TURKISH ELECTRIC POWER Generation, Distribution and Trade Ltd. Şt.

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1 TURKISH ELECTRIC POWER Geneation, Distibution and Tade Ltd. Şt. Basics of Moto and Geneato Osan Deici, Ph.D. Januay

2 TEP Jaes Clek Maxwell (83 879) Bon 3 June 83 Edinbugh, Scotland, United Kingdo Notable awads Sith's Pize (854) Adas Pize (857) Rufod Medal (86)

TEP Nikola Tesla (856-943) 88: Tesla envisions

3 TEP Nikola Tesla ( ) 88: Tesla envisions otating fields 883: Tesla develops polyphase AC induction oto 887: Tesla develops bushless AC oto and files patent 888: Westinghouse contols AC otos and tansfoes 3

4 Magnetiz 4

5 Magnetic Quantities Magnetic Quantity Sybol Unit Analog Flux MMF Reluctance Peeability Flux Density Magnetizing Foce F N i B H Wb A.t A.t Wb Wb A. T A.t Cuent Voltage Resistance Conductivity Cuent Density Field Stenght 5

6 Magnetic Quantities F( N) qv x B F( N) Li x B v L i B Foce on oving chage B Foce on cuent-caying conducto v e L B Induced voltage in a oving conducto 6

7 DC MACHINES 7

Siple DC Machine A agnetic field is geneated aound the aatue. The left side of the aatue is pushed away fo the left agnet and dawn towad the ight, causing otation.

8 Siple DC Machine A agnetic field is geneated aound the aatue. The left side of the aatue is pushed away fo the left agnet and dawn towad the ight, causing otation. When the aatue becoes hoizontally aligned, the coutato eveses the diection of cuent though the coil, evesing the agnetic field. Moentu keeps the oto oving the ight diection. The pocess then epeats. 8

9 TEP Siple DC Machine 9 Foce Cuent Magnetic Field

10 4-pole DC Machine

11 DC Geneato R f V bush R a Load ax V f I f E ag I ag V dc E ag V dc I ag R a V bush Mechanical powe in al powe out The flux is popotional with the field cuent if the ion coe is not satuated: ag K I f The oto conductos cut the field lines that geneate voltage in the coils. E ag N B g v The oto speed and flux equations ae : v D g ag B g D g E ag N B g v N B g D g N B D N g g ag E ag N ag N K I f K I f

12 DC Moto R f V bush R a al powe in V f I f ax E a I a V dc DC supply Mechanical powe out V dc E a I a R a V bush E a K I f n K I f E a V dc I a R P out Pout Ea I a T K I a I f

13 DC Machines e = k e V = IR + e Speed of Aatue Induced Voltage Angula Velocity = k I R V = + k e k R = - k + k e V k e E Electoagnetic Toque n p f K T n 6 T E a I a 3

14 Chaacteistics of sepaately exited DC Machine EMF R a I a FIELD I f F V f V a A If aatue cuent (constant load) and field flux ae in the steady state: The Speed elates to the Aatue Voltage If the aatue cuent is in the steady state and aatue voltage is constant: The Speed is Invesely Popotional to Field Cuent F If the field flux is constant: The Toque elates to the Aatue Cuent A ) V a = EMF + I a R a ) EMF = s K, ~ I f 3) T = I a K 4) V f = I f R f S - Speed V a = Aatue Voltage Vf = Field Voltage I a = Aatue Cuent R a = Aatue Cicuit Resistance K = Moto Constant = Field Flux T = Toque Output of Moto Ia = Aatue Cuent K = Moto Constant EMF=Electo Magnetic Foce S = V a -I a R a K T = K I a 4

15 4Q opeation T 4.th Q.st Q 3.d Q.nd Q n Hee the otation tie constant of load is geate than acceleation and deceleation tie constants. Tn ACCEL. Ua> Ia> CONS. SPEED Ua> Ia> DECEL. Ua> Ia< Change diection Ua< Ia< CONS. SPEED Ua< Ia< Ua< Ia> 3 4 nt 5

16 Chaacteistics of sepaately exited DC Machine U N Aatue Voltage U A I AN Aatue Cuent I A Field Cuent I f I N Toque T N T P N P Basic Speed nb Field Weakening Speed n ax n 6

17 Moto insulation A 5 o C 6 Highest abient tepeatue tepeatue liit theal eseve 5 E o C 5 B 3 o C 75 8 F 55 o C 5 H 8 o C 5 5 Hotspot o C 7

18 Moto Checklist Hosepowe o Kilowatt Speed - Base Speed - Max Speed Foula Voltage - Aatue Voltage - Field Supply Voltage Cuent - Aatue Cuent - Field Cuent Speed Feedback - Tach - Encode P = P = T s 55 M n 955 P = HP T = ft lb s = p P = kw M = N n = p Options - Fan - Location of Conduit Box - Theostat - Beaings - Bake 8

Peanent Magnet DC Moto Typical Use: Vaiable Speed Contol Position contol is possible but equies additional hadwae Usually used with position o velocity feedback (optical encode o tachoete) Contol:

19 Peanent Magnet DC Moto Typical Use: Vaiable Speed Contol Position contol is possible but equies additional hadwae Usually used with position o velocity feedback (optical encode o tachoete) Contol: Speed Input voltage (DC o PWM) Reduction gea heads coon Bushes wea out, spak, cause RFI Size Range: Mico.5 L x. D (page vibato) $5 Big 3 L x 4 D HP $ T Load K R T a V a K E KT I a Toque V >V V RPM 9

20 AC MACHINES

21 A Siple AC Geneato We noted ealie that Faaday s law dictates that if a coil of N tuns expeiences a change in agnetic flux, then the induced voltage V is given by d Φ V N d t If a coil of aea A otates with espect to a field B, and if at a paticula tie it is at an angle to the field, then the flux linking the coil is BAcos, and the ate of change of flux is given by d Φ dt BA d sin d t d cos d t cos

22 A Siple AC Geneato Thus fo the aangeent shown below dφ V N NBA dt d sin dt NBA cos Theefoe this aangeent poduces a sinusoidal output as shown below

AC Geneatos o Altenatos Altenatos do not equie coutation this allows a siple constuction the field coils ae ade to otate while the aatue windings ae stationay Note: the aatue windings ae

23 AC Geneatos o Altenatos Altenatos do not equie coutation this allows a siple constuction the field coils ae ade to otate while the aatue windings ae stationay Note: the aatue windings ae those that poduce the output thus the lage heavy aatue windings ae in the stato the lighte field coils ae ounted on the oto and diect cuent is fed to these by a set of slip ings 4-pole Altenato 3

24 AC Geneatos o Altenatos As with DC geneatos ultiple poles and sets of windings ae used to ipove efficiency soeties thee sets of aatue windings ae spaced apat aound the stato to fo a thee-phase geneato The e..f. poduced is in sync with otation of the oto so this is a synchonous geneato if the geneato has a single set of poles the output fequency is equal to the otation fequency if additional pole-pais ae used the fequency is inceased accodingly Exaple A fou-pole altenato is equied to opeate at 6 Hz. What is the equied otation speed? A fou-pole altenato has two pole pais. Theefoe the output fequency is twice the otation speed. Theefoe to opeate at 6Hz, the equied speed ust be 6/ = 3Hz. This is equivalent to 3 6 = 8 p. AC otos can be divided into two ain fos: synchonous otos AC geneatos (o altenatos) can be used as synchonous AC otos induction otos 4

AC Motos can be divided into two fos synchonous otos AC geneatos (o altenatos) can be used as synchonous AC otos induction otos athe than use slip ings to pass cuent to the field coils in the oto,

25 AC Motos can be divided into two fos synchonous otos AC geneatos (o altenatos) can be used as synchonous AC otos induction otos athe than use slip ings to pass cuent to the field coils in the oto, cuent is induced in the oto by tansfoe action the stato is siila to that in a synchonous oto the oto is siply a set of paallel conductos shoted togethe at eithe end by two conducting ings squiel-cage induction oto 5

AC Induction Moto The stato windings of an ac induction oto ae distibuted aound the stato to poduce a oughly sinusoidal

The oto of an induction oto also consists of windings o oe often a coppe squiel cage ibedded within ion lainates.

The otating agnetic field of the stato dags the oto aound.

In this aniation, fo evey tie the agnetic field otates, the oto only akes thee fouths of a tun.

26 AC Induction Moto The stato windings of an ac induction oto ae distibuted aound the stato to poduce a oughly sinusoidal distibution. When thee phase ac voltages ae applied to the stato windings, a otating agnetic field is poduced. The oto of an induction oto also consists of windings o oe often a coppe squiel cage ibedded within ion lainates. Only the ion lainates ae shown. An electic cuent is induced in the oto bas which also poduce a agnetic field. The otating agnetic field of the stato dags the oto aound. The oto does not quite keep up with the the otating agnetic field of the stato. It falls behind o slips as the field otates. In this aniation, fo evey tie the agnetic field otates, the oto only akes thee fouths of a tun. If you follow one of the bight geen o ed oto teeth with the ouse, you will notice it change colo as it falls behind the otating field. The slip has been geatly exaggeated to enable visualization of this concept. A eal induction oto only slips a few pecent. 6

27 Induction Motos In a thee-phase induction oto the thee phases poduce a otating agnetic field (as in a thee-phase synchonous oto) a stationay conducto will see a vaying agnetic field and this will induce a cuent cuent is induced in the field coils in the sae way that cuent is induced in the seconday of a tansfoe this cuent tuns the oto into an electoagnet which is dagged aound by the otating agnetic field the oto always goes slightly slowe than the agnetic field this is the slip of the oto In single-phase induction otos othe techniques ust be used to poduce the otating agnetic field vaious techniques ae used leading to vaious fos of oto such as capacito otos shaded-pole otos such otos ae inexpensive and ae widely used in doestic applications 7

28 Induction Motos and Synchonous Machines n sy A + C- B - N S B C + A - Flux f Roto with dc winding A Stato with lainated ion coe A + B - + N C S - A - B + Slots with phase winding B C C + al Angula Velocity f Eax Induced RMS Voltage E fn fn 4 f Mechanical Angula Velocity f p p p Electoagnetic Toque T qe I cos 8

29 Steppe Moto Aniation shows how coils ae enegized fo full steps 9

30 Steppe Moto Halls Sensos sense the position of the coils The Decode Cicuit tuns appopiate switches on and off The voltage though the 3 specific coils tuns the oto

Switched Reluctance Moto A switched eluctance o vaiable eluctance oto does not contain any peanent agnets. The stato is siila to a bushless dc oto. Howeve, the oto consists only of ion lainates.

31 Switched Reluctance Moto A switched eluctance o vaiable eluctance oto does not contain any peanent agnets. The stato is siila to a bushless dc oto. Howeve, the oto consists only of ion lainates. The ion oto is attacted to the enegized stato pole. The polaity of the stato pole does not atte. Toque is poduced as a esult of the attaction between the electoagnet and the ion oto in the sae way a agnet is attacted to a efigeato doo. An electically quiet oto since it has no bushes. 3

32 Bushless AC Moto A bushless ac oto is diven with ac sine wave voltages. The peanent agnet oto otates synchonous to the otating agnetic field. The otating agnetic field is illustated using a ed and geen gadient. An actual siulation of the agnetic field would show a fa oe coplex agnetic field. 3

33 SYNCRONOUS MACHINES 33

34 -pole salient Synconous Machines Roto Shapes -pole ound -b3 -b4 a a a3 a4 -b -b -c -c c4 c3 N S -c4 -c3 a a N S -a -a c c b b -a3 -a4 -a -a b3 b4 4-pole salient f ( Hz) e p ns ( p) 4 pole, 5p gives 5Hz pole, 3 p gives 5Hz 4-pole ound a a N N a a S S S -a -a N N S -a -a 34

35 Synconous Machines b axis 5 / 9 ROTATING STATOR MMF 3 i ( t) I a cos t i ( t) I cos t b e e 8 S N a axis i ( t) I cos t b t için F e a _ fund 4 NsI Fa( ) cos ( A. tun) g : aigaplenght 33 Genel Olaak F a _ fund F a ( 4 Ns ) ia ( t) cos ( A. tun) c axis F oto ( ) N I Tavels at speed 4 N I Foto _ fund cos( ) N I 3 9 B N I tuns oto _ fund 7 / 8 Roto F g oto _ fund 7 ( ) 36 B oto_ fund 4 N I g B cos( ) a _ fund B a ( ) F g P kutup sayısı (yani N ve S lein sayısı ) ise, P cinsinden yeni MMF denklei : 4 Ns P Fa ( ) ia ( t) cos ( A. tun) P a 4 Ns ( ) g P ia ( t) cos P Wb V. s. tun N s I N s I F a ( ) F a ) i a N s (t) tuns Stato i ( t) I cos t t i a I a e Akıın t= anındaki MMF in çizii. Faklı t anlaı için kae dalganın yalnızca aplitude i faklı olu ( at t t Fa( ) at t e 3 F a _ fund F a ( 4 Ns ) ia ( t) cos Fo P pole achine use following foula P F Atun. F Atun. H g V. s A A. tun V. s. tun B H BA V. s. tun P Wb 35

36 Synconous Machines i ( t) I a cos t i ( t) I cos t b i ( t) I cos t b 4 N s Fa ( ) i P a t e e e ( ) cos 4 N s Fa ( ) I cos et P cos 4 N Fa ( ) Fax cos etcos s whee Fax I P Fa nı aşağidaki denkle sayesinde paça halinde yazabiliiz. F cos ) F cos cos( ) cos( ) cos t F cos t a( ax e ax F ROTATING STATOR MMF a ( ) Fa Fa F a ( ) decoposed into taveling waves F a and F a F a e t e t F a e F a ( ) In -phase AC achiney, the achine is designed so that the effects of the positive-taveling flux wave is axiized and negative -taveling flux wave is iniized. In 3-phase AC achiney the negative-taveling waves su to zeo and the positive-taveling wave einfoce: F ( ) and 3 F ( ) Fax cos( et ) Let ' s find Ftotal ( ) Fa ( ) Fb ( ) Fc ( ) t cos Fb ( ) Fax cos e F ( ) Fax cos e ax t F cos t 4 b e F F b F ax cos et cos et b Fax 4 t cos Fc ( ) Fax cos e Fc ( ) Fax cos e ax Fc Fax cos et F t F cos t 4 e F F cos et c Fax ( ) Fa Fb Fc 4 Fa Fa Fb Fb Fc F F F F F F F ( ) c F ( ) a b c a b c F( ) F ( ) F ( ) F t F cos t F cos t ( ) Fax cos e ax e ax 3 F ( ) Fax cos et F ( ) Fax coset Fax e ax F ( ) cos t 4 F cos t 4 e e 36

37 Synconous Machines b axis c axis S N g : aigaplenght GENERATED VOLTAGE field N tuns I N F oto ( ) I Tavels at speed 4 N I Foto _ fund cos( ) N I B oto _ fund / 9 Roto 7 / 8 F g oto _ fund 7 ( ) 3 33 a axis 36 B oto_ fund When o the flux linkage with the stato phase-a s tun coil is 4 N I g Ai gap flux pe pole cos( ) N field Ns The ai-gap flux pe pole is the integal of the flux density ove the pole aea thus fo a -pole achine (şekilde gösteilen) field field field field / / 4 NI g 4 N I g cos( ) L R d L R sin sin 4 N I L R g 4 N I g L R 4 g P g 4 field L R NI Fo P pole achine: field L R N I As the oto tuns, the flux linkage vaies as the cosine of. With the oto Spinning at constant angula velocity, the flux linkage with the stato coil is : field N s cos( t) Fo P pole achine use following foula P P N s I N s I F a ( ) F a ) i a N s (t) tuns Stato i ( t) I cos t t i a I a e Akıın t = anındaki MMF in çizii. Faklı t anlaı için kae dalganın yalnızca aplitude i faklı olu ( at t t Fa( ) at t e 3 F a _ fund 4 Ns Fa( ) ia ( t) cos ) By Faaday s law, the voltage indueced in the stato coil is : d d field e( t) Ns cos( t) field Ns sin( t) dt dt e( t) field N sin( t) s P P Fo P pole achine: e( t) field Ns sin( t) F A. tun F A. tun H g V. s A A. tun V. s. tun B H BA V. s. tun 37 Wb

38 Synconous Machines TORQUE in NON-SALIENT-POLE MACHINES Coupled-Cicuit Viewpoint / s Roto Coil Magneticaxis - Stato and oto ae cocentic cylindes and slot openings ae neglected - The eluctances of the stato and oto ion ae negligible 3- On these assuptions the stato and oto self -inductances Lss and L ae constant 4- Stato-Roto utual inductance Ls depends on the angle 5- Assue that thee is a sinusoidal f wave and unifo aigap (non-salient) the utual inductance is: pk cos( ) s L s 6- The stato and oto flux linkages ae : s s L islss i Ls pk i L i L cos( ) s ss s i L i Ls pk i L i L cos( ) s S s 3 / N L L L s s s Stato Coil Magnetic axis is positiveax at and is zeo at and isnegativeax at and - The electoagnetic toque can be found fo the coenegy in the agnetic field in the ai gap. N N snst nst StatoNube of 4N snst LR Lss g 4N nst LR L g Roto Nube of SeiesTuns pe Phase N L i L s SeiesTuns pe Phase 6 N s N LR g 7- The teinal voltages vs and v ae: W ' fld ssis i L W T ' fld L L i i cos( ) s s ', i, i W, i, i s T L i i sin( ) ( N. ) s s fld s d d P P Fo P-pole achine : T Lsisi sin( ) The negative sign eans that the electoagnetic toque acts in the diection to bing the agnetic fields of the stato and oto into alignent. v R i s s s v R i ds dt d dt v R i L s s s ss v R i L dis L dt s di L dt s di d cos( ) Ls i sin( ) dt dt dis d cos( ) Ls is sin( ) dt dt 8- In a -pole achine and ae equal to the instantaneous shaft angle and the speed 9- Fo a P-pole achine use the foulas below Fo P pole achine use following foula P P 38

39 Synconous Machines TORQUE in NON-SALIENT-POLE MACHINES Magnetic Field Viewpoint - Cuents in the stato and oto windings ceate agnetic flux in the ai gap. - This condition coesponds to the appeance of agnetic poles on both the stato and the oto. 3- Toque is podueced by the tendency of the two coponent agnetic fields to line up thei agnetic axes. 4- The toque is popotional to the poduct of the aplitudes and angle of the stato and oto f waves. 5- Most of the flux poduced by the stato and oto windings (about 9%) cosses the ai gap and links both windings. 6- Only the utual flux is of diect concen in toque poduction 7- We shall deive an expession fo the agnetic coenegy stoed in the ai gap. F s Hg i L i Ls pk i L i L cos( ) s S / s s 3 / N Roto Coil Magneticaxis L L L s s s Stato Coil Magnetic axis is positiveax at and is zeo at and isnegativeax at and 7- The f waves of the stato and oto ae spatial sine waves with s the phase angle between thei agnetic axis. 8- They can be epesented by the space vectos F and s s 9- The esultant acting acoss the ai gap P F s F s F F H g s s F F Fo P pole achine use following foula P F s F s F F cos( ) s s s F - The coenegy density at a point whee the agnetic field intensity is H is : - The aveage coenegy density is : - The total coenegy is : W W fld W T ' fld, i, i s D L F 4g s s D L T Fs F sin( s ) ( N. ) g W fld fld F W avg Fo P-pole achine : W avg * volueof peak H Fs D L g 4 g F F cos( ) s s ai gap F 4 s g W ' H The negative sign eans that the electoagnetic toque acts in the diection to bing the agnetic fields of the stato and oto into alignent. D: aveage diaete of ai gap () L: axial lenght of ai gap () g: ai gap lenght () 7 H 4 P D L T Fs F sin( s ) ( N. ) g 39

Chapter 31 Faraday s Law

Chapter 31 Faraday s Law Chapte 31 Faaday s Law Change oving --> cuent --> agnetic field (static cuent --> static agnetic field) The souce of agnetic fields is cuent. The souce of electic fields is chage (electic onopole). Altenating