Studies of QCD Matter From E178 at NAL to CMS at LHC
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1 Studies of QCD Matter From E178 at NAL to CMS at LHC Wit Busza MIT Wit Busza Fermilab Colloquium, May
2 The Study of the Condensed Matter of QCD, more commonly known as Relativistic Heavy Ion Physics Aim of talk: - What this field is all about - The current status of our knowledge of relativistic heavy ion collisions - How a particle physicist (me!) got involved in this physics The talk will be subjective. It is not a review and no attempt is made to point out who obtained first a particular result Wit Busza Fermilab Colloquium, May
3 Why so much effort invested to study relativistic heavy ion collisions? Wit Busza Fermilab Colloquium, May
4 QED: few ingredients, yet QCD: ingredients richer & greater variety, yet Gases Liquids Solids PC Rabbit running around Fermilab result is boring Hadrons Nucleons Nuclei Wit Busza Fermilab Colloquium, May
5 We live in a world that is just right for a magnificent variety of QED phenomena and simply wrong for QCD phenomena Wit Busza Fermilab Colloquium, May
6 Crucial difference between QED & QCD - the role of vacuum fluctuations screening anti-screening confinement It is only at extremely high densities, with quarks and gluons very close to each other that the vacuum is no longer important asymptotic freedom freedom from slavery Wit Busza Fermilab Colloquium, May
7 Enrico Fermi Notes on thermodynamics and Statistics, 1953 Wit Busza Fermilab Colloquium, May
8 Based on this discussion a possible phase diagram of the QCD world Temperature (Energy Density) ~ 200 MeV Quarks deconfined and weakly interacting Quark Gluon Plasma Chiral Symmetry Restored Quarks Confined Hadrons In short, in this region the world is not dominated by the vacuum Chiral Condensate Nucleon/fm 3 Baryon Density or Baryon Chemical Potential Wit Busza Fermilab Colloquium, May
9 There was a time when QGP conditions did exist in our universe visible universe grapefruit solar system QGP s 10-5 s K K Wit Busza Fermilab Colloquium, May
10 So where do we find or how do we create such matter now? - look inside neutron stars that s difficult! - Compress ordinary matter in the jaws of a press no jaws are hard enough! How about collisions of relativistic heavy ions? - possible problem: it could be a bust! the outcome could be just the superposition of nucleon-nucleon collisions without much deposition of energy Wit Busza Fermilab Colloquium, May
11 Digress: Questions from the early 1970 s - Mechanism of particle production in pp collisions? - Space-Time evolution of the production process? or From E178 proposal Wit Busza Fermilab Colloquium, May
12 study of multiparticle production in pa collisions ( ) Stage 1: hodoscope W. B and C. Young, Meeting on the HE collisions involving nuclei, Trieste 1974 Stage 2: (J.E. Elias et al., PR D22 (1980) 13) Wit Busza Fermilab Colloquium, May
13 First observation of N part - scaling or wounded nucleon -scaling E178: pa data S NN =9.7 GeV 13.7 GeV 19.6 GeV Data for different (=N part -1) W. Busza et al., PRL 34 (1975) 836 J. Elias et al., PR D22 (1980) 13 Wit Busza Fermilab Colloquium, May
14 Participant (N part ) Scaling Example of collision with N part = 5 + = PHOBOS PHOBOS: W. Busza, Acta Phys. Pol. B35 (2004)2873 E178: W.Busza et al. PRL34 (1975) 836 or wounded nucleons Wit Busza Fermilab Colloquium, May
15 E178 led to E451: study of the rapidity loss by a baryon as it passes through various targets Δy 2.0 for relativistic baryon passing through a large nucleus i.e. it deposits 85% of its energy! ( independent of energy) WB and Freddie Goldhaber, Phys.Lett. 139B (1984) 235 Wit Busza Fermilab Colloquium, May
16 Lessons from E178 and E451 - Higher and higher energy densities will be created as the energy of colliding nuclei increases and should exceed the critic value at RHIC - Discovered participant scaling and with it a crucial observable quantity for characterizing the centrality, or impact parameter, of AA collisions - Discovered extended longitudinal scaling (related to phenomenon of saturation) For me: - There are interesting not understood phenomena in many body QCD - Much can be learnt from simple experiments (this led to PHOBOS, one of the small experiments at RHIC) Wit Busza Fermilab Colloquium, May
17 On earth, only realistic hope of finding and studying the QGP is through heavy ion collisions Heavy Ion Accelerators: Bevalac, SIS AGS SPS snn = 3GeV 5GeV 20GeV Heavy Ion Colliders: RHIC LHC CMS PHOBOS STAR PHENIX BRAHMS ALICE ATLAS First Au beams in 2000 Top energy snn = 0.2TeV First Pb beams in 2010 Top energy snn = 2.8TeV Wit Busza Fermilab Colloquium, May
18 Heavy ion collisions constitute a splendid laboratory for studying the condensed matter of QCD - You can adjust the initial energy density by changing the energy of the colliding nuclei - You can adjust the shape of the initial system by selecting collisions with different impact parameter (through selection of events with different number of participants) - System is self diagnosing (scattered hard partons x-ray the system) Wit Busza Fermilab Colloquium, May
19 Head-on PbPb collision at LHC produces > 40, 000 particles and energy density > 5 GeV/fm 3 Wit Busza Fermilab Colloquium, May
20 Studies of heavy ion collisions, in particular those at RHIC and the LHC, in the last 12 years have led to The standard picture of heavy ion collisions Wit Busza Fermilab Colloquium, May
21 As seen in any frame in which both nuclei are still moving with relativistic velocity Wit Busza Fermilab Colloquium, May
22 LHC RHIC Temperature or Energy density The standard picture of heavy ion collisions Terra incognita Equilibrated strongly interacting system best described with quark & gluon degrees of freedom QGP redefined to be the state found in this region well described by relativistic hydrodynamics almost perfect relativistic fluid ( /s ~minimum possible) e ~ 1GeV fm 3 T ~ 180 MeV mid-rapidity Forward hadrons Color superconductor slabs of energy collide Baryon Density or Baryon chemical potential Wit Busza Fermilab Colloquium, May
23 Crucial facts that have led to the standard picture of heavy ion collisions: - initial energy density > 1 GeV/fm 3 - The transition to the QGP is a rapid cross-over - Azimuthal anisotropy consistent with extremely rapid ( <1 fm/c ) production of a very strongly interacting state which flows as an almost perfect relativistic fluid. - Strong suppression of jets and hadrons again consistent with the production of a very strongly interacting medium - Comparison of the flow of different particles suggests that before hadronization the system which is flowing has quark degrees of freedom - All of the above consistent with numerical ab-initio solution of QCD on a space-time lattice Wit Busza Fermilab Colloquium, May
24 Numerical ab-initio solution of QCD on a space-time lattice Stefan-Boltzman Above T = 1000 T c ε/t 4 > 95% SB 24 Hadron-gas Quark-Gluon Plasma Cross-over at TC 170MeV Wit Busza Fermilab Colloquium, May 2012
25 Azimuthal Angular Distributions Phobos data Amplitude of oscillations dn p T dp T dydj ( p,j,b) = dn T ( ( ) + ) 2pp T dp T dy 1+ 2v p 2( ;b T )cos 2j Phobos data for 130 and 200 GeV head on view of colliding nuclei Peripheral Central This was the first direct evidence of collective effects and of the short times needed to produce a matter that flows Wit Busza Fermilab Colloquium, May
26 At LHC you have to be blind not to see hydrodynamic behaviour On-line displays of CMS events. EM and hadronic energy in the transverse plane at mid-rapidity is shown Wit Busza Fermilab Colloquium, May
27 Jet quenching the second indication that the QGP is very strongly interacting balanced jets in pp Unbalanced jets in PbPb Jet 420GeV Jet 430GeV Jet 260GeV Jet 100GeV Wit Busza Fermilab Colloquium, May
28 Indirect evidence that the fluid which is flowing has quark degrees of freedom v 2 v 2 / n q Scaling p T (GeV/c) KE T / n q Note: ( 1+ 2v 2 cos2j +...) 2 =1+ 4v 2 cos2j + 3 ( 1+ 2v 2 cos2j +... ) 2 =1+ 4v 6 2 cos2j + Wit Busza Fermilab Colloquium, May
29 We are now trying to get a more quantitative understanding of heavy ion collisions and of the properties of the QGP Wit Busza Fermilab Colloquium, May
30 Fourier analysis of azimuthal anisotropy: dn p T dp T dydj p T,j,b ( ) = dn 2p p T dp T dy 1+ 2v 2 ( p T ;b)cos 2j ( ( ) + ) Relative magnitude of v2 and v3 correctly predicted by hydrodynamic calculations with extremely low value of η/s Wit Busza Fermilab Colloquium, May
31 Shear Viscosity Olympiad Shear viscosity/entropy density Water ~45 Ultra-cold atoms at Feshbach resonance ~0.5 Quark-Gluon Plasma in heavy-ion collisions < 0.2 N=4SYM in strong coupling limit (using gauge gravity duality) 1/(4π) From Gunther Roland Wit Busza Fermilab Colloquium, May
32 2011: CMS detected 3000 photon-jet pairs in 10 9 PbPb collisions Photon 191GeV Jet 98GeV Jet 190GeV Photon 190GeV Unbalanced photon-jet event in PbPb Balanced photon-jet event in proton-proton Wit Busza Fermilab Colloquium, May
33 PbPb->Z and PbPb->Photons show that quenching is not an initial state interaction PbPb-> Z PbPb-> Photons Wit Busza Fermilab Colloquium, May
34 Energy lost by the quenched jet is distributed over almost the complete solid angle. The energy goes into low momentum particles(<4gev) Quenched jet fragments in the same way as a normal jet with a lower energy No broadening of quenched jet PbPb PbPb pp pp pp Angle between photon and jet Observations suggest that the parton energy loss is through heating the medium rather than through radiation Wit Busza Fermilab Colloquium, May
35 This new QCD medium seems to dissolve large states, e.g. the larger Υ states pp PbPb (2S 3S) (1S ) (2S 3S) (1S ) pp 0.14 ( 2S 3S) (1S ) PbPb (2S 3S) (1S ) pp 0 PbPb Wit Busza Fermilab Colloquium, May
36 Surprise in highest multiplicity pp collisions: a ridge (long range correlation in rapidity) is seen, similar to that in heavy ion collisions Lead-Lead 2.76TeV, 0-5% central Proton-Proton 7TeV, N>110 CMS JHEP 1009:091 (2010) p T,1 : 4-6 GeV/c p T,2 : 2-4 GeV/c p T,1 : 1-3 GeV/c p T,2 : 1-3 GeV/c From Wei Li Wit Busza Fermilab Colloquium, May
37 The study of the condensed matter of QCD has begun and there is no shortage of surprises QGP is a moving target In my opinion, the following are still far from being understood: - What happens during and immediately after an AA collision? (what is the origin of the rapid production of the fluid that flows? Does this follow from features seen in gauge gravity duality as suggested by Chesler?) - The mechanism of jet quenching (radiation or heating of the medium?) - Where is the critical point in the QCD phase diagram? - The early stages of particle production in pp collisions (are we beginning to see AA behaviour?) Wit Busza Fermilab Colloquium, May
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