T. D. Lee. RIKEN BNL Research Center RBRC. The Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider RHIC

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1 T. D. Lee The Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider RHIC RIKEN BNL Research Center RBRC Presented by Nick Samios, co-authored by L. McLerran T.D. Lee 80 th Birthday Symposium, Beijing, China, Nov

2 T.D. Lee: Teacher Colleague Mentor Administrator Friend Always listen carefully to what TD says and you will greatly benefit

3 Origins of RHIC: Workshop on BeV Collisions of Heavy Ions: How and Why Nov 29 - Dec Bear Mountain New York Introduction and Summary: The history of physics teaches us that profound revolutions arise from a gradual perception that certain observations can be accommodated only by radical departures from current thinking. The workshop addressed itself to the intriguing question of the possible existence of a nuclear world quite different from the one we have learned to accept as familiar and stable. Leon Lederman and Joseph Weneser It would be interesting to explore new phenomena by distributing high energy or high nuclear density over a relatively large volume. T. D. Lee

4 Lee Wick Matter Is our vacuum stable? Vacuum is not true ground state: Tunneling Could hadronic collisions make such a transition? In this way one could temporarily restore broken symmetries of the physical vacuum and possibly create novel abnormal dense states of nuclear matter T. D. Lee and G. C. Wick Inflation of the universe from such transitions

5 Genesis of thinking about High Density Matter Early papers: 1950: Energy production and pp Reactions in white dwarfs : Turbulence in hydrodynamics and magnetohydrodynamics 1952: Statistical theory of equation of state and phase transitions (with C. N. Yang) At Statistical Mechanics of Quarks and Gluons, 1980, Bielefeld (first Quark Matter meeting) Is the Vacuum a Physical Medium? First papers were presented on lattice gauge theory at finite temperature Much discussion about heavy ion collisions 1982: Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions and Future Physics Snowmass Summer Study

6 R H I C Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider Heaviest nuclei: Gold-Gold Polarized protons: 70% 200 GeV/A x 200 GeV/A (20TeV x 20 TeV) 250 GeV x 250 GeV RHIC arose in the aftermath of the Isabelle/CBA cancellation in GeV x 400 GeV high luminosity pp collider Innovative design with 2 in 1 superconducting magnets, similar to those being used in LHC 1983: Isabelle/CBA Cancelled Quark Matter Meeting at BNL Endorse RHIC in Nuclear Physics Long Range Plan RHIC constructed by 1999

7 BNL Associate Lab Directors during this time: R. Palmer R. Adair L. Trueman M Schwartz T. Kirk

8 RHIC Advisory Committee

9 Four detectors 1200 Physicists 50 Countries 2000 Publications

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11 Initial state CGC Hydrodynamic Expansion Quark Gluon Plasma Hadronic Phase Meson Gas Pre-equilibrium Glasma Hadronization Major New Discovery at RHIC: A New State of Matter Hot: T ~ 200 MeV Dense: GeV/Fm^3 Very strong interacting: sqgp Must explore and understand properties of this new form of matter

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13 Jets Modified by the Medium Pedestal&flow subtracted Away side suppression 4 < p T (trig) < 6 GeV/c p T (assoc) > 2 GeV/c

14 y Elliptic Flow (V2) momentum space Au p y Au x p x Initial spatial anisotropy Strong pressure gradients v 2 Azimuthal anisotropy dn/dφ = V 2 cos2 (φ - ψ) + Sensitivity to early expansion

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16 Proton Proton Total Cross Section

17 Lattice Gauge Calculations

18 Center dedicated to the study of strong interactions, including spin physics, lattice QCD, and RHIC physics through the nurturing of a new generation of young physicists Established in 1997 In my meeting with Dr. Arima, our conversation turned to the subject of scientific creativity and the best way to nurture it. The Niels Bohr Institute played an essential role in the development of quantum mechanics in the 1920 s. At that time, Bohr had already formulated his quantization rule and Einstein had completed his Theory of Relativity. A new generation of physicists went through the Bohr Institute, including Heisenberg, Dirac, Paul, Nishina, and others. While Bohr and Einstein were still active at that time, they did not discover quantum mechanics. Quantum mechanics was created by this new group of young physicists, mostly in their twenties. T. D. Lee

19 Inauguration of RBRC Sep 22,1997

20 Physics Interests of RBRC Spin RHIC Spin: gluon polarization sensitivity RHIC Polarized Collider 2005 Prelim. PHENIX pi Project. Absolute Polarimeter (H jet) PHOBOS Siberian Snakes PHENIX RHIC pc Polarimeters BRAHMS & PP2PP Siberian Snakes 40% Scale uncertainty not included Pol. H - Source Spin Rotators (longitudinal polarization) LINAC 200 MeV Polarimeter BOOSTER AGS STAR Spin Rotators (longitudinal polarization) Helical Partial Siberian Snake Final STAR jet 2006 Project. (data on tape) Strong AGS Snake AGS pc Polarimeter 2006: 1 MHz collision rate; P=0.6 Spin structure of hadrons Origin in valence quarks, sea quarks, glue?

21 Matter at Highest Energy Density The matter made at RHIC The matter inside of neutron stars Color superconductivity? The matter which controls high energy scattering Color Glass Condensate?

22 How are strongly interacting particles made from quarks and gluons?

23 QCDSP.6 Tflop QCDOC 2x10 Tflop RBRC and DOE Father of the IBM Blue-Gene Hadron Spectroscopy QCD at Finite T CKM matrix elements Precision QCD Gordon Bell Prize for Computing Performance 1998

24 RBRC Theorists 10 Experimentalists 18 University Fellows past and present 14 now are tenured 6 Outstanding Junior Investigator Awards Over 60 workshops on spin, properties of high density matter and lattice gauge theory New Discoveries at RHIC May 2004

25 Khan Tengri For T. D. Lee A young man scaled the mountain Khan Tengri. The sun wove rainbows in the blowing snow. Entranced, he stayed there as the colors changed, Until the stars became his only light. Khan Tengri, by Alex Schwarzkopf Teardrop Lake, South Sister, by K. Anderson Some say he talked with spirits in the night, While others thought him crazed by lack of air. Still, in the morning he strode from the fog, The Tien-Shan rising spires at his back. He taught to all his love of mountain heights - The source of streams that flow from glacial walls Past creatures crossing meadows crisp with frost Down to the slopes where lofty cedars rise. Faces turn skyward, children dream of peaks. New climbers go in search of routes that mount Through thinning air and wind that pierces bone To reach the views no other eye has seen. Alice and Larry McLerran

26 T. D. Lee Physicist: Of the Highest Rank Visionary Strategist Manager Artist