It is the policy of Cornell University actively to support equality of educational and employment opportunity. No person shall be denied admission to

Transcription

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2 It is the policy of Cornell University actively to support equality of educational and employment opportunity. No person shall be denied admission to any educational program or activity or be denied employment on the basis of any legally prohibited discrimination involving, but not limited to, such factors as race, color, creed, religion, national or ethnic origin, sex, age or handicap. he University is committed to the maintenance of affirmative action programs which will assure the continuation of such equality of opportunity.

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4 Keywords JL Classification Codes:

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8 1 2 A M M A M locally M M A M A M A Y M

9 U = M M = µ n A Y µ σ σ m j dj σ σ µ M µ m j n 㰷囧 㰷囧 M m j M A M A i M G i + A = Y Y G i M i M i µ = Y Y G i Ai = Y + µ Y Y m j M m µ σ j = Y Y p σ j Gi M F q F + cq c α w i 1-α G i α w i i 㰷囧

10 σ σ σ G = [ n p + n p ] n i p σ = cw α G α i p 㰷囧 㰷囧 p = cw α G α α α c=(α-1)/α p = w α G α n M, A A A λ i K λi = η K η λ i i M K η

11 M 1 µ M M q* q* n 1 p 1 q* α M = µ Y Y + αn p q * λ 1 M (1-α) w λ = α n p q * q*=1/(1-α) w n = λ p λ i w i n i p i λ w σ α ασ σ α ασ α σ G = [ λ w G + λ w G ] q* α α α ( ) σ σ σ σ = + αw = µ Y Y + λ α A

12 M λ 1 Y = w λ + A λ w 1 w 2 G 1 G 2 δ i i w A λ i i=1,2 i M A δ i and δ i w i = A λi w i A λi w A λ w i L i λ i i if if if λ i λi = λ = i i i Lλ i L

13 L = L λ λ l λ = + λ = + λ θ λ φ l 1 M L 2 θ φ θ φ θ domestic M φ foreign φ θ φ φ υ θ υ υ 㰷囧㰷囧 υ 㰷囧 σ α ασ σ α ασ α σ = [ λ + λ ] l i > L θ l i > φ

14 = σ α ασ σ α ασ α σ [ λ + λ ] α α α ( ) σ σ σ σ = + α α σ ( w G ) σ σ σ α = G α = µ + = µ + α + G λ α λ α = λ + λ = λ + λ A M A M L 1 Y

15 A λ 1 L λ 1 δ λ A λ 1 -λ 2 θ φ l l llllλ l ll l λ 1 λ 2 w 1 =A(l l l

16 A M w 1 <A(l l l M A 㰷囧 w 1 >A(l l l A M. w 2 =A(l l l θ=0, φ=0 λ 1 =λ 2 θ φ θ φ=0 w 1 A(l l l θ=0, φ=0 θ w 1 >A(l l l w 1 A(l l l. 㱗坧 㰷囧 㰷囧 M M Y 㰷囧 µ 㰷囧 α 㰷囧㰷囧㰷囧 㭷垇㰷囧 㰷囧

17 λ 1 㰷囧 M θ= υ= θ= υ= θ 㰷囧 λ 1 λ 1 υ υ θ λ 1 θ υ 㰷囧 θ= υ υ 㰷囧 υ φ θ υ υ 㰷囧 λ 1 µ 㰷囧 㰷囧 υ θ θ 㰷囧 υ υ υ

18 λ 1 λ 2 㰷囧 = σ σ ασ σ α w w w 2 < A(L 2 ) M w 2 㰷囧 A((1-λ 1 )L 1 ) σ σ ασ σ α λ L A L A σ α σ σ ασ λ L A L A λ L 1, L 2 1, 2 [ ] Y L A L A L w + = λ µ µ λ A L w λ = L θ υ θ υ θ-υ

19 θ-υ 㰷囧 θ υ θ υ 㰷囧 θ υ 㰷囧 = 㰷囧 ω ω υ λ 1

20 ω = + µ [ λ + λ ] ω ω ω υ υ- θ= < υ υ- υ υ 㰷囧㰷囧 ω ω 㰷囧 ω ω < ω ω υ µ ω 㰷囧 µ above µ θ θ

21 υ < υ 㰷囧 υ υ 㰷囧 㰷囧 㰷囧 υ

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23 conomica conomic geography and public policy 㭷垇 echnical choice innovation and economic growth : essays on American and British experience in the nineteenth century 㭷垇 American conomic Review he spatial economy cities, regions and international trade 㭷垇 conometrica Innovation and growth in the global economy American conomic Review Journal of Political conomy 㭷垇 Quarterly Journal of conomics uropean conomic Review International conomic Review 㭷垇 Journal of conomic Literature 㭷垇㭷垇㭷垇㭷垇 Journal of conomic Perspectives 㭷垇 Journal of the Japanese and International conomies Journal of Political conomy Inside the black box : technology and economics 㰷囧 㰷囧㰷囧 㭷垇 conomist 㭷垇 conomist 㭷垇 㭷垇㭷垇㭷垇 he uncertain quest : science, technology and development 㰷囧 㭷垇 Journal of conomic Surveys

24 λ 2 1 λ w 1 = A'(l 1) 0.8 w 1 = A'(l 1) η=0, 㱗坧 =0 w 2 = A'(l 2) η=0, 㱗坧 =0 w 2 = A'(l 2) λ 1 h 㱗咧 λ 1 h 㱗咧 λ 2 1 λ w 1 = A'(l 1) 0.8 w 1 = A'(l 1) η=0, 㱗坧 =0 w 2 = A'(l 2) 0.4 η=0, 㱗坧 =0 w 2 = A'(l 2) λ 1 h 㱗咧 λ 1 h 㱗咧 㰷囧

25 w 1 - A'(l 1 ) 㱗坧 =1 w 1 - A'(l 1 ) 㱗坧 =0.65 㱗坧 =1 0 η=0, 㱗坧 =0 㱗坧 =0 0 η=0, 㱗坧 =0 㱗坧 = λ 1 h λ 1 h M A 㰷囧

26 w 1 - A'(l 1 ) w 1 - A'(l 1 ) 㱗坧 =0.65 㱗坧 =1 㱗坧 =1 㱗坧 =0 0 0 η=0, 㱗坧 =0 㱗坧 = λ 1 h λ 1 h M A 㰷囧

27 η1 λ 1 >0, λ 2 =0 S&B S&B S B S&B λ 1 = λ 2 >0 η1 λ 1 >0, λ 2 =0 S&B S B S&B λ 1 = λ 2 > λ 1 > λ 2 > 㱗坧 1 (a) ε [1.2, 1.6] 0 λ 1 > λ 2 > 㱗坧 (b) ε [1.08, 1.2] 4 θ-υ

28 ω 㱗咧 ω 㱗咧 㱗咧 υ- θ 㰷囧

29 㱗咧 㱗咧 υ- ω ω 㰷囧 θ 㰷囧

30 ω ω 1 = =1.10 = =1.20 = 㱗坧 㱗咧 υ- θ 㰷囧

31 㱗咧㱗咧 L 1 =L 2 =1 㱗咧 㱗咧 L 1 =L 2 =L>1 L 1 =L 1 λ 1,λ 2 L 2 =L 2 λ 1,λ 2 δ 㱗咧㱗咧㱗咧 λ 1 G 1 G 1 㱗咧㱗咧㱗咧㱗咧 λ υ L 2 λ 1 2 w 1 㱗咧 δ 㱗咧㱗咧 㱗咧 λ 1 λ 1 㱗咧㱗咧 λ 1 G 1 υ G 1 L 2 λ 1 G 2 w 1