SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHANGES IN ADAVANCED SOCIETIES

Transcription

1 TMA J LdU,Mb ydev m T mb d yv b gd v p d d w d m m : m Sm C : I CT db gd v b ym y b b d d dp y, mp v g y, q y dq y. B v p d g y k : g Sm C v. T m J L d,m b y de v m d p p w d p p p g dm b y. T MAJ v d Sp E p S Op A J db y S yp b g da d m R C ( SP ARCE p ) d D y Op A J ( DOAJ ). S OCI OE CONOMI CCHA NGE SI NA DV A NCE DS OCI E T I E S V. 9. 3D mb p I SSN I SSN U v y N p F d I I

2 TMA J Ld U, Mby d Evm SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHANGES IN ADAVANCED SOCIETIES 3 (2016) Pbd by Lby Ld U Mby d Evm DICEA - Dpm Cv, A d Evm Egg Uvy Np "Fd II" TMA zd by CAB - C Lb Fd II Uvy Np g Op J Sym Ed--: R Pp p ISSN ISSN L: C d Tb d Np, 6 29/01/2008 Ed pd Lby Ld U Mby d Evm DICEA - Dpm Cv, A d Evm Egg Uvy Np "Fd II" Pzz T, Np wb: -m: dz.m@. Cv Img: T Hg L, Nw Yk. TMA J Ld U Mby d Evm 3 (2016)

3 TMA. J Ld U, Mby d Evm, pp d b w d pp pg d mby d pb g -dpy pp p, d d vm. Dm d: gg, pg, mdg, bv, m, ggpy, g, gy, d dg, wk d mpx ym. T I N Agy Ev Uv d R I (ANVUR) d TMA j A 08. TMA vd Sp Ep S Op A J d by Sy Pbg d Adm R C (SPARC Ep) d Dy Op A J (DOAJ). TMA pbd d Cv Cmm Ab 3.0 L d bd p vwd by w d mg g-p. TMA b pbd 2007 d dxd m bbgp db d p g dd dm d b wdwd. EDITOR IN-CHIEF R Pp, Uvy Np Fd II, Iy EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD M A, Uvy I, USA L B, Uvy Amdm, Nd Lk B, G Uvy, Bgm D B, Py Uvy B, Iy Eq Cd, Py Uvy Mdd, Sp Rb Cmg, Py Uvy M, Iy Dk D Kkv, Uvy T, Cd Mk Dk, Edbg Np Uvy, Sd A Km, Uvy H, I N Km, A Uvy Tk, G Dvd Mw Lv, Uvy M, USA P Mm, Mg Gæ Uvy Cz, Iy Ag Nzz, T Vg Uvy Rm, Iy R Pp, Uvy Np Fd II, Iy Sg S, Ub Mpgy d Cmpx Sym I, F M Sm, N Kpd Uvy A, G A S, Sz Uvy, I ASSOCIATE EDITORS R B, N R C I Sd Md S, Iy Lg d'o, Uvy Cb, Sp Rm F, Uvy S, Iy Cm Gg, Uvy Np Fd II, Iy Tm Hm, U Uvy, Nd Mk H, Uvy Lxmbg, Lxmbg Sd Kdk, T Uvy Ib, Tky R A L R, Uvy Np Fd II, Iy Hmd Ebmp Mm, T Uvy B, Gmy Gpp Mzz, N R C I Sd Md S, Iy N M, Abg Uvy, Dmk E Pp, Uvy Wm, Ud Kgdm D Pj, Uvy Qd, A F Z, Uvy Np Fd II, Iy EDITORIAL STAFF G Ag, PD d Uvy Np Fd II, Iy Gd Cp, PD d Uvy Np Fd II, Iy S F, PD d L Uvy Rm, Iy M Rmd, Eg, Uvy S, Iy L R, PD d Uvy Np Fd II, Iy M R Tm, PD d Uvy Np Fd II, Iy Ad T, PD Sd Uvy Np, Iy TMA J Ld U Mby d Evm 3 (2016)

4 TMA J Ld U, Mby d Evm SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHANGES IN ADAVANCED SOCIETIES 3 (2016) C 252 EDITORIAL PREFACE P Mm FOCUS 257 Rbdg D: Bð Pj Rykjvk C Wk, I Fmg, Sv R LAND USE, MOBILITY AND ENVIRONMENT 269 Hg pp y: dd mppg Gk p Ik Sm, Evg Mk, Td Tk 287 T db pb v m ppv p qy Nd Z, Mmmd Rmp, Sd Sd Bb, Mz Mv, Sb Mmmdp 305 W d b g. Nw g G F P, Dvd E 323 Pg dg w bm: Od gbd dy Nd Z, Nm Gm, Am Rz Kmz, Syd Rz Azd TMA J Ld U Mby d Evm 3 (2016)

5 343 REVIEW PAGES G Ag, Gd Cp, M R Tm, L R, Ad T TMA J Ld U Mby d Evm 3 (2016)

6 TMA J Ld U, Mby d Evm TMA 3 (2016) p ISSN , - ISSN d: / /4023 vw pp vd 07 Ob 2016, pd 24 Nvmb 2016 Ld d Cv Cmm Ab N Cmm L Hw m APA m: Z, N., Gm, N., Kmz, A. R., Azd, S. R. (2016). Pg dg w bm: Od gbd dy. Tm. J Ld U, Mby d Evm, 9 (3), d: p://dx.d.g/ / /4023 ABSTRACT PLANNING ACCORDING TO NEW URBANISM: THE OSTADSARA NEIGHBORHOOD CASE STUDY NADER ZALI, NASIM GHOLAMI b, AMIR REZA KARIMIAZERI, SEYED REZA AZADEH d Dpm Ub Pg, Uvy G -m: z@g.. b Dpm Ub Pg, Im Azd Uvy -m: m.gm@gm.m Dpm A, Uvy G -m: mz_kmz@g.. d Ggpy d Ub Pg, Uvy I -m: ydzzd@g... T md bm v v d p pv p gbd d d dy. T Nw Ubm Mvm, md bz d mp vv dy g pj g d gbd by ppyg md bz md d md. T pp m v d y Od gbd' gz bd w bm pp d p pg gbd dg pp. I gd, v md dg by md, bv, pgpy, q d vw w vm w zd. T m d d m wk d g d p d y p d pp w pby ppyg wkby, vy d g, mpvm pb p, mpvm qy d b dg, m d mpvm pb d g p p, m d gg d gbd d g p Od gbd' b. Fy, dy w p ppp g gg md gbd db d pp. KEYWORDS: Ngbd; Ngbd C; Ngbd Idy; Nw Ubm; Od Ngbd R.

7 TMA 有关土地使用 交通和环境的杂志 TMA 3 (2016) p ISSN , - ISSN d: / /4023 vw pp vd 07 Ob 2016, pd 24 Nvmb 2016 Ld d Cv Cmm Ab N Cmm L Hw m APA m: Z, N., Gm, N., Kmz, A. R., Azd, S. R. (2016). Pg dg w bm: Od gbd dy. Tm. J Ld U, Mby d Evm, 9 (3), d: p://dx.d.g/ / /4023 摘要 现代城市主义活动导致了以往社区空间结构发生断裂, 摧毁了其身份特征 被视为最成功的城市化发展模式之一的新城市主义运动, 试图将现代城市化模式和方法与传统社区结构相结合, 为这一几近消失的国家 - 社会身份注入新的活力 本文旨在评估与分析 基于新城市主义原则的 Od 社区结构 并根据这些原则分析规划成功社区中心的方案 对此, 本文将运用库方法 观察 拍照记录 问卷调查和使用者访问等多种方法 结合 SPSS 软件 优缺点辨识和评估和潜在威胁和机遇描述和分析, 调查问卷分析结果显示 : 套用步行条件的可能性 连接以及合并 公共交通改善 建筑质量和城市设计改进 公共区域和绿色开放区域得以维护与改善 传统社区单位得到维护和加强 同时 Od 社区居民有所协作 最后, 本文将提出如何将上述社区规划为理想和繁荣的社区的相应策略 新城市主义原则下规划拉什特 OSTADSARA 社区成功社区中心可能性的研究 NADER ZALI, NASIM GHOLAMI b, AMIR REZA KARIMIAZERI, SEYED REZA AZADEH d Dpm Ub Pg, Uvy G -m: z@g.. b Dpm Ub Pg, Im Azd Uvy -m: m.gm@gm.m Dpm A, Uvy G -m: mz_kmz@g.. d Ggpy d Ub Pg, Uvy I -m: ydzzd@g... 关键词 : 社区, 社区中心, 新城市主义, 拉什特 Od 社区

8 N. Z, N. Gm, A.R. Kmz, S.R. Azd Pg dg w bm: Od gbd dy 1 INTRODUCTION Ngbd dd mp dvpm y w y mj m dy mp. E gbd w y v v v d m p gbd' dvpm, pvd pby pp' kg d gg d d m xg, pg ppp gbd d mpvg pb d mm. B d v d g gw, b gbd d gd d w gw d pdd m xd d b w mg, d py v. Md bz w pd md g, CIAM C d A C w by pg gd, kd zg w bd d gbd. F zg dyd vy d d gbd d md b m w (R., 2011, 1). I w m m dd gd gbd d d b md wd. W mg w bm mvm 80 d y, kd w d wd bz d w md v pbm gd m x d d b d d z dvpm. A d p gbd w dd d b mm by mvm. 2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Adg d Ud S Dpm Em d S A, 2007 m m y, 50% gb pp vd b, w y y g g d 13%, d w pdd 69% by 2050 (B d P, 2013, 62). S w d, y, d b p v d g g d m p dvpm d v q g d pg gd m d gbz pm. I p, p bw m bg d vm d md p w gd p p d d m gbd w -p. Ay bv-md -p p w gd m b v bd b d dgdg d. Dp -m d dvpm dg dvpm d bv b x bm dg bdm, pp g d y, y, yg d py dp gz d v gbd (K., 2009, 2). I mgg y, g dvpm g. T y dmgp d -m dy gd dd. O g-bd y w m pp dg, dg dd 20 y, I gd m bzd y w m g mk my d g md b -dpd b (Mmgd, 2016, 38). A R Cy' y d bkgd bz, vb bdg d m d qy bvd d mp. Ex d gbd my b md m g R. Od mg kd gbd w dg vb dm b gbd R I d y. I y, pp gw d mp mpd x v dd dy, d d gbd w bkgd d pgmmd, v gbd w b dd. I gd, m TMA J Ld U Mby d Evm 3 (2016)

9 N. Z, N. Gm, A.R. Kmz, S.R. Azd Pg dg w bm: Od gbd dy m pp w bm gbd w mpvm d w b dy b dd d py m d d mmy d d, b ppd g d wd d bd g. I, w kg w wg q: w Od gbd m w bm? w g pg gbd dg w bm Od gbd? 3 RESEARCH PURPOSES T m pp dy pby pg gbd Od Ngbd R w mp Nw Ubm pp. I d w d SWOT y. SWOT y gzd xvy d mp m g b d dgg pd b dd y b g kg. T SWOT y pp b bdy ppd vy dp vgg pbm m g ppv (L., 2016, 75). By g SWOT y w: m d d d (Wkby, Cvy, Mxd-U & Dvy, Mxd Hg, Impvm A Qy d Ub Dg, M d Impvm Td Ngbd S, Dy, Pb Tp Impvm, M d Impvm Op d G Sp d Ug Cp Ib) w mpb w w bm ; p g pg gbd dg w bm Od gbd. 4 THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS AND CONCEPTS Ngbd b pg b y (., 2016, 972). Ngbd d dyg d pp, vg d g m vm pp qy vg vm. Ngbd z dmd mmy,, d p w y (Om., 2016, 309). I gd, gbd b dd m d dm. F, gbd b dd dmvy by bd d w, d d bd; y by d pp; y by v dm v; vmy by, qy d y d y y by vg g d m dvpm (B, 2004, 16). A d mpx gbd yp ggg d m gp. T p d p bw d d gbd m my mmb w gbd wy gbd d mp d g mj mp mg d. T mp d p d gbd w dd v m gg p d p d v m (Szd, 1992, ). C gbd kg m k g, x d gbd mmy gvg dy d g bw b. A v, m, d m, gbd pvd p pdg pp dy d, p gg k d g bg d p b. Ag dd dy', b b vvd by gg w d dy' bd md. I, gbd w b pp w p TMA J Ld U Mby d Evm 3 (2016)

10 N. Z, N. Gm, A.R. Kmz, S.R. Azd Pg dg w bm: Od gbd dy p d jb g m d v wy v g my gp d p p d, J gbd E, Z gbd Yzd Jw gbd m y. I, d gbd pvdd d, vg d g mb m p d k, y md bd p vdy d p gd. T mb gbd y d d w g d p d gbd y w m m p d m b gbd d d d d d y (Pzg, 2012, 107). 4.1 INTRODUCTION OF THEORIES AND SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT A w Tb 1, pyg p gbd bm ym bg mdd 19 y, md gvg dy d g. Ebz Hwd ppd pp dvdg y dpd w d dm m. T d L Cb (1953) dd g gbd pg 20 y (Lg, 1994). T g md w ppd mp y d dpd by L Cb. I dd md md, Ngbd U w w ppd by Py d pmd by E d Hy Wg Rdb dd pmy md gbd pg 20 y (Tb 1). Sd d, md d mm pp g w mm w md wg b: Cmm pp - Cg dpd ; - d dy p w y; - pyg w g p d ; - g mm; - pyg pg' mvm. T Hwd' Gd Cy L Cb' d Py Ngbd U E-Wg' Ngbd U Tb. 1 Sdyg Pmy Md Ngbd Pg F H 20 Cy Adg Tb 2, d 20 y, v mpx w dgd Am w m g dp d k ', mg dy d dvpg qy vb x. Bd p my, v dpd m Ngbd U md bgg 20 y w w d d y v d m w w mg dgg d mpx (Hmzd d Mk, 2012, 44). F xmp Pd U Dvpm p w p mwk y d dd bdg pg g m ppv p d ppp b d pb gbd (Ey, 2008, 45). d gbd d Td Ngbd Dvpm (TND) pd v d mpx m m- d dpd w (Kz., 1994; D, 2000; N, 2003).T T- Od Dvpm md y kd dvpm w dpd pb p bd g wy, d g k, bd vy dd bdg, m-pp m, vg gy, d dwy, vby b v d. (C., 2009). Ub Vg mvm bm m mp m dvpm g b dvpm m mxd pd-d d bd (Cv, 2005). T E Vg mvm m pg d ppg mpvm b m d, TMA J Ld U Mby d Evm 3 (2016)

11 N. Z, N. Gm, A.R. Kmz, S.R. Azd Pg dg w bm: Od gbd dy m xg mg d, d mk m d vg p vb g wdwd m wk (Km, 2007). I pp Sm Gw yp w gg d m pg bdg d b x by ppg w bm md d g p d d gy mp (Dy., 2009, 12). A bvmd pz m bg, vv d md, p p xp, bkgd. Sm mm pp mg md w: Cmm pp - mp gbd; - dpd gbd; - pyg pb p; - mpvg ; - pyg pd mvm; - dg vm d g p; - d d gbd ; - mxg ; - g b pb p; - pyg qy d b dg. Hyp Pd U Dvpm Td Ngbd Dvpm T md T- Od Dvpm (TOD) Ub Vg mvm E-vg Sm Gw Hyp Tb. 2 Sdyg Pmy Md Ngbd Pg 2d H 20 Cy 4.2 REVIEW OF NEW URBANISM'S PRINCIPLES I 1993, Cg Nw Ubm w dd by x : P Cp, Ad Dy, D Sm, Ezb M, Ezb P-Zybk d Sp Py- zd. (F., 2010, 287). Nw Ubm pd w pp bb dvpm, w d d dpd by g pd-dy vm. Nw bm w b dd Nw Ubz Ub Pg P " mvm Ud S w g xp by dg b gdg gw b bb m g m d d mpx. T ppg pj gy vv b pg d w w gd y 20 y b y w dpd md md (Mdp, 2001, 310). T p w bm mp dm pp b dg gbd d gm w wd. T m mp dm xpg w bm mvm w bm C. T w w pd mg w bm b dd m g A C. T d yzb v w m mm (Ad, 2008). T Nw Ubm 27 pp ddd by. A bd g, p, d z,, d d dvp wkd mg bw 1993 d T Cg, CNU: 2000 pbd d Nw Ubm. CNU wy v pp. T wy-v pp pp g, gbd d bk. T pp d gd pb py, dvpm p, b pg, d dg. Adg vw pd CNU, pp Nw Ubm, v gbd, mdd b pp d (E, 2012, 829). I Wkby Wkby m w dy wkg. Wkby k qy pd, dwy d, d p, mmy pp, y d m wkg (Sbb d Awd, 2013, 172). T w bm bv d q m b TMA J Ld U Mby d Evm 3 (2016)

12 N. Z, N. Gm, A.R. Kmz, S.R. Azd Pg dg w bm: Od gbd dy d g wkg d b dgd wy pvd b m d g m wkg. T, g dy d wky v w d b 10 m wkg. II Cvy: wk d w d wkg; y w, bvd, d y; wk g qy pvm d pb p w mk wkg p. III Mxd-Ug & Dvy: mb, dpm, d pm d md g w d mb gbd, bk d bdg; v yp pp m d g, gp, d g w bdg. IV Mxd Hg: m d yp, p d gbd. V Cd Hy Qd Bdg d Impvm A Qy d Ub Dg: Emp by, g, m w d g bgg p. Sp p pg b v d p gg; m- d b dg w d m p. VI M d Impvm Td Ngbd S: gzb d m; pb p ; mp pb p, p pb p dgd b ; m g d d w 10 m wkg. VII Dy I Bdg, d, d v md wkg, pvd pby v d, m jyb d mb p. VIII Sm Tp T p dd g b d dy v m p, dg wkg ( w yg, g, d pb, w v m ). Tg wkg gy gdd d md, m mp mp p md g md. T m pp pb : b bdg d gg m b,,, vy pg pd. F, dp ddg p p wk by b pg d pb. Smy, bk d -g ym gy q wkg p d m v g, d xdd d p ddvg byg mpd mzd p (Lv, 2016, 165). A wk mp d m d gbd w d by g- qy ; dy dg pvm w mpv m by, bd, d pd dy p TMA J Ld U Mby d Evm 3 (2016)

13 N. Z, N. Gm, A.R. Kmz, S.R. Azd Pg dg w bm: Od gbd dy IX M d Impvm Op d G Pb Sp (Sby) T w bm bd b pb p d pk d gbd d q p p g pvdg g p. M d mpvm p p pvm, q, pk, pb bdg d gg p d m mg d w, gbd m k bd d vvd vm. X Uz Ib Cp O m mp pp w bm pp, py pp pg vb b x, z b p. T w bm b m p b, d, p, gvm, dvp d gz g p gbd pg (p:// 5 INTRODUCTION OF THE UNDER-STUDY AREA R Cy mg G pv (Fg 1), w p 9% pv p d 33% pp. Bd dm, d R vg w x g bk B.C w G d Dm vd. A R d d g bkgd bm, y vb q bdg d b bvd v y. T m mp R my b x d gbd w v y md d d. Od dd d gbd R w d mdd. I zg mp y x, Od d x d mpy g x. Ev mp dm m y Mp d Sbzmd Sq w g x. A p m p dvg d g m p d m mb. Fg. 1 L Od Ngbd R Cy Bd dm, d R vg w x g bk B.C w G d Dm vd. A R d d g bkgd bm, y vb q bdg d b bvd v y. T m mp R my b x d gbd w v y md d d TMA J Ld U Mby d Evm 3 (2016)

14 N. Z, N. Gm, A.R. Kmz, S.R. Azd Pg dg w bm: Od gbd dy. Od dd d gbd R w d mdd. I zg mp y x, Od d x d mpy g x. Ev mp dm m y Mp d Sbzmd Sq w g x. A p m p dvg d g m p d m mb. T gm mm wk d pg d m gbd dvpm wy m d p bw p y d -. T dm b x gbd d d d xp m w b d vd. Od d z 1 R Mpy d d Mm Bvd m d w, Sd S m d B S m. 6 RESEARCH METHOD Gy, md dmd bd mj pp d. Hz N (2009) bv m pp d b, ppd d p, d m d, dpv,, d mp. I m pp, dy ppd g z gv gd gd m b d w pp dg d pg q. I m, d y, d dpv d db bj d vm' d by pvdg m d yz d d d. I d d, dmy d d md ppd w mv d qv d qv md. T pp d w pp Od gbd z 1 R Mp w w b 6264 pp. A mp pp w dd d v m d my, w gzd w pp. F pp, z mp w d g C d Mg mp z m w dgy 190 mp w bd, m mb q w yzd. T q d 2 p. T p dd q b gd, g, d d., w w dvpd bd pp. Sd p q w dgd bd 10 pp w bm w w d bd d m q. T yz bd d, SPSS w w zd. A SWOT q w ppd dy d v g d wk, dy d yz vb d pp d y p ppp g gg gbd vb. 7 AN EVALUATION OF THE CRITERIA IN THE UNDER-STUDY AREA T pv d g gbd, y d b gbd d mbg w pp ppv b b dvpm my pvd b bd w db dd by w wg dy d d pv - dy w b pb. O vwp b dvpm w bm w pvd m pg w d vby p gbd d dy vm p. T, dy m p g d pvd d y Od gbd R y w md dg w bm m d pp.i p, w bm d-dy (Od gbd) w b d. T m md dg, TMA J Ld U Mby d Evm 3 (2016)

15 N. Z, N. Gm, A.R. Kmz, S.R. Azd Pg dg w bm: Od gbd dy bv d pgpy, xp m d vw w, p, d d pp w ppd. I x p, dd d, w SWOT y mmzd d g w pd (Fg 2). Fg. 2 T p v w bm C Ud-Sdy A I T C Wkby O pp bvd w bm mvm d d md mvm w vd db gbd dgg dg dd pvm d pzg pd gbd. Bd dg q d k g, p d pvm Od gbd b pd d pg k y, g d kd b dg bvd m w v d k m p. S b 80% b v md y pvd dy d by by, pg mpvd, b wd b gd wk d v m. II T C Cvy Bd d p, w bm bv d pg wk, mpyg d g qy y, y d pvm d d d d wkg d gg pb wk. I mwk, mj pbm d d b x k Od gbd y d by pg wk. Nw, md, -gm pg w p d d dj g mk pbm b vby d w d pvdg b v d dpm, w, g, d. T x vb d, qk, d p my. T m pbm m pg wk d-dy. A md pbm py d x m d v. A pbm pg wk Od gbd pg w gbd y d d p gbd. III T C Mxd-U & Dvy O m m dgg w gbd ym d gbd v. I wd, dgg w gbd, mb m d b v dgd wy pp g d w v kg b dvg. T, ppp gbd w kp b bw p, d d b v (Az d H zd D, 2009). A dd v pvd mxd-d g wkg d yg d dg g g d vy d p. A mxd-d d gbd p d -gbd - p TMA J Ld U Mby d Evm 3 (2016)

16 N. Z, N. Gm, A.R. Kmz, S.R. Azd Pg dg w bm: Od gbd dy T g Od gbd dm vg w w bm pp m g dp w v v x, g b p p dg: p p, g p, p d md v, k ppp p d py, m 80 % dm d g. A g mx w dd, wv g b vd g pg, m d v-d g. IV T C Mxd Hg O pp dd by w bm g v yp d mg v pp m y g g, d m, d d xg d mg d g bv j d m w b dd. R d d g w q w v m v d pm b bvd gbd. V my bvd p gbd d pm b bvd dg pg, wv p gbd mpy dy wd pm bdg. V T C Impvm A Qy d Ub Dg T w bm py db vb d bdg d d m v. A p p pd bdg by w bm d m d v m w pvg d gg dy gbd. Od gbd d v pd g dy xg p bdg d vy b dg Mp bdg, d bz d., b y d d mm dd d k dy-mkg m gbd dm wk bgg gbd pp xp d w v bd gbd g m (Fg 3). T, m b mpd b pp d m d v bdg. Fg. 3 P d Dd Bdg Od Ngbd VI T C M d Impvm Td Ngbd S Adg w bm, d pvd b d d pv p w y d mpv, gzg d gbd dmg gbd. Fdg d d d vw w b dm b mb' g gbd, y b mm d x. A xg dmv g vy d p gbd pkg p d mk vy p. O d, k ppp TMA J Ld U Mby d Evm 3 (2016)

17 N. Z, N. Gm, A.R. Kmz, S.R. Azd Pg dg w bm: Od gbd dy dg b, ppp gg, g p d p d pyg d k dd p gbd d dd mg d. VII T C Dy I A d pp w gbd pg v dg w m y d. Adg d d d q, d-dy, m bdg w y d x gbd bdg y, m bdg gbd, d x m d wy d bdg y. S gbd b dd d d x, m m x m g dy. O d, dg g d d gbd, my b d Od gbd vg w pp w bm m g dy. Hwv dg q dm pp dy wd dy d p qd pm d dm pp w bm dg xg d wy w xg. VIII T C Pb Tp Impvm Ug pb p, d pg p g v p ym mj pp w bm md. Ud d, Od gbd ppp vby pb p dg pg d y, wv w pg, b v pb p d gbd. IX T C M d Impvm Op d G Sp Ex p d g p vy mp w bm ppv, d pvdg by, b d mpvm qy d vvd gbd d d, p gg d g. I Od gbd, kd p d g p v b dd. G p d d y gd gbd V Abd' gd w pv (Fg 4). T pb p p d pyg y g k y. Sggg g p gbd. Fg. 4 G Sp Od Ngbd X T C Ug Cp Ib Dp xg gbd d vw d w b d pkp, vy bd d p d ppv b v b d v pj, m w xgd d m v w mpy w d d w w dm b k p m gbd TMA J Ld U Mby d Evm 3 (2016)

18 N. Z, N. Gm, A.R. Kmz, S.R. Azd Pg dg w bm: Od gbd dy Wk p mg d, d d dpm g m k pby mg gbd d k d mgm z b gg d p. T, by bg mm dg d d mgg by d d, b d p b d by pv d p my b d d v pbm. A g d gbd, m dg b d w bd w w ppd dyg wk, g, d pp d b p d y pg g. 7.1 SWOT ANALYSIS A vwg d g gbd, w yzd gbd g SWOT q p pp dy wk d g, d pp, mj d m m d bd p d g. Ap Sg d Opp Wk d T Sp Sggd g - d d g x - d gbd - x mm dg - x - x pb p mq - x p d - g g qy m w - x vb bdg gbd - x y vb bdg - pby pvdg d - pp p dy - k b d gbd - x dmv g gbd - wk gbd v d m - x g w pm byd gbd - x d mpd x d w pg - k v, d d mm g gbd - k vb bdg - m bdg dy - x mj mm g dg - djy w y - k dd d w g - k ppp pb gbd d g - pg x d pvg d dy d gz gbd - d bw w w vg w dy gbd x - pg x-gbd d - pg vb bdg gbd g g xg p d mpv dby x - g ppp b gbd - g v g gbd - gzg gg qpm wy d dp gbd d w dg x - g v g g d b p gbd - bg pp d g p d m d x Tb. 3 Ay S-Sp Ap Od Ngbd R TMA J Ld U Mby d Evm 3 (2016)

19 N. Z, N. Gm, A.R. Kmz, S.R. Azd Pg dg w bm: Od gbd dy Ap Sg P d Opp Wk P d T Tp Sggd g - x g pg - ppp pb p y - x pb pkg gbd m Sbzmd - x mp pg d d - p pmg m v d - dmd g pb p mpvm qy - k pd mvm d gbd - k y p - dd pg wk - pd d mvm - dg pg - gbd xg b - k d wk pb p d x - k ppp g pg - d - pb p Mm S. - gg d pk pkg g mg - g p pg g wkg - g x gbd p b bw gbd d pg - mpvm g pg - dg ppp y d pg gbd d w dw b g d - xpdg pb p d gbd d w gbd dg d m w gbd pm (dg ) Tb. 4 Ay Tp Ap Od Ngbd Ap Sg d pp Wk d S- Sggd g - bkgd d v v p - pp dy p dvpg d vg gbd - pby g gbd d v - bg dd x d ppy mpvg p dy d - g p d pb p - k m d y p p d pg b - k m gbd - k pb p d d b b d gbd p - k g p d-mkg - T y dgg p pp d v - dyg pv d g g b p - g gbd b gg d ppxmg d d m - mpvg p bw b d Mpy g dg d d b by mm - g v d dy d bgg gbd b by g p Tb. 5 Ay S-C Ap Od Ngbd TMA J Ld U Mby d Evm 3 (2016)

20 N. Z, N. Gm, A.R. Kmz, S.R. Azd Pg dg w bm: Od gbd dy Ap Sg d pp Wk d Vpp Sggd g - qy gbd - x mp d vb m gbd - x p d bdg d m g w - vg d d d md d x - k my w-d bdg pp, m d. w x md - vy dd qy gbd - x m vb bdg - k gbd v g q ppp gg - mpvm d m dy-mkg m gbd - m w bdg d dd w m - pg vb bdg - vvg gbd g qppg w ppp gg d Tb. 6 Ay V-Pp Ap Od Ngbd Ap Sg d Opp Wk d T Evm Sggd g - ppp g gbd - ppp p x - pp dy pb p v mpvm d - pp dy wk pvdg y pg - pby g g p gbd - d d p pg - g g p d d py p gbd - d pd vm gbd - k p b- d k w d gy - b dpd g pv - ppp qy pb p - g g p p p - d vm qy ygy d vy d by k gzg b- - g ppp pg wkg d yg - g vg pg wkg pg m pg - dgg pg gd w pgpy d p - dg d b- dg p Tb. 7 Ay Evm Ap Od Ngbd R 8 CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION I d z pp d dg w bm gbd dgg d gbd y, pby ppyg wg pp Od gbd pg vb gbd : gg g dy d wkb vm; gzg pg wk d g d d d pvd y b; gzg d pgmmg pb p; mpvg p dg gbd dy; mpvg vm qy; pvdg d d; pvdg ppp gd g b p. Cdg mj pp, wg m b dd gbd: TMA J Ld U Mby d Evm 3 (2016)

21 N. Z, N. Gm, A.R. Kmz, S.R. Azd Pg dg w bm: Od gbd dy Pvdg Id Evm Wkg: T g b wk, wg b k: gg gbd wd d dd dwk py pg w d p gbd d qppg w ppp b d d d gg g g, d y dd dg g m v, y b d gg k; Dvpg Fxb Sym Pg Lmg y m w d p gbd d pg d gbd, mk pg wkb d pvd y d m b d pv x m v gbd w d d. A by dg wk d w db d bv y m, 1 d 2d gd m, y, dwk wk d dg by gg g, b dd d y d m d d d b pvdd; Cg Tx S Ngbd S b gbd pb d y p dv x w b dgd, y d gy. T by g x gbd, p p b dd d m mg k p; M d Impvm H Idy Mkg Sg d Em Tg d d m y vb bdg, mdg d mdzg d w mp g dy x d pv gg p dy w b md by g m. T M mq b md db d vb bdg d gbd d py mp ymb mp mkg gbd d y dy gbd dgd. H Mz Kk k d x M S gbd d d v d w Jg Mvm w vb v; g wg dy y d v G; C d Impvm Op d G Sp Adg pp w bm, gbd w my q g p w y md d py g mpvm vm qy gbd d pvdg by, g d y mpvg qy g d p p. T p vvd gbd, dp mpvg qy. Pvdg y d qppg pb g py d d g p d b mpzd. Amg p vb p gbd, p p d x M mq w b gd d d pkg b d dmv g w b gzd; Rvg d Eqppg C Ngbd w Mxd d V Ug d T Appp Db Idyg gbd b gzg d gbd. Ngbd', ymb dy d gbd TMA J Ld U Mby d Evm 3 (2016)

22 N. Z, N. Gm, A.R. Kmz, S.R. Azd Pg dg w bm: Od gbd dy g mg g mg b. I md bm, m g mx d gbd' d d p pvdg b d d p m pp d d pv pp m d gd d, d m b qppd w v d mxd g, d ppp gp. I p, gbd, g v d bvb; Pg M Cp Ngbd' Pp D-Mkg T pvd qv,, d - mpvm gbd d g pbm vg, g b p py mp. Pp p vg gbd pbm, dvp mmm d p d w pb g, pp' d m xg b gbd. REFERENCES Ad, R. (2008). C w Ubm. T by: Az D d Rz B, Pg d b pg mpy, p Az, A., & H zd D, K. (2009). Ogzg d Impvg Td Ngbd, Ug Nw Ubm App: A C Sdy Skb Ngbd Tbz. T J Ggpy d L Dvpm, 11, Rvd m: p:// B, A., & P, G. (2013). Ep g m. Tm. J Ld U, Mby d Evm, 6(1), D: p://dx.d.g/ / /1455. B, H., G, M., & G, R. (2003). Spg gbd: gd, by d vy. Ty & F. Rvd m: p://bk.gg.m/bk?=&=&d=sb4pgpwc&=d&pg=pp8&dq=4- %09B,+H.+(2004).+Spg+Ngbd:+A+Gd++H.+Sby+d+Vy,+Sp+p,+L d+d+nw+yk.&=myd7nm2w&g=zoynzpsxmv9qg0kyzqoju#v=pg&q&=. Cv, R.W. (2005). Eypd Cy, Ty & F, Rdg, Nw Yk. Rvd m: p://bk.gg.m/bk?=&=&d=xd1m_2lgc&=d&pg=pp2&dq=5- %09Cv,+R.W.+(2005).+Eypd+++Cy,+Ty+%26+F,+Rdg,+Nw+Yk.&=28FHR_Fzj &g=zctqx7cyyuk7z5dosqb2w#v=pg&q=d&=. C, C., R, J. L., & B, L. (Ed.). (2009). T d dvpm: mkg pp. Ag Pbg, Ld. Rvd m: p://bk.gg.m/bk?=&=&d=dm_rvauc&=d&pg=pr7&dq=t+d+dvpm:+m kg++pp&=2owap9vz2z&g=jm2pj9xvjy9v5pkdqp9ao01q#v=pg&q&=. Dy, A., Spk, J., & Lyd, M. (2004). T m Gw M. MGw H P, P 12. D, J.A. (2000). Nw Am Ubm: R-mg Sbb Mp. Sk, Iy. E, A. (2012). Nw Ubm Pp v Ub Dg Dm wd Bv Pm Ey Egyp gbd U. Pd-S d Bv S, 68, D: /j.bp Ey, A. (2008). T Dm R Pmy Cmm Md Dgg C Rd Ngbd. T A Mgz, 32, Rvd m: p:// F, R., Nwm, P., & G-C, B. (2010). I p gd w pp? Impmg w bm P, W A. Tp Py, 17(5), D: p://dx.d.g/ /j.p Hmzd, H., d Mk, B. (2012). Sdy gbd-d pp dg w b dvpm w mp Nw Ubm. S j - p - mgm, d bm, 11 (55), TMA J Ld U Mby d Evm 3 (2016)

23 N. Z, N. Gm, A.R. Kmz, S.R. Azd Pg dg w bm: Od gbd dy Kz, P., Sy, V. J., & B, T. W. (1994). T Nw Ubm: Twd A Cmmy. 10, Nw Yk: MGw-H. K, A., Km, M., d A, A. (2009). T I App Odj, H Ngbd T. T F C Ub Od Tx' Impvm d Rv, Md. Rvd m: p:// Km, k. (2007). Sb Ngbd Dg: C Ay Ky Cp Gb E-Vg. Ub Vg d Nw Ubm Mvm, SDI qy y j, S Dvpm. Lg, J. (1994). Ub Dg: T Am Exp. J Wy & S, Nw Yk. Rvd m: p://bk.gg.m/bk?=&=&d=rp8isy4dbc&=d&pg=pr9&dq=ub+dg:+t+am+ex p&=147mj7zm&g=8vpzxkgmihj6agw3i6#v=pg&q=ub%20dg%3a%20t%20am%20exp&=. Lv, D. M. (2016). A Rdm Wk dw M S. Tm. J Ld U, Mby d Evm, 9 (2), D: p:// / /3914. L, C. Z., Hg, J., X, F., S, G. Q., X, X., & L, L. (2016). SWOT y d I Tg-bd pm pb g pd Hg Kg. Hb I, 57, D: p://dx.d.g/ /j.b Mdp, A. (2001). Ub Sp Dg. Pb P d Ub Pgmmg Cmpy, T. Mmgd, M. (2016). Cg T Od Dvpm (TOD) I. T Nd Pdgm S. Tm. J Ld U, Mby d Evm, Sp I, D: p://dx.d.g/ / /3923. N, P. (Ed.). (2003). Ub Vg d Mkg Cmm. Ty & F, Sp P, Ld. Rvd m:p://bk.gg.m/bk?=&=&d=v94agaaqbaj&=d&pg=pp1&dq=ub+vg+d+mkg ++Cmm&=7-b6jj5&g=p6XdP21XK2xvUM-GU5D92kjO2#v=pg&q&=. Om, D., Om, K. A., Om, S., & Y, Z. M. (2016). Y Pp Ub Ngbd Cmmy. Pd- S d Bv S, 234, D: p://dx.d.g/ /j.bp Pzg, M.R. (2012). H, Td d Rvv Jb Ngbd E. Idy Cy, 9(5), Rvd m: p:// R, M., Kmg, S., & Em, A. (2011). Ub Rv d App C d Dvpm Ub Td Ngbd (TND). Rv N Mgz, 2(8), Rvd m: p:// Sbb, L., & Awd, W. (2013). Wkby S Sdg d Imp Pd Bv. Tm. J Ld U, Mby d Evm, 6(2), D: p://dx.d.g/ / /1608. S, Q., Y, T., Z, J., & L, X. (2016). Cg dvpg b gbd C. J C Pd, 135, D: p://dx.d.g/ /j.jp Szd, H. (1992). E Sp Td A I. S A Dpm T Mpy, Pb: C Sp Dvpm Fd Pb. p:// IMAGE SOURCES Img, b d m v b bd by AUTHOR S PROFILE Nd Z A p Ub Pg Uvy G. H w D R d Tgy Fy A d A m Fm 2014 w Hd Dpm Ub Pg Uvy G w. H pv G Uvy gz Rd d Ub Dvpm G Pv TMA J Ld U Mby d Evm 3 (2016)

24 N. Z, N. Gm, A.R. Kmz, S.R. Azd Pg dg w bm: Od gbd dy H d bkgd w: BS: S Pg, Uvy Sz, ; MS: Ub d g Pg, Uvy Sz, ; PD: Ggpy d Ub Pg, Uvy Tbz, ; R Fw Rg Dvpm Fg, Uvy UTM, My, Nm Gm M.A. Dg, Dpm b pg, Gzv B, Im zd Uvy, Gzv,I Amz Kmz A P A Uvy G. H w D R d Tgy Fy A d A m Fm Sp 2016 w d y d Uvy G w. H d bkgd w: MS: A, I.U.S.T Uvy, ; PD: A, I.U.S.T Uvy, Syd Rz Azd P.D. Sd ggpy d b pg, Fy Ggp d Pg S, Uvy I m 2015 w. H d bkgd w: BS: b pg, Uvy Sz, ; MS: Ub d g Pg, Uvy G, TMA J Ld U Mby d Evm 3 (2016)

25 342 - TMA J Ld U Mby d Evm 3 (2016)