EuroCirCol European Circular Energy-Frontier Collider Study

Transcription

1 Grant Agreement No: EuroCirCol European Circular Energy-Frontier Collider Study Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Framework Programme, Research and Innovation Action MILESTONE REPORT 3RD ANNUAL EUROCIRCOL Document identifier: Due date: End of Month 39 (September 1, 2018) Report release date: 02/10/2018 Work package: Lead beneficiary: Document status: WP1 Management, coordination and implementation CERN RELEASED (V1.0) Abstract: In the scope of the annual meeting report on progress, showstoppers and findings in the form of selective workshop presentations. Management and governance bodies of the project review the progress. The approved minutes of the bodies will be made available to the Consortium members and appropriate news coverage will be performed via the channels identified in the communication plan. Grant Agreement PUBLIC 1 / 18

2 Copyright notice: Copyright EuroCirCol Consortium, 2015 For more information on EuroCirCol, its partners and contributors please see The European Circular Energy-Frontier Collider Study (EuroCirCol) project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant No EuroCirCol began in June 2015 and will run for 4 years. The information herein only reflects the views of its authors and the European Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information. Delivery Slip Name Partner Date Authored by Edited by Antoine Chancé Panagiotis Charitos Rogelio Tomas Francis Perez Davide Tommasini Johannes Gutleber Julie Hadre CERN 18/06/18 CERN 28/06/18 Reviewed by Michael Benedikt, Frank Zimmermann CERN 25/09/18 Approved by EuroCirCol Coordination Committee 02/10/18 Grant Agreement PUBLIC 2 / 18

3 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. WP1 MANAGEMENT SUMMARY TH COLLABORATION BOARD OUTREACH REPORT WP2 ARC DESIGN SUMMARY WP3 EXPERIMENTAL INSERTION REGION DESIGN SUMMARY WP4 CRYOGENIC BEAM VACUUM SYSTEM SUMMARY WP5 HIGH FIELD MAGNET SUMMARY ANNEX: GLOSSARY Grant Agreement PUBLIC 3 / 18

4 1. WP1 MANAGEMENT SUMMARY TH COLLABORATION BOARD Milestones and deliverables All the milestones and deliverables have been submitted in due time to the EC, except for WP5 milestone on Specifications for conductors and proposed conductor configurations, which required further technical discussions during the FCC Week One can access the reports on the EuroCirCol website ( -> Project -> Dashboard). Table 1 Deliverables and Milestones WP Product Title Due Date Lead beneficiary 1 Milestone 2nd Annual EuroCirCol Collaboration Meeting CERN 3 Milestone Requirements and constraints of EIR design options on UOXF WP3, WP4, WP5 5 Deliverable Identification of preferred dipole design options and cost CERN estimates 1 Deliverable Collider complex layout and parameters CERN 2 Deliverable Requirements and constraints of arc design options on WP3, CEA WP4, WP5 1 Milestone Outreach package CERN 4 Deliverable Measurements of vacuum chamber at light source ALBA 3 Deliverable Preliminary EIR design baseline UOXF 4 Deliverable Preliminary beam screen and beam pipe engineering design ALBA 2 Deliverable Preliminary arc design baseline CEA Upcoming events The Collaboration Board members have been informed about the organization of several events: The 1 st edition of the EASItrain School dedicated to applied superconductivity, at TU Vienna, Austria, from 3 to 14 September 2018 ( ) ; A public event in German will take place on 8 September Forschung? Was geht mich das an? ( ). The presentation of the FCC Conceptual Design report (EuroCirCol deliverable D1.5) at the University Paris La Sorbonne on 29 January The EuroCirCol industry and outreach event (Milestone M1.12) at Liverpool in February The FCC week 2019, which will be combined with the final EuroCirCol Collaboration meeting (Milestone M1.13), probably in June 2019 in Brussels, Belgium Collaboration matters The WP3 leader Andrei Seryi (JAI UOXF) has taken up a leading position at the Jefferson laboratory in the US. Consequently, another work package leader had to be found within a short period of time. The EuroCirCol coordination committee proposed R. Tomas (CERN), presently deputy leader for WP3 to assume the leading position. The suggestion was rapidly ratified and also confirmed by the International Collaboration Board. R. Tomas will so take over the role of WP leader as from 01 June Although the work package lead moved from UOXF to CERN, UOXF remains beneficiary with key personnel that continues to perform research work in the frame of this project within WP3. Grant Agreement PUBLIC 4 / 18

5 1.2. OUTREACH REPORT Posters Two posters were produced by the University of Liverpool in collaboration with CERN s FCC study office to promote the study among the scientific community. The first one presents the three scenarios of the FCC, introducing FCC-hh as a discovery machine, FCC-ee as a machine for precision, and FCChe as a machine for new opportunities (Figure 1). It also shows the base parameters of each of the options and their comparison with previous colliders. The second poster addresses the opportunities opened by the FCC-hh for physics, in particular: testing of the standard model, discovery of new particles and new symmetries, investigations into dark matter, Higgs physics, heavy ion collisions, and the unexpected. (Figure 2) The posters are distributed at scientific meetings, particularly during the FCC weeks. Figure 1 FCC scenarios poster Figure 2 FCC-hh physics opportunities Article CERN Courier An extensive report of the FCC week 2018 was published in June s issue of the CERN Courier entitled CERN s Thinks Bigger. (Figure 3) It should be mentioned that in the same issue there was also an article on China s future colliders China s bid for a circular electron-positron collider. Figure 3 Extract from CERN courier article A summary of the FCC week 2018 was also published in CERN s website, in CERN s Bulletin and in the EPS newsletter. The event has also been covered in major Dutch newspapers, including NRC and Volkskrant. Grant Agreement PUBLIC 5 / 18

6 Public event Panel discussion took place on Tuesday, April 10, 2018 at 19:00, Beurs van Berlage, Amsterdam. Representatives from funding agencies and research centres discussed about the big open questions in modern physics and the latest developments from the Higgs discovery to gravitational waves. Speakers also referred to future large-scale research infrastructures that will shed more light on these questions. There were three main presentations: Prof. Dr. Jo Van den Brand, Simone Raatz, VU University Amsterdam and Nikhef, Had Einstein gelijk? Zwaartekrachtsgolven van botsende zwarte gaten en neutronensterren. Prof. Dr. Ivo van Vulpen, University of Amsterdam and Nikhef, De open mysteries in de deeltjesfysica na de ontdekking van het higgsdeeltje. Prof. Dr. Stan Bentvelsen, Director General of Nikhef, Inleiding: Het universum van deeltjes Figure 4 Public event at FCC Week 2018 Grant Agreement PUBLIC 6 / 18

7 Innovation awards The third edition of the FCC Innovation Award, took place during the FCC week 2018 sponsored by IEEE Council for Superconductivity and one of the FCC collaboration industrial partners, Carbolite Gero. The award reflects the high-quality work of young researchers towards technological advancements that guarantee the feasibility of a future high-performance high energy collider. The FCC innovation awards acknowledge student s achievements but also ensure more opportunities for young members of the FCC collaboration to network, to share results and experiences and be part of the international legacy of expertise in our field. The participation of young researchers in the life of the FCC collaboration is key for the realization of a new large-scale research infrastructure. Figure 5 FCC innovation award winners Regular coverage of the FCC week 2018 Storify was used again as the main blogging platform for covering this year s annual meeting. 32 stories were published during the 5 days of the conference a significant rise compared to the previous FCC week (26 stories). On Twitter we run 42 tweets on a daily rate of 7 tweets while we increase the followers of the FCC study from 1220 to 1712 while we reached a total of impressions. Figure 6 - Average daily reach on FB during the FCC week. A reach of 7000 people per day while on the 11th the impact of paid campaigns is clearly indicated (yellow area) Grant Agreement PUBLIC 7 / 18

8 Figure 7 - Top tweets made during the FCC week 2018 (all organic reach - no promotional campaigns) On FB we posted about 40 posts reaching about people and having posts engagement. Grant Agreement PUBLIC 8 / 18

9 Figure 8 - The curve shows the total reach of FB posts during the FCC week Different colours indicate where people read and interacted with the posts. Most of them in their newsfeed (light blue) and a significant number directly by visiting FCC study FB page (dark blue) Moreover, during the FCC week 2018 we noticed a good overlap between organic and paid reach (following our decision not to spend any budget as a training test of FB s algorithm for the FCC page). Figure 9 - Total paid (dark yellow) vs. organic (light yellow) reach of FB posts during the FCC week 2018 Grant Agreement PUBLIC 9 / 18

10 Finally, for the first time we tried to increase our activity on LinkedIn where we published 8 stories during the FCC week all performing very well (average readership: 1200, average number of likes: 25). Figure 10 Some EuroCirCol members at FCC Week 2018 (Photography: Elodie Burrillon, HUCOPIX) Grant Agreement PUBLIC 10 / 18

11 2. WP2 ARC DESIGN SUMMARY The design, operational considerations (including heavy ion), beam performances, beam stability and the injector chain of the FCC-hh machine have been shown in 7 sessions with many talks and posters. The parameters of the kilometer-long FCC-hh machine have been given. A draft of the concise CDR exists. Some improvements are still required but the writing of the CDR is under good tracks. The efforts will be focused on ultimate parameters. The comprehensive CDR has started. Different schemes for the injection to FCC-hh have been addressed. Pros and cons of each scheme have been listed. Currently, dynamic aperture studies exclude injection from superconducting SPS. New layout of transfer lines is done with protection considerations. The layout of the FCC-hh machine has a bit changed since FCC week 2017: new high luminosity experimental insertions (L * =40 m and 1.4-kilomer-long), two other experiments combined with injection, shorter short arcs (site requirements). The arc cell design (Task 2.2) has been updated after iteration with the magnet team (WP5). The length estimates are improved. The octupoles are integrated to the arc lattice. The strategy is now to shorten dipoles to preserve cell length if more space is required for correctors or quadrupole. Full integrated lattice exists. Specifications for magnets are almost complete. The aperture model has been updated according to the beam screen progress within WP4. The bottleneck of aperture is at injection in the dispersion suppressors: optimization of optics and refining aperture requirements should be performed. An alternative 60 FODO lattice is under study: the main concern is the aperture reduction. Alignment tolerances for the main magnet of the arcs have been agreed with alignment group. Orbit NbTi correctors enable to keep the residual orbit and angle compatible with the synchrotron radiation evacuation. Dedicated beta-beating, dispersion and coupling correction schemes and the full integration of orbit correction inside experimental region are to be further studied. A new extraction section is available and should be integrated to the full lattice soon. Main changes are 150 extraction kickers (against 300 in 2017), larger beam size at protection absorber, and SuShi septa instead of superferric Lambertson septa. The dump line has been updated. The dilution system has been modified: a constant frequency is now used (instead of modulated frequency like in 2017). A new sweep pattern has been developed, which reduces the load on the dump. Required dilution kickers are still challenging. Some directions to reduce the requirements will be explored. Studies show that dump functionality is not compromised in case of asynchronous dump. Dynamic aperture (DA) studies (Task 2.3) show that, if the systematic b3 component of main dipole is corrected by the sextupole correctors MCS (feasible in NbTi technology), the DA is above the target value of 12 σ at injection energy of 3.3 TeV. To limit β-beating, the maximum allowed MCS alignment error should be less than 0.1 mm or the systematic dipole sextupole component should be reduced. The DA can dramatically decrease when a wrong phase advance between opposite points in the ring is combined with a set of field errors in different magnets. DA study at collision without beam-beam has been expanded to include further errors. Thanks to phase scan optimization, almost all studies show good results, even without non-linear correctors. The compatibility of the phase advance between collision points should be checked with beam-beam studies within WP3. The phase advance should be optimized for different other stages of the operation cycle. Status of the single beam instabilities has been shown (Task 2.4). A distribution of impedance sources for different instabilities has been made. The beam screen related impedance dominates coupled-bunch instability. The impedance sources coming from the different beam screen elements have also been detailed. Resistive wall becomes problematic if aperture is reduced to 12.2 mm. Electron cloud surface treatment is acceptable if amorphous carbon or TiN coating is used. Measurements at FRESCA will Grant Agreement PUBLIC 11 / 18

12 determine if laser treatment is acceptable. Contributions from pumping holes and interconnects are acceptable. The feedback system, scaled from LHC, is a solid baseline system to damp instabilities. Simulations show that other operation schemes are feasible (like 5 ns spacing). Progress in simulation codes will enable to go further in the feedback study. To have more experimental data would be much appreciated for validation and verification of the models. Feedback will damp the mode m=0 whereas octupoles will be used to damp the mode m=1. A trade-off is to be found between positive impact of negative octupole polarity when at flat top, and positive polarity when in collision, because of longrange beam-beam effects in an electron lens as an alternative for Landau damping is to be studied. The status of electron cloud studies has been presented (Task 2.5). The effect of beam screen geometry (from WP4) on electron cloud build-up has been evaluated. The large slit increases multipacting threshold in drifts. With full chamber and updated parameters, an amorphous carbon coating or surface laser treatment should be sufficient to suppress build-up for the 25 ns beam. For the alternative bunch spacing, stability asks for a challenging secondary electron yield (SEY) of 1 in quadrupoles and possibly coating in field free regions. Estimated photoelectron fluxes are within stability limits. Photoelectrons from saw-tooth increase density in drifts. The expected flux is to be confirmed with WP4. Studies have been performed to get electron cloud scaling rules from LHC to FCC. The conclusion is that SEY threshold depends a lot on the chosen model. Times are mature to use measured data to tune simulations and refine models. Considerations about collimation (design, efficiency, or machine protection) have been addressed (Task 2.6). The next steps for the momentum collimation are to optimize the placement of secondary collimators and to study the aperture, cleaning performance, and power deposition. A new MARS - MAD-X/PTC interface has been recently completed. An alternative lattice has also been developed. The betatron collimation section keeps the layout, design and material of HL-LHC collimators. Collimators with highest loads are now made of CFC. The energy deposition into the collimators and the loss distribution into the FCC-hh machine have been calculated. Power on the most loaded primary collimator has been reduced by halving the primaries active length as well as removing the skew primary. Secondary collimator jaws have been thickened to decrease the power load. Collimation efficiency has been evaluated. Currently, cleaning at top energy is mostly good for both planes. At injection, cleaning is less efficient but beam energy is lower too: injection quench limits will determine if the current design is acceptable. Collimation efficiency has been addressed also in case of failure of the extraction kicker or collimator imperfections. The misalignment impact is not negligible on global cold losses. More imperfections should be studied in the future. Cleaning the halos with electron lens should be developed. Grant Agreement PUBLIC 12 / 18

13 3. WP3 EXPERIMENTAL INSERTION REGION DESIGN SUMMARY The work related to the experimental insertion region design has been reviewed in the morning session on Tuesday April 10 as well as the collective effect session on Thursday afternoon. The changes made to the interaction region lattice since the FCC week 2017 were presented. This includes an L* shortened to 40 m as well as triplet magnets compatible with 15 m long cryostats. These changes allowed to reduce the maximum beta functions in the triplet and to have fully matched optics within a 1400 m long straight section. The strengths of the separation and recombination dipoles have been reduced to 2 T allowing the use of normal conducting technology in this highly radiative environment. Initial studies with crab cavities suggest a crab voltage of less than 18.5 MV is required for full crabbing even beyond ultimate beta*. Accordingly 20 m of space were reserved for crab cavities. In case operation with crab cavities proves to be impossible, an alternative triplet has been developed. It features flat beams thereby reducing the required crossing angle. The beat functions at the IP are 0.15 x 1.2 m. This setup reduces the pile-up by 30% but also decreases the integrated luminosity by 20%. Studies of the long range beam-beam effect for flat optics are still ongoing. Dynamic aperture studies at collision energy showed a significant impact of the phase advance between the main interaction regions on the dynamic aperture. Optimized phase advances improved the dynamic aperture from 6 sigma to 16 sigma. However, beam-beam studies revealed that these phase advances led to a lowered dynamic aperture when octupoles are used to compensate beam-beam effects. In conclusion, a phase optimization for collision needs to include both magnet errors and beambeam effects and different phase advances are needed at different stages of the operational cycle. Furthermore, the beam-beam studies showed the need to increase the crossing angle in order to guarantee a dynamic aperture larger than the collimator setting even at high chromaticity operational scenarios. Two beam stability studies concluded that a negative octupole polarity provides a larger dynamic aperture. However, the octupole strength with negative polarity is not sufficient with high chromaticity operation, so stronger octupoles or other compensation techniques are required. Studies of the energy deposition from collision debris were updated to include the separation and recombination dipoles as well as the TAN. The reduced L* and shortened triplet magnets led to a decreased quadrupole aperture and possible shielding thickness, increasing the radiation load in the new lattice. While the peak power density is still below the expected quench limit, the peak dose increased to 70 MGy at 30 ab^-1 while the operational limit is only 30 MGy. However, these studies did not include mitigation strategies like crossing polarity and plane alternation as well as the Q1 split, both of which have been successfully tested in previous lattice versions. The expected dose with these strategies is below 40 MGy per 30 ab 1. A total power of 45 kw will be collected in the shielding. One of the reviewers raised concern that the required cooling capillary diameter might become too large to fit inside the triplet shielding. This issue was discussed with cryogenics experts, leading to the conclusion that at 15 mm thick cooling channel is required, which does fit inside the 35 mm thick shielding. Furthermore the study concluded that the separation dipoles, while normal conducting, require dedicated protection which should be possible with the given magnet design. In summary, from the energy deposition point of view, operation with ultimate parameters appears to be possible but needs further studies, including e.g. the increased crossing angle required due to beam-beam effects. Grant Agreement PUBLIC 13 / 18

14 The detector cross talk studies concluded that elastically scattered protons only lead to a small emittance growth. Only negligible amounts of inelastically scattered proton reach next IP and dedicated collimators in the dispersion suppressors can mitigate cold losses. Furthermore, the range of muons in the bed rock material is not sufficient to reach adjacent detectors, so the detector cross talk was determined to be negligible. Grant Agreement PUBLIC 14 / 18

15 4. WP4 CRYOGENIC BEAM VACUUM SYSTEM SUMMARY During the FCC week 2018 the activities directly related to the WP4 Cryogenic Beam Vacuum System Conception, of EuroCirCol were discussed in two oral sessions on Tuesday, April 10 th, one at 8:30 and the second one at 10:30, with a total of four oral presentations. In addition, eight posters were displayed during the poster session. In addition, a parallel Coordination Meeting of the WP4 team was held on the morning of Thursday, April 12 th, from 8:30 to 12:30. During the sessions, the progress and status of the different tasks of the WP4 were reviewed, in summary: With respect to the Study of beam induced vacuum effects (Task 4.2) a complete simulation of the vacuum performance of the designed vacuum chamber screen of a complete cell was presented, with simulations linking the Synrad+ and the Molflow software results, giving a quantification of the expected profile of the vacuum level along the arcs of FCC-hh. From this simulation, the allowed averaged particle density of H2/m 3 is achievable with a conditioning time of around three months. Also, the simulations of the vacuum behavior of the prototypes installed in the KARA have been compared with the real measurements done which has confirmed the reliability of the computations. The analysis of Mitigation strategies to reduce the beam induced vacuum effects (Task 4.3) as well as the Study of the vacuum stability at cryogenic temperatures (Task 4.4), which should give detailed experimental results to be able to define the final input parameters of the previous described simulations, are under way and have been presented. After the preparation and calibration of the experimental setups first results on copper as well as in different laser treated samples have been shown. Next step, it is to fully characterize the laser treated samples, which is the initial mitigation method chosen. The production of laser treated samples with different laser parameters, power and speed, is under way and will continue with characterization in the cryogenic set-ups. The final Conceptual design for the cryogenic beam vacuum system (Task 4.5) was also presented in one of the sessions, where an overview was given of the evolution of the design in the last years in order to comply with all the requirements imposed by vacuum, cryogenics, thermal and mechanical stress robustness, beam stability and construction feasibility. The final design will incorporate the sawtooth profile as the most efficient way to absorb the synchrotron radiation and reduce the secondary effects. Two prototypes have been constructed and on third one is under way. All of them will be measured in the KARA setup allowing the characterization of the behavior of the vacuum chamber screen under real synchrotron irradiation conditions. Also, two new technologies used for the construction of the prototype, 3D laser printing and plasma cool spray, were presented, with a large potential to be used in large scale vacuum chamber construction. Finally, the results of the measurements of two of the prototypes in the test setup at KARA were presented, work which is part of the Task 4.6: Measurements on the cryogenic beam vacuum system prototypes. Data of the measurements of photon secondary desorption (PSD), reflectivity, heat load and photoelectron generation were presented, with relevant conclusions for the design of the final vacuum screen. The third prototype will be installed in summer and will be measured until the end of In conclusion, a full overview of the works performed along last year in the framework of the EuroCirCol WP4 was presented. Grant Agreement PUBLIC 15 / 18

16 5. WP5 HIGH FIELD MAGNET SUMMARY During the FCC week 2018 the activities directly related to the WP5 High-Field Accelerator Magnet Design of EuroCirCol were discussed in one talk at the 08:30 oral session on Tuesday, April 10 th, four talks at the 15:30 oral session of the same day, and three talks at the 08:30 oral session of Wednesday, April 11 th. During the sessions, the progress and status of the different tasks of the WP5 were reviewed and can be summarized as follows. Task 5.1: Work Package Coordination This is presently focussed in directing the work towards the compilation of the FCC CDR. The status and plan has been briefly shown in a talk given by D. Tommasini (CERN). At the time of the FCC week a first version of the magnets chapter of the CDR was already available and was finalized for review following the outcome of the FCC week. Task 5.2: Study accelerator dipole magnet design option Following the positive results of the creative approaches employed in exploring the three EuroCirCol design options, cosine-theta, block-coils and common-coils, during the EuroCirCol annual meeting of 2017 it was decided to continue to carry on all the three studies, though having chosen the cosinetheta design as baseline for the FCC. All the three design options have been presented in three oral talks given by B. Caiffi (INFN), E. Rochepault (CEA) and F. Toral (CIEMAT). The progress in the design since the FCC week 2017 has been considerable, for both electromagnetic and mechanical aspects. It has been shown that all designs seem feasible with a loadline margin of 14% on paper. However for the cosine-theta and the block-coil two issues have been identified: the presence of an important magnetic cross-talk between the two magnet apertures, creating a b2 component of about 50 units, and a large effect of magnetization currents in the superconductor creating a large variation of b3 between injection and collision energies. During the meeting a number of options were discussed to mitigate these effects with a further development of the study. For the common coil, the main issue concerns a difficulty in designing an adequate mechanical structure, coming from the complexity and amplitude of the force distribution in this configuration. Task 5.3: Develop dipole magnet cost model The activity of this task has been presented by D. Schoerling (CERN). The talk has highlighted the importance of the cost of the conductor in the total cost of the magnets, recalling that achieving the target FCC cost for the conductor shall remain a priority. Task 5.4: Develop Magnet Conceptual Design The work is being performed in parallel to the finalization of the baseline design option (cosinetheta), but was not specifically presented at the FCC week 2018 due to lack of time in the program. Task 5.5: Conductor studies The work has been presented in an oral talk given by B. Bordini (CERN) focusing on the electromechanical performance of the conductor. It has been shown that the measurements of cables and wires under transverse load at CERN, Twente and Geneva Universities correlate the reversible reduction of the critical current to a decrease of the Bc2. At 1.9 K, assuming a Bc2 equal to 28 T, a Grant Agreement PUBLIC 16 / 18

17 reduction of the Bc2 by 10 % would produce a reduction of the Jc approximately equal to: 20 % at 12 T, 31 % at 16 T, 44 % at 19 T. Task 5.6: Devise quench protection concept The work has been presented in an oral talk given by T. Salmi (CERN), summarizing the approaches and the results of quench protection studies for all the three EuroCirCol design options. It has been shown that all design options can respect the temperature limit of 350 K in case the coils are quenched within 40 ms from the initiation of a quench. This condition can be met either with CLIQ, or with quench heaters, or using both quench protection systems. Grant Agreement PUBLIC 17 / 18

18 ANNEX: GLOSSARY SI units and formatting according to standard ISO on quantities and units are used throughout this document where applicable. Acronym CDR CFC c.m. DA DIS EIR FCC FCC-hh FCC-ee FRESCA FODO HE-LHC HL-LHC IBS IP IR KARA LHC Nb3Sn Nb-Ti PSD RF RMS σ SEY SPS SR SSC Definition Conceptual Design Report Carbon Fiber Composite Centre of Mass Dynamic Aperture Dispersion suppressor Experimental Insertion Region Future Circular Collider Hadron Collider within the Future Circular Collider study Lepton Collider within the Future Circular Collider study Test station facility at CERN Focusing and defocusing quadrupole lenses in alternating order High Energy - Large Hadron Collider High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider Intra Beam Scattering Interaction Point Interaction Region Karlsruhe Research Accelerator Large Hadron Collider Niobium-tin, a metallic chemical Niobium-titanium, a superconducting alloy Photo Secondary Desorption Radio Frequency Root Mean Square RMS size Secondary Electron Yield Super Proton Synchrotron Synchrotron Radiation Superconducting Super Collider Grant Agreement PUBLIC 18 / 18