On N-soliton Interactions of Gross-Pitaevsky Equation in Two Space-time Dimensions

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1 On N-soliton Interactions of Gross-Pitaevsky Equation in Two Space-time Dimensions Michail D. Todorov Faculty of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science Technical University of Sofia, Bulgaria (Work done in collaboration with V. S. Gerdjikov and A. Kyuldjiev from INRNE-BAS, Sofia) 9th IMACS Conference on Nonlinear Waves: Computation and Theory Athens, GA, USA, April 1-4, 2015

2 Outline Gross-Pitaevsky Equation. Idea of Adiabatic Approximation Variational Approach and Perturbed CTC Non-perturbed and Perturbed CNSE. Manakov System. Choice of Initial Conditions and Potential Perturbations Effects of Polarization Vectors Conservative Numerical Method vs Variational Approach Main Results and Discussion

3 Gross-Pitaevsky Equation. Adiabatic Approximation We consider the N-soliton interactions of the two-component Gross-Pitaevsky eq. in two space-time dimensions: i u t + 1 ( ) 2 u xx + ( u 0 1, u) u =V (x) u(x, t) + c 1 σ 1 u(x, t), σ 1 = 1 0 (1) in the presence of inter-channel interaction, i.e., c 1 0. This equation describes quasi-one-dimensional Bose-Einstein condensates. In the adiabatic approximation the propagation of the soliton trains of eq. (1) is described by a perturbed complex Toda chain (PCTC).

4 Gross-Pitaevsky Equation. Adiabatic Approximation We demonstrate that PCTC correctly models the effects of several types of potentials: a) harmonic V (x) = v 2 x 2 + v 1 x + v 0 ; b) periodic V (x) = A cos(ωx + Ω 0 ); c) shallow potential wells V (x) = c 0 (tanh(x x f ) tanh(x x in )), c 0 1 and x in < x f. We demonstrate that the PCTC adequately models the soliton train dynamics for a wide region of the initial soliton parameters as well as for c 1 0.

5 Idea of Adiabatic Approximation The idea of the adiabatic approximation to the soliton interactions (Karpman&Solov ev (1981)) led to effective modeling of the N-soliton trains of the perturbed scalar NLS eq.: iu t u xx + u 2 u(x, t) = ir[u]. (2) By N-soliton train we mean a solution of the NLSE (2) with initial condition N u(x, t = 0) = u k (x, t = 0), (3) k=1 u k (x, t)=2ν k e iφ k sechz k, z k =2ν k (x ξ k (t)), ξ k (t)=2µ k t+ξ k,0, φ k = µ k ν k z k + δ k (t), δ k (t)=2(µ 2 k + ν2 k )t + δ k,0. Here µ k are the amplitudes, ν k the velocities, δ k the phase shifts, ξ k - the centers of solitons.

6 Idea of Adiabatic Approximation The adiabatic approximation holds if the soliton parameters satisfy the restrictions ν k ν 0 ν 0, µ k µ 0 µ 0, ν k ν 0 ξ k+1,0 ξ k,0 1, (4) where ν 0 and µ 0 are the average amplitude and velocity respectively. In fact we have two different scales: ν k ν 0 ε 1/2 0, µ k µ 0 ε 1/2 0, ξ k+1,0 ξ k,0 ε 1 0. In this approximation the dynamics of the N-soliton train is described by a dynamical system for the 4N soliton parameters.

7 Perturbed Manakov System and Perturbed Vector Complex Toda Chain In the present paper we generalize the above results to the perturbed vector NLS i u t u xx + ( u, u) u(x, t) = ir[ u]. (5) The corresponding vector N-soliton train is determined by the initial condition N u(x, t = 0) = u k (x, t = 0), u k (x, t) = 2ν k e iφ k sechz k n k, (6) k=1 and the amplitudes, the velocities, the phase shifts, and the centers of solitons are as in Eq.(3). The phenomenology, however, is enriched by introducing a constant polarization vectors n k that are normalized by the conditions n n k, n k = 1, arg n k;s = 0. s=1

8 Generalized Complex Toda Chain and CNSE More precisely after involving these vectors we derive a generalized version of the CTC (GCTC) model, which allows to have in mind the polarization effects in the N-soliton train of the vector NLS.

9 Manakov solitons and the CTC model The dynamical system that describes the evolution of the Manakov soliton trains is d(µ k + iν k ) [ = 4ν 0 nk, n k 1 e q k q k 1 n k+1, n k e q ] k+1 q k, dt dq k = 4ν 0 (µ k + iν k ), dt (7) where q k = 2ν 0 ξ k + k ln 4ν0 2 i(δ k + δ 0 + kπ 2µ 0 ξ k ), ν 0 = 1 N ν s, µ 0 = 1 N µ s, δ 0 = 1 N δ s. N N N s=1 Thus we get the CTC: s=1 s=1 d 2 q k dt 2 = [ 16ν2 0 nk+1, n k e q k+1 q k n k, n k 1 e q ] k q k 1, (9) (8)

10 All terms in the right hand sides of the evolution equations for n k are of the order of ɛ, so we can neglect the evolution of n k and to approximate them with their initial values. It is easy to see, that if all n k+1, n k = const 0 then the CTC (9) is a completely integrable dynamical system, just like the real Toda chain.

11 Perturbed Vector Complex Toda Chain Model In order to have in mind the effects of the external potentials we consider the perturbed CTC system: ) = 4ν 0 (e q k+1 q k n k+1, n k e q k q k 1 n k, n k 1 + M k + in k, dλ k dt dq k = 4ν 0 λ k + 2i(µ 0 + iν 0 )Ξ k ix k, dt where λ k = µ k + iν k, X k = 2µ k Ξ k + D k and d n k dt = O(ɛ), (10)

12 Perturbed Vector Complex Toda Chain Model N k = 1 2 Ξ k = 1 I(z k ) = 4νk 2 dz k I(z k ), M k = 1 cosh z k 2 ( V (y k )u k e iφ k where y k = z k /(2ν 0 ) + ξ k. dz k z k I(z k ), D k = 1 cosh z k 2ν k ), R(z k ) = dz k sinh z k cosh 2 z k R(z k ), ( V (y k )u k e iφ k dz k (1 z k tanh z k ) cosh z k R(z k ), )

13 Interchannel Interaction and Wide Wells The corresponding integrals take the form N k = 0, Ξ k = 0 and: M k = 2c s ν k (P 0 (z k y f ) P 0 (z k y i ), sinh(w) w cosh(w) P 0 (w) = sinh 2, (w) D k = 2c s ν k (R 0 (z k y f ) R 0 (z k y i ) c 1 4 sin(2θ k) cos(2β k ), R 0 (w) = e w sinh 2 (w) + w 2 cosh(w) 2w sinh(w) 2 sinh 2. (w)

14 Effects of the polarization vectors on the soliton interaction We formulate a condition on n s that is compatible with the adiabatic approximation. We also formulate the conditions on the initial vector soliton parameters responsible for the different asymptotic regimes. The CTC is completely integrable model; it allows Lax representation L t = [A.L], where: L = A = N (b s E ss + a s (E s,s+1 + E s+1,s )), s=1 N (a s (E s,s+1 E s+1,s )), s=1 (11) where a s = exp((q s+1 Q s )/2), b s = µ s,t + iν s,t and the matrices E ks are determined by (E ks ) pj = δ kp δ sj. The eigenvalues of L are integrals of motion and determine the asymptotic velocities.

15 Effects of the polarization vectors on the soliton interaction The GCTC is also a completely integrable model because it allows Lax representation L t = [Ã. L], where: L = Ã = N s=1 ( b s E ss + ã s (E s,s+1 + E s+1,s )), N (ã s (E s,s+1 E s+1,s )), s=1 (12) where ã s = m 2 0k e2iφ 0k a s, b s = µ s,t + iν s,t. Like for the scalar case, the eigenvalues of L are integrals of motion. If we denote by ζ s = κ s + iη s (resp. ζ s = κ + i η s ) the set of eigenvalues of L (resp. L) then their real parts κ s (resp. κ s ) determine the asymptotic velocities for the soliton train described by CTC (resp. GCTC).

16 RTC and CTC. Asymptotic regimes While for the RTC the set of eigenvalues ζ s of the Lax matrix are all real, for the CTC they generically take complex values, e.g., ζ s = κ s + iη s. Hence, the only possible asymptotic behavior in the RTC is an asymptotically separating, free motion of the solitons. In opposite, for the CTC the real parts κ s Reζ s of eigenvalues of the Lax matrix ζ s determines the asymptotic velocity of the sth soliton.

17 Effects of the polarization vectors on the soliton interaction Thus, starting from the set of initial soliton parameters we can calculate L t=0 (resp. L t=0 ), evaluate the real parts of their eigenvalues and thus determine the asymptotic regime of the soliton train. Regime (i) κ k κ j ( κ k κ j ) for k j asymptotically separating, free solitons; Regime (ii) κ 1 = κ 2 = = κ N = 0 ( κ 1 = κ 2 = = κ N = 0) a bound state; Regime (iii) group of particles move with the same mean asymptotic velocity and the rest of the particles will have free asymptotic motion. Varying only the polarization vectors one can change the asymptotic regime of the soliton train.

18 Effects of the external potentials on the GCTC. Numeric checks vs Variational approach The predictions and validity of the CTC and GCTC are compared and verified with the numerical solutions of the corresponding CNSE using fully explicit difference scheme of Crank-Nicolson type, which conserves the energy, the mass, and the pseudomomentum. The scheme is implemented in a complex arithmetics. Such comparison is conducted for all dynamical regimes considered. First we study the soliton interaction of the pure Manakov model (without perturbations, V (x) 0) and with vanishing cross-modulation α 2 = 0; 5-soliton configurations and transitions between different asymptotic regimes; 5-soliton configurations and transitions under the effect of external potential and evaluate its effect as a perturbation.

19 Criterium for perturbation The effect of the potential on the soliton train can be viewed as an adiabatic perturbation, namely H V H 0 H V = H 0 = dx V (x)( u, u)(x, t), dx (( u x, u x ) 12 ) ( u, u) 2. (13) If the ratio H V / H 0 ε then the PCTC matches very well the soliton trajectories of the perturbed Manakov model. If this ratio is of the order of 1 then the potential strongly prevails the soliton interactions and determines the soliton dynamics. Remark: H 0 and H V depend on the soliton parameters. The leading term of H 0, however, depends only on ν k and µ k, while H V depends substantially also on the positions ξ k of the solitons and their number.

20 Criterium for perturbation H 0 8 H Vanh = H Vper = H V ww = N k=1 N k=1 ( ) µ 2 k ν2 k ν3 k, 3 (4ν k V anh (ξ k ) + π2 24ν k V anh (ξ k) + N πaω cos(ωξ k + Ω 0 ) ( ) ; sinh πω 4ν k k=1 V (x) u NS 2 = V (x) k 7π4 960ν 3 k V 4 ) ; u k 2 = c 0 H 0. (14)

21 Example 1 Figure: 1. V Hh = x 2, H V h H %.

22 Example 2 Figure: 2. V Hh = (x + 15) 2, H V h H %.

23 Example 3 Figure: 3. V Hper = A cos π 4 x, A = , H Vper H %.

24 Example 4 Figure: 4. V Hper = A cos π 4 x, A = , H Vper H %.

25 Example 5 Figure: 5. V (x) = 0.001x 2, M. D. Todorov HVh H0 = 1198% Multisoliton Interaction of Gross-Pitaevsky Equation

26 Example 6 Figure: 6. VHh = 0.001x 2, M. D. Todorov HVh H0 = 26.1% Multisoliton Interaction of Gross-Pitaevsky Equation

27 Example 7 Figure: 7. V Hh = x 2, H V h H 0 = 11.98%.

28 Example 8 Figure: 8. V Hh = x 2, H V h H 0 = 12.87%.

29 Example 9 Figure: 9. VHh = (x 32)2, M. D. Todorov HVh H0 = 60.82%. Multisoliton Interaction of Gross-Pitaevsky Equation

30 Bibliography O. Morsch, and M. Oberthaler. Dynamics of Bose-Einstein condensates in optical lattices, Rev. Mod. Phys., 78, 179, J. Moser. Finitely many mass points on the line under the influence of an exponential potential an integrable system. in Dynamical Systems, Theory and Applications. Lecture Notes in Physics, vol. 38, Springer, 1975, p V.I. Karpman, V.V. Solov ev. A perturbational approach to the two-soliton systems. Physica D 3: , T. R. Taha and M. J. Ablowitz. Analytical and numerical aspects of certain nonlinear evolution equations. ii. numerical, Schrödinger equation. J. Comp. Phys., 55: , C. I. Christov, S. Dost, and G. A. Maugin. Inelasticity of soliton collisions in system of coupled NLS equations. Physica Scripta, 50: , 1994.

31 Bibliography V.S. Gerdjikov, E.G. Dyankov, D.J. Kaup, G.L. Diankov, I.M. Uzunov. Stability and quasi-equidistant propagation of NLS soliton trains. Physics Letters A 241: , V. S. Gerdjikov. N-soliton interactions, the Complex Toda Chain and stability of NLS soliton trains. In E. Kriezis (Ed), Proceedings of the International Symposium on Electromagnetic Theory, vol. 1, pp , Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece, V.S. Gerdjikov, E.V. Doktorov, N.P. Matsuka. N-soliton train and Generalized Complex Toda Chain for Manakov System. Theor. Math. Phys. 151: , M. D. Todorov and C. I. Christov. Conservative scheme in complex arithmetic for coupled nonlinear Schrödinger equations. Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems, Supplement: , 2007

32 Bibliography M. D. Todorov and C. I. Christov. Impact of the Large Cross-Modulation Parameter on the Collision Dynamics of Quasi-Particles Governed by Vector NLSE. Journal of Mathematics and Computers in Simulation, 80: 46 55, R. Goodman. Hamiltonian Hopf bifurcations and dynamics of NLS/GP standing-wave modes. J. Phys. A: Math. Theor., 44: (28pp), V.S. Gerdjikov and M.D. Todorov. On the Effects of sech-like Potentials on Manakov Solitons. AIP Conf. Proc. 1561, pp , 2013, Melville, NY,

33 Bibliography V.S. Gerdjikov and M.D. Todorov. N-soliton interactions for the Manakov system. Effects of external potentials. In: R. Carretero-Gonzalez et al. (eds.), Localized Excitations in Nonlinear Complex Systems, Nonlinear Systems and Complexity 7, , DOI / , Springer International Publishing Switzerland. M. D. Todorov, V. S. Gerdjikov and A. V. Kyuldjiev. Modeling Interactions of Soliton Trains. Effects of External Potentials. AIP Conf. Proc. 1629, pp , 2014, Melville, NY, V.S. Gerdjikov, M.D. Todorov and A.V. Kyuldjiev. Asymptotic Behavior of Manakov Solitons: Effects of Potential Wells and Humps. in preparation

34 Thanks Thank you for your kind attention!