswertung ökonomischer Datensätze 12

13 Warum benötigt ein Ökonom ökonometrische Kenntnisse? Starre Anwendung von statistischen Methoden ohne Kenntnisse über deren Voraussetzungen führt immer zu Fehlern Praktische empirische Probleme sind immer komplexer als jede Lehrbuchsituation Man benötigt ökonometrische Methodenkenntnisse, um praktische empirische Probleme angemessen zu bearbeiten und zu lösen 13

14 Ziel dieser VL: Formal stringente Darstellung des klassischen linearen Regressionsmodells 14

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