Multiplexity in networks

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Cho, Jung Yeol Kim, Jeehye Choi, In-moo Kim, Charlie Brummitt

1 Multiplexity in networs Kwang-Il Goh Department of Physics Korea University Thans to: Kyu-Min Lee, Byungjoon Min, Won-u Cho, Jung Yeol Kim, Jeehye Choi, In-moo Kim, Charlie Brummitt (UC Davis), NRF Korea ECT* Worshop, July 23 Trento Italy

2 Complex systems are MULTIPLEX Multiplexity: Existence of more than one type of lins whose interplay can affect the structure and/or function. Multiplex networs cf. multilayer networs, interdependent networs, interacting networs, coupled networs, networ of networs,... Multi-relational social networs [Padgett&Ansell (1993); Szell et al (2010)]. Cellular networs [Yeast, M. pneumoniae, etc] Interdependent critical infrastructures [Buldyrev et al (2010)] Transportation networs [Parshani et al (2011)]. Economic networs Single/simplex-networ description is incomplete.

3 Multiplex networs

4 Simplex networs

5 Multiplexity on Dynamics

6 THRESHOLD CASCADES Model for behavioral adoption cascade [Schelling, Granovetter 70s]. E.g., using a smartphone app, or wearing a hocey helmet. A node gets activated (0à 1) if at least a fraction R of its neighbors are active. Ex) R = 1/2 vs. R = 1/4 Interested in the condition for the global cascades from small initial active seeds.

7 A duplex networ system

$Multiplex cascade: Multi-layer activation rules Friendship Layer Wor-colleague Layer Nodes activate if sufficient fraction of neighbors in$

8 Multiplex cascade: Multi-layer activation rules Friendship Layer Wor-colleague Layer Nodes activate if sufficient fraction of neighbors in ANY layer is active (max). Nodes activate if sufficient fraction of neighbors in ALL layers is active (min). In-between, or mixture rule (mix).

9 Multiplex Watts model: Analysis Generalize Gleeson & Cahalane [PRE 2007] to multiplex networs. For the duplex case, we have: F max/min/mix : Response functions.

10 Max-model: Theory and simulations agree well [CD Brummitt, Kyu Min Lee, KIG, PRE 85, (R) (2012)] E-R networ with mean-degree z R=0.18 ; ρ 0 =5x10-4 (O), 10-3 (O), 5x10-3 (O)

Multiplexity effect I: Adding layers Adding another layer (i.e. recognizing another type of interaction at play in the system) enlarges the cascade region.

11 Multiplexity effect I: Adding layers Adding another layer (i.e. recognizing another type of interaction at play in the system) enlarges the cascade region. The max-dynamics is more vulnerable to global cascades than single-layer system.

Multiplexity effect II: Splitting into layers Splitting into layers (i.e. recognizing the system in fact consists of multiple channels of interaction) also enlarges the cascade region.

12 Multiplexity effect II: Splitting into layers Splitting into layers (i.e. recognizing the system in fact consists of multiple channels of interaction) also enlarges the cascade region. The max-rule is more vulnerable to global cascades than the simplex system.

13 More than two layers: -plex networs Cascade possible even for R>1/2 with enough layers ( >=4). Even people extremely difficult to persuade would ride on a bandwagon if she participate a little (z~1) in many social spheres ( >=4).

14 Multiplexity on Structure

15 Networ couplings are non-random: Correlated multiplexity Interlayer couplings are non-random. A node s degree in one layer and those in the others are not randomly distributed. A person with many friends is liely to have many wor-related acquaintances. Hub in one layer tends to be hub in another layer. Pair of people connected in one layer is liely to be connected, or at least closer, in another layer. Uncorrelated (random) coupling. Anti-correlated coupling.

16 CORRELATED MULTIPLEXITY

17 Multiplex ER Networs with Correlated Multiplexity [Kyu-Min Lee, Jung Yeol Kim, WKCho, KIG, IMKim, New J Phys 14, (2012)] Multiplex networ of two ER layers (duplex ER networ). Same set of N nodes. Generate two ER networs independently, with mean degree z 1 and z 2. Interlace them in some way: unc (uncorrelated): Match nodes randomly. MP (maximally positive): Match nodes in perfect order of degree-rans. MN (maximally negative): in perfect anti-order of degree-rans. Obtain the multiplex networ. Cf. Interacting networ model by Leicht & D Souza arxiv: Interdependent networ model by Buldyrev et al. Nature2010.

18 Generating function analysis 0 2 ) ( 2) ( 1 0 )] '( )[1 ( '(1) 1 ) ( 1 '(1) ) / '( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( 1 ) ( ), ( ) ( ) ( > = < > + = = = = = Π = = P u S u g u g u g s u P g u g u g u x P x g u g S P π [Newman, Watts, Strogatz (2001); Molloy & Reed (1996)] A crucial step is to obtain P() from π().

19 Superposed degree distributions for z 1 =z 2 " $ i) MP: P() = # $ % 0 ( odd), e z 1 z /2 1 ( / 2)! ( even). ii) unc: P() = e 2z 1 (2z 1) iii) MN: z 1 < ln2 : P(0) = 2π (0) 1, P( 1) = 2π (). ln2 < z 1 < z * : P(0) = 0, P(1) = 2[2π (0)+ π (1) 1], P(2) = 2[π (2) π (0)]+1, P( 3) = 2π ().!. z 1 = z 2 = 0.7 z 1 = z 2 =1.4 MP unc MN

20 Giant component sizes for z 1 =z 2 MP unc MN z c MP = 0 z c unc = 0.5 z c MN = For MP, S =1 e z 1, s =1 for all z > 0. For MN, S =1 for z 1 z * = z c MN : z 2 z e z +1= 0 z * : (2 + z)e z =1

21 Giant component sizes with z 1 z 2 MP unc MN Analytics agrees overall but not perfectly Degree correlations!

22 Assortativity via correlated multiplexity MP unc MN Giant component size Assortativity

23 TAKE-HOME MESSAGE Thin Multiplexity! Networ multiplexity as a new layer of complexity in complex systems structure and dynamics. Further recent related wors Sandpile dynamics [KM Lee, KIG, IMKim, J Korean Phys Soc 60, 641 (2012)]. Weighted threshold cascade [Yagan et al. arxiv: ]. Boolean networ [Arenas/Moreno arxiv: ]. Diffusion dynamics [Diaz-Guilera/Moreno/Arenas arxiv: ] More to come!

24 STATPHYS25, July Korea visit:

Modeling, Analysis, and Control of Information Propagation in Multi-layer and Multiplex Networks. Osman Yağan

Modeling, Analysis, and Control of Information Propagation in Multi-layer and Multiplex Networks Osman Yağan Department of ECE Carnegie Mellon University Joint work with Y. Zhuang and V. Gligor (CMU) Alex