Vehicles to Pedestrians Signal Transmissions Based on Cloud Computing

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1 Vhcls o Psrans Sgnal Transssons Bas on Clou Copung Zhy Huang, Junlang Y, Jaq Chn, Xaohu G School of Elcronc Inforaon an Councaons Huazhong Unvrsy of Scnc an Tchnology Wuhan, Chna -al: xhg@alhusucn Yonghu L School of Elcrcal an Inforaon Engnrng Unvrsy of Syny Syny, Ausrala -al: yonghul@synyuau Absrac Collsons bwn vhcls an psrans usually rsul n h faaly o h vulnrabl roa usrs (VRUs) Thus, nw chnologs ar n o b vlop for procng h VRUs Bas on h hgh nsy of psrans an l copung capably of bas saons, n hs papr h clou copung chnologs ar aop o hanl h hug aouns of safy-crcal ssags Morovr, h wrlss ul-hop backhaul chnology s aop o ovrco h bolncks of l ranssson capably an quung lay of h rans safy-crcal ssags bwn bas saons an clous Bas on h ul-hop wrlss ranssson sch, h sgnal ranssson succss probably an lay bwn psrans an clous ar rv for prforanc analyss Furhror, nurcal sulaons ar prfor o llusra h rlaonshp bwn h ranssson succss probably an h rcv sgnal o nrfrnc plus nos rao (SINR) hrshol Kywors-clou copung; lay; ul-hop wrlss ranssson I INTRODUCTION Wly ploy Long Tr Evoluon bas vhcl o vryhng councaon (LTE-bas VX) nworks was propos by 3GPP o suppor h fuur slf-rvng chnology n h yar 6 Bas on h fnon gvn by 3GPP, h LTE-bas VX nworks was consruc wh four yps of councaon hos as vhcl-ovhcl (VV) councaon, vhcl-o-psran (VP) councaon, vhcl-o-nfrasrucur (VI) councaon an vhcl-o-nwork (VN) councaon [], [] Th propos LTE-bas VX nworks ar ang a h nhancn of h LTE syss o nabl vhcls o counca wh ohr vhcls, psrans an nfrasrucur n orr o xchang h safy-crcal ssags o nsur roa safy, conrollng raffc flow, an provng varous of nllgn raffc applcaons [3], [4] Bas on h fnon n [5], VRUs ar hos nonoorz roa usrs, such as psrans an cyclss as wll as oorcyclss an prsons wh sabls or ruc obly Bas on h sascal rsuls n [6], or han 3 popl worlw pr ay u o h angrous rvng, an half of h ar VRUs Th sascal rsul of raffc accn n Chna shows ha an avrag of narly 5, psrans n vhcl accns vry yar, whch accouns for narly 5% of h oal nubr of ahs urng h las n yars [7] Th an caus of raffc accns s h nably of roa usrs o c an prcv oncong angrs bfor a suffcn aoun of so ha racons for accn avoanc can b akn Alhough supporng rvng safy s a ho subc n h lcouncaons fl, h aory of h work has a focus on h VV an VI councaons for h avoanc of nr-vhcl collsons [8] VRUs safy soluons can b bas on wo classs of VRUs con hos: a) classc snsor bas [9] whch ploys snsors such as RADARs, LASER scannrs, IR snsors an agng snsors (copur vson); b) wrlss councaon bwn vhcls an vulnrabl roa usrs [] In a LTE-bas VX nwork, hr ar hug aouns of safy-crcal ssags n o b rans by vhcls, psrans an bas saons o nsur roa safy Howvr, h copung capably of bas saons ar l Thus, h clou copung chnology shoul b ulz n LTEbas VX nworks o hanl h hug aoun of councaon ssags An h scalably, rslnc, aapably, conncvy, cos rucon an hgh prforanc faurs of clou copung chnology hav hgh ponal o lf h ffcncy an qualy of nforaon procssng [], [] Ths papr anly focuss on h succss probably of councaon an h roun rp lay hroughou h whol councaon procur aong psrans, vhcls, bas saons an clou Th an conrbuons of hs papr ar hr-fol: ) By ulzng h auoac rpa-rqus (ARQ) chnology as h rlabl ranssson chnology of h nwork, clos-for forulas for ranssson succss probably an ranssson rlably was rv n hs papr Th corrsponng sulaon rsuls nca ha h nubr of ncssary rransssons ncrass sgnfcanly wh h ncras of rcv SINR hrshol; ) Th wrlss ul-hop ranssson was ulz o ovrco h bolnck of quung lay of h rans safy-crcal ssags Bas on hs confguraon, h rrans lay nsa of quung lay was rv n hs papr, Th corrsponng sulaon rsul shows ha h rranssson lay ncrass raply wh h ncras of rcv SINR hrshol; 3) Bas on h propos sys ol, h

2 ranssson rlably an lay wr rv n hs papr Bas on sulaon rsuls, w foun ha h ranssson lay an rlably wr coupl Whn h ranssson rlably ncrass wh h rcv SINR hrshol, h ranssson lay also ncrass sulanously Th rs of hs papr s organz as follows Scon Ⅱ scrbs h sys ol of h whol councaon procur Nwork prforanc rcs ar also analyz an rv n Scon Ⅱ Nurcal an sulaon rsuls ar splay n Scon Ⅲ Fnally, Scon Ⅳ conclus hs papr II SYSTEM MODEL In h sys ol of hs arcl, wrlss ul-hop chnologs ar aop for councaon aong psrans an bas saons, vhcls an bas saons, bas saons an clous Bas on h fac ha h probably of raffc accns n urban aras wh hgh vhcl nsy s uch hghr han ha n ohr aras, a ypcal urban ara s nvsga n hs papr Th sys ol n hs papr s shown n Fg Whou loss of gnraly, h ypcal urban ara s confgur o b a crcular ara whch nclus h vhcls, psrans an bas saons loca Assung ha h slc araⅠs a crcular ara wh a raus R b Bas saons, psrans an vhcls ar unforly srbu n hs ara ranoly Assung ha wo-nsonal Carsan coorna sys xoy s slc, n whch h slc crcular ara sasfs h quaon: x y R b Th slc ara Ⅰ nclus ulpl sall aras Ⅱ wh h raus R In ach sall araⅡ, hr s only on bas saon, n whch h crcular ara sasfs h quaon: x y R Bas on h fnon of LTE-bas VX nworks, psrans an bas saons, vhcls an bas saons, bas saons an clou hav h ably o counca wh ach ohr By assung ha h workng spcrus of h hr yps of councaons ar ffrn fro ach ohr, hr s no cross-layr nrfrnc aong ffrn yps of councaons Th whol councaon procur s v no h followng hr pars: ) Councaon bwn psrans an bas saons: A vc (such as a sar phon) carr by a psran ranss h rlvan ssags of h psran (such as sp, locaon, c) o a bas saon; ) Councaon bwn vhcls an bas saons: a) A vhcl ranss s rlvan ssags (such as sp, locaon, c) o a bas saon; b) Th bas saon ranss warnng ssags o h vhcl; 3) Councaon bwn bas saons an clous: a) A bas saon ranss h ssags (such as psrans ssags, vhcls ssags, c) o clou; b) Th clou ranss warnng ssags o h bas saon Fg Clou Slc araⅠ Slc ara Ⅱ Psran Bas saon Vhcl Sgnal ranssson Th ypcal VX councaon scnaro n urban ara III VEHICLES TO PEDESTRIANS WIRELESS TRANSMISSIONS A Councaon bwn psrans an bas saons Assu ha h locaon of a bas saon s x, y, h nubr of psrans n h slc ara Ⅱ s M Th locaon of a psran s x, y,,, M Th sanc bwn h psran an h bas saon s xprss as x x y y,,, M, () bas on h rsul n [3], h probably nsy funcon (PDF) f x of h sanc bwn h psran an h bas saon s xprss as 4x x x x f x arccos, () R R R whr x R Th rcv SINR a h bas saon fro h psran s xprss as P h SINR,,, M, (3) P h whr s h nubr of nrfrng psrans, an M I M P s h rans powr of a psran vc, h s h sall scal fang xprnc by h sr sgnal an h s h sall scal fang xprnc by h nrfrng sgnal Bas on h assupon ha h sall scal fang of all channls ar npnn an ncally srbu () rano varabls followng h Raylgh srbuon,, h an h ar govrn by h xponnal srbuon wh parar λ s h sanc bwn h -h psran an h bas saon, s h sanc bwn h -h nrfrng psran an h bas saon, α s h pah loss xponn, σ s h powr of h av wh Gaussan nos (AWGN) P US s h probably ha h bas saon succssfully rcvs a sgnal fro h psran vc, an

3 PUS PrSINR, whr s h probably ha h xprsson n parnhss s ru, an θ s h hrshol of h rcv SINR a h bas saon By gnorng h shaowng [4], P US s xprss as Pr P h PUS Pr P h (4) h Pr h P P L, ρ s h rcv sgnal o nos rao (SNR) of a psran vc, hn (4) s furhr rv by P US Pr h h Pr h h h h Pr h h Bas on [5], h Laplac ransfor opraon on h rano varabl Z s no by L s, whr Z s Z h h h Thus, h Laplac ransfor Lz s s rv as (7), whr xp s h xponnal funcon an Eh, h,, s h xpcaon opraons on rano varabls h, h, an L s E xp( sz) z h, h,, h (7) Eh,,, xp( ( )) h s h h Bas on (6) (7), h Laplac ransfor Lz s s rv by z (5) (6) s s h Lz s Eh,,, xp( ) xp( ) h h h M I s s h Eh xp( ) E,, xp( ), h h h an h PDFs of h, h, an ar 4x x x x f x arccos R R R 4x x x x f arccos x R R R fh x xpx fh x xpx By subsung (9) no (8), h Laplac ransfor n (8) bcos () s L s xp( ) xph h z h R R s h h xp( ) 4 arccos R R R (8) (9) () 4 arccos R R R x ph h Slar o [6], by h Eulr suaon on (), P US n (5) bcos () B Cb c B A ( ) B Lz s PUS xp( ) R, b b c Dc s () f c Dc ohrs () Accorng o wll sablsh gulns n [6], [7], h hr parars A, B an C conrol h saon rror, whch shoul b no lss han ln, 43 an 467 rspcvly o oban a nurcal accuracy of - In orr o oban a nurcal accuracy of -8, A, B an C ar confgur o b 8ln, an 4 Th parar s s xprss as s A c, whr s h agnary un nos h ral par of h gvn varabl n parnhss R B Councaon bwn vhcls an bas saons Assu ha h nubr of vhcls n h slc ara Ⅱ s N Th locaon of a vhcl s x, y,,, N Th nubr of nrfrng vhcls s N I, an NI N Assu ha h channl ol of h councaon bwn h vhcls an h bas saon s h sa as ha bwn h psrans an h bas saon Th Laplac ransfor of s can b rv bas on Scon IIA as Lz V

4 whr s L s xp( ) xph h zv h P R R s hn n h xp( ) 4 arccos R R R 4 n n n n arccos R R R (3) NI xphn n hn,, P s h rans powr of a vhcl sgnal h s h sall scal fang xprnc by h sr sgnal an h n s h sall scal fang xprnc by h nrfrng sgnal s h sanc bwn h -h vhcl an h bas saon, n s h sanc bwn h n-h nrfrng vhcl an h bas saon Bas on (), () an (3), h probably ha h bas saon succssfully rcvs h sgnal rans by h vhcl s P VS, an B Cb c ( ) Lz s B A B V PVS xp( ) R (4) b b c D c s C Councaon bwn bas saons an clous Assu ha h locaon of h clou s xc, y c, h nubr of bas saon n h slc ara Ⅰ s K Th locaon of a bas saon s xk, ykk,,, K Th nubr of nrfrng bas saons s K I, an KI K Assu ha h channl ol of h councaon bwn h bas saons an h clou s h sa as ha bwn h psrans an h bas saon Th Laplac ransfor of s can b rv bas on Scon IIA as Lz B s L s xp( ) xph h zb k k hk Rb Rb s hr r hk k xp( ) 4 R k k k k arccos b Rb Rb b (5) 4 r r r r arccos R b Rb Rb b KI xphr k r hr, whr Pb k, P b s h rans powr of a bas saon sgnal h k s h sall scal fang xprnc by h sr sgnal an h r s h sall scal fang xprnc by h nrfrng sgnal k s h sanc bwn h k-h bas saon an h clou, r s h sanc bwn h r-h nrfrng bas saon an h clou Bas on (), () an (5), h probably ha clou succssfully rcvs h sgnal rans by h bas saon s P, an P s B Cb c ( ) L B A B z B xp( ) R b b c D c s (6) D Councaon lay Consrng wrlss councaon scnaros ar l n urban aras, h wrlss propagaon sanc s shor an h wrlss propagaon lay can b gnor copar wh h sgnal procssng lay n psrans, vhcls an bas saons Thus, w anly focus on sgnal procssng ) Councaon lay bwn psrans an bas saons: Th probably ha a bas saon succssfully rcvs a sgnal rans by a psran vc s P US In orr o nsur ha a psran vc sgnal s succssfully rcv by a bas saon, h nubr of h ransssons fro h psran o h bas saon s M U, an MU / PUS Th lngh of a sgnal aa an h procssng ra of a psran vc ar l U an μ U, rspcvly Th for a psran vc o procss a sgnal aa s U, an Th for a psran vc o succssfully ranss a sgnal s T U, an TU U M (7) U ) Councaon lay bwn vhcls an bas saons: Th probably ha a bas saon succssfully rcvs a sgnal rans by a vhcl s P VS In orr o nsur ha a vhcl sgnal s succssfully rcv by a bas saon, h nubr of h ransssons fro h vhcl o h bas saon s N V, an NV / PV S Th lngh of a sgnal aa an h procssng ra of a vhcl ar l V an μ V, rspcvly Th for a vhcl o procss a sgnal aa s V, an V lv / V Th for a vhcl o succssfully ranss a sgnal s T V, an TV V N (8) V 3) Councaon lay bwn bas saons an clous: Th probably ha clou succssfully rcvs a sgnal rans by a bas saon s P In orr o nsur ha a sgnal of a bas saon s succssfully rcv by h clou, h nubr of h ransssons fro h bas saon o h clou s N, an N / P Th lngh of a sgnal aa an h procssng ra of a bas saon ar l an μ, rspcvly Th for a bas saon o procss a sgnal aa s, an B S l / Th for a psran vc o succssfully ranss a sgnal s T, an T M (9) 4) Th whol councaon procur: Bas on h abov analyss, h succss probably an h oal lay of sgnals ranssson hroughou h whol councaon procur ar P S an T, rspcvly, an PS PUS PVS P, () l / U U U

5 IV ax U, V () T T T T T T NUMERICAL SIMULATION RESULTS Bas on h sys ol n hs papr, h nurcal rsuls ar shown n hs scon Tabl Ⅰ suarzs parars us n hs papr [8]-[] TABLE I SYSTEM RELATED PARAMETERS Parar Dscrpon Valu R b Raus of h slc ara Ⅰ 5 R Raus of h slc ara Ⅱ σ Th powr of h av wh Gaussan nos (AWGN) λ Th parar of h xponnal srbuon l U Psran vc sgnal lngh 5KB μ U Psran vc sgnal procssng ra GB/S l V Vhcl sgnal lngh 5KB μ V Vhcl sgnal procssng ra 4GB/S l Bas Saon sgnal lngh KB μ Bas Saon sgnal procssng ra 8GB/S curv rn nvsga n Fg Whn θ s fx, P crass wh h ncras of K Whn K s fx, P crass wh h ncras of θ Th nubrs of psrans, vhcls an bas suaons of h hr suaons ar as follows: A: M=, N=5, K=3; B: M=3, N=, K=5; C: M=5, N=5, K=7 Th pac of h SINR hrshol θ on h sgnal ranssson succss probably P S an h oal councaon lay T unr hr suaons of A, B an C ar nvsga n Fg 3 an Fg 4, rspcvly Whn θ s fx, P S crass an T ncrass unr h hr suaons of A, B an C Whn M, N an K ar fx, P S crass an T ncrass wh h ncras of θ unr h hr suaons of A, B an C Ths papr focuss on h probabls of succssful ranssson of psran sgnals, vhcl sgnals an bas saon sgnals, an h nubr of ransssons rqur for succssful sgnal ranssson unr ffrn SINR hrshols Exprnal nurcal rsuls ar as follows: Fg 3 Sgnal ranssson succss probably P S wh rspc o h SINR hrshol θ unr ffrn hr suaons hroughou h whol councaon procur Fg Psran sgnal ranssson succss probably P US wh rspc o h SINR hrshol θ unr ffrn nubrs of psrans Th pac of h SINR hrshol θ an h nubrs of psrans M on h psran sgnal ranssson succss probably P US s nvsga n Fg Whn θ s fx, P US crass wh h ncras of M Whn M s fx, P US crass wh h ncras of θ Bas on Scon IIB, h pac of h SINR hrshol θ an h nubr of vhcls N on h vhcl sgnal ranssson succss probably P VS s sa as h curv rn nvsga n Fg Whn θ s fx, P VS crass wh h ncras of N Whn N s fx, P VS crass wh h ncras of θ Bas on Scon IIC, h pac of h SINR hrshol θ an h nubr of bas saons K on h bas saon sgnal ranssson succss probably P s sa as h Fg 4 Toal councaon lay T wh rspc o h SINR hrshol θ unr ffrn hr suaons hroughou h whol councaon procur V CONCLUSION In hs papr, w anly focus on h analyss of ranssson rlably an lay of safy-crcal ssags n VX nworks By olng h locaons of psrans

6 an bas saons as ranoly, h sancs an aggrga nrfrnc aong psrans, bas saons an vhcls ar analyz Morovr, h wrlss ul-hop chnology s aop n hs papr o ovrco h bolnck of l ranssson capably an quung lay of h rans safy-crcal ssags bwn bas saons an clous, an h clos-for xprssons of ranssson succss probably, ranssson rlably an ranssson lay ar rv By ong sulaons on h propos sys ol, w foun ha h ranssson lay an rlably wr coupl, an whn ranssson rlably ncrass wh h rcv SINR hrshol h ranssson lay also ncrass sulanously ACKNOWLEDGMENT Auhors hank h suppor fro Naonal Ky R&D Progra of Chna (6YFE33): EU-Chna suy on IoT an 5G REFERENCES [] X G, J Y, Y Yang an Q L, Usr obly valuaon for 5G sall cll nworks bas on nvual obly ol, IEEE Journal Slc Aras Councaons, vol 34, no 3, pp 58-54, March 6 [] X G, H Chng, M Guzan an T Han, 5G wrlss backhaul nworks: challngs an rsarch avancs, n IEEE Nwork, vol 8, no 6, pp 6-, Nov-Dc 4 [3] X G, S Tu, G Mao, C-X Wang an T Han, 5G ulra-ns cllular nworks, IEEE Wrlss Councaons, vol 3, no, pp 7-79, Fb 6 [4] X G, S Tu, T Han, Q L an G Mao, Enrgy ffcncy of sall cll backhaul nworks bas on Gauss-Markov obl ols, IET Nworks, vol 4, no, pp 58-67, 5 [5] P Mrrgnac, O Shagar an F Nashashb, Fuson of Prcpon an VP Councaon Syss for h Safy of Vulnrabl Roa Usrs, IEEE Transacons on Inllgn Transporaon Syss, vol 8, no 7, pp 74-75, July 7 [6] WHO, Global Saus Rpor On Roa Safy 3: supporng a ca of acon, Worl Halh Organzaon, Tch Rp, 3 [7] Y Han, S Fu, Z Yn an L Sh, A Suy on Chs Sof Tssu Inury Rsk n Vhcl o Psran Collsons, 6 Eghh Inrnaonal Confrnc on Masurng Tchnology an Mcharoncs Auoaon (ICMTMA), Macau, 6, pp [8] J J Anaya, P Mrrgnac, O Shagar, F Nashashb an J E Narano, Vhcl o psran councaons for procon of vulnrabl roa usrs, 4 IEEE Inllgn Vhcls Syposu Procngs, Darborn, MI, 4, pp 37-4 [9] T Ganh an M M Trv, Psran Procon Syss: Issus, Survy, an Challngs, IEEE Transacons on Inllgn Transporaon Syss, vol 8, no 3, pp 43-43, Sp 7 [] K Dav an A Flach, CAR--X an Psran Safy, IEEE Vhcular Tchnology Magazn, vol 5, no, pp 7-76, March [] X G, H Chn, G Mao, Y Yang an S Tu, Vhcular councaons for 5G cooprav sall cll nworks, IEEE Transacons on Vhcular Tchnology, vol 65, no, pp , Oc 6 [] X G, Z L, S L, 5G sofwar fn vhcular nworks, IEEE Councaons Magazn, vol 55, no 7, pp 87-93, July 7 [3] L A Sanalo, Ingral gory an gorc probably, Encyclopa of Mahacs an s Applcaons, vol, 976 [4] J Y, X G, G Mao an Y Zhong, 5G ulra-ns nworks wh non-unfor srbu usrs, IEEE Transacons on Vhcular Tchnology, vol 67, no 3, pp 66-67, March 8 [5] J Guo, S Durran, an X Zhou, Ouag probably n arbrarlyshap fn wrlss nworks, IEEE Trans Coun, vol 6, no, pp 699-7, Fb 4 [6] J Aba an W Wh, Nurcal nvrson of Laplac ransfors of probably srbuons, ORSA J Cop, vol 7, no, pp 36-43, 995 [7] C A OCnn, Eulr suaon for Fourr srs an Laplac ransfor nvrson, Coun Sas Sochasc Mols, vol 3, no, pp , 997 [8] I Huar, X G, L Xang, J Ho, M Chn, Rhnkng nrgffcncy ols of cllular nworks wh bo nrgy, IEEE Nwork, vol5, no3, pp4-49, March, [9] X G, K Huang, C-X Wang, X Hong, an X Yang, Capacy analyss of a ul-cll ul-annna cooprav cllular nwork wh co-channl nrfrnc, IEEE Transacons on Wrlss Councaons, vol, no, pp , Oc [] X G, B Yang, J Y, G Mao, C-X Wang an T Han, Spaal spcru an nrgy ffcncy of rano cllular nworks, IEEE Transacons on Councaons, vol 63, no 3, pp 9-3, March 5