Physics with Tagged Forward Protons using the STAR Detector at RHIC. The Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider The pp2pp Experiment STAR 2009

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1 Physics with Tagged Forward Protons using the STAR Detector at RHIC The Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider The pp2pp Experiment STAR 2009

2 Elastic and Diffractive Processes Elastic scattering Detect protons in very forward direction with Roman Pots Single diffractive dissociation Detect one proton with RP and M X in forward STAR detector Central production Detect both protons in forward direction plus M X in central STAR detector (SVT, TPC, )

3 The RHIC Accelerator Designed for colliding heavy ion beams Need two separate beam lines with individual transport magnets except in the interaction regions Can also collide identical particles, like polarized protons For collision of polarized proton beams need Polarized proton source Magnets to maintain polarization as much as possible (vertically) Polarization measurement (to about 5%) Magnets to change polarization from transverse to longitudinal

4 Birds Eye View of RHIC

5 The RHIC Accelerator PHOBOS Absolute Polarimeter (H jet) Siberian Snakes RHIC pc Polarimeters Siberian Snakes BRAHMS PHENIX Pol. H - Source Spin Rotators (longitudinal polarization) Solenoid Partial Siberian Snake LINAC BOOSTER Helical Partial Siberian Snake 200 MeV Polarimeter AGS AGS Internal Polarimeter Rf Dipole STAR Spin Rotators (longitudinal polarization) AGS pc Polarimeters Strong Helical AGS Snake Spin flipper

6 The RHIC pp Run proton bunches per beam (120 bunch structure) protons per bunch (design ) Beam momentum 100 GeV/c (design up to 250 GeV/c) Fill life time about one shift of eight hours Polarization about 0.6 (design 0.7)

7 Elastic pp-scattering at RHIC Studies the dynamics and spin dependence of the hadronic interaction through elastic scattering of polarized protons in unexplored cms energy range of 50 GeV < s < 500 GeV, in the range of GeV 2 t 1.5 GeV 2, covering region of Coulomb interaction for t < 10 3 GeV 2 Measure total cross section σ tot access imaginary part of scattering amplitude via optical theorem Hadronic interaction for GeV 2 t 1 GeV 2 tot and Measure forward diffraction cone slope b STAR M Interference between Coulomb and hadronic interaction (CNI-region) Measure ratio of real and imaginary part of forward scattering amplitude ρ 0 and extract its real part using measured σ tot tot

8 Differential Elastic Cross Section For Proton-Proton Scattering dn dt 4 π ( α G E 2 ) 2 t ( 1 + ρ 2 ) σ tot2 e +bt 16 π ( ρ + Φ ) α G 2 E σ tot e + 2 bt Φ = Coulomb Phase G E = Proton Electric Form Factor t 1 pp2pp 2002 Nuclear Term Combined Term Coulomb Term Input : σ tot = 52 mb ρ = 0.13 b = 14 GeV -2 Values for s = 200 GeV Interference Term

9 pp Elastic Scattering Amplitudes The helicity amplitudes describe elastic proton-proton scattering φ 1 (s,t ) <++ M ++> φ 2 (s,t ) <++ M > φ 3 (s,t ) <+ M + > φ 4 (s,t ) <+ M +> φ 5 (s,t ) <++ M + > (= φ flip ) φ n (s,t ) <h 3 h 4 M h 1 h 2 > with h x = s-channel helicity p 1 = -p 2 incoming protons p 3 = -p 4 scattered protons 1 φ + (s,t ) = (φ 1 (s,t ) + φ 3 (s,t ) ) = φ no-flip 2 Measure d 2 σ dt dϕ d σ 8 π σ tot = Im [φ + (s,t ) ] s t=0 d σ dt σ T = 2 π = ( φ φ φ φ φ 5 2 ) s 2 8 π s Im [φ 2 (s,t ) ] t=0 = σ - σ 2π = ( 1 + (P B + P Y ) A N cosϕ + P B P Y ( A NN cos 2 ϕ + A SS sin 2 ϕ ) ) dt

10 Single Spin Asymmetry Single spin asymmetry A N of transversely polarized protons arises in CNI region from interference of hadronic non-flip with electromagnetic spin-flip amplitude Measure dependence of t to probe for interference contribution from hadronic spin-flip amplitude with electromagnetic amplitude Disentangle Real and Imaginary part of hadronic spin flip contribution by measuring shift or slope change of A N with possible zero crossing A N (t ) = 1 P Y cosϕ N (t) + N (t) - N (t) - N (t) N (t) + N (t) + N (t) + N (t) for small t r 5 = Im ( φ em * flip φ had had no-flip + φ flip * em φ no-flip ) d σ / dt m p - t φ had 5 Im ( φ had + ) dn With N(t ) = dt P Y = beam pol. ϕ = azimuth

11 Double Spin Asymmetries Measure A NN and A SS with transversely polarized protons to find limit on detectable Odderon, C = -1 partner of the Pomeron, contribution to interference between φ 1 and φ 2 Pomeron and Odderon out of phase by about 90 o at t = 0 A NN (t ) = 1 P Y P B cos 2 ϕ N (t) + N (t) - N (t) - N (t) N (t) + N (t) + N (t) + N (t) Re ( φ no-flip φ 2 * ) d σ / dt A SS (t ) = 1 N (t) + N (t) - N (t) - N (t) P Y P B sin 2 ϕ N (t) + N (t) + N (t) + N (t) Re ( φ * no-flip φ 2 ) d σ / dt for small t

12 Beam Polarization Measurement Measuring the analyzing power A N by scattering one (polarized) proton beam off a polarized hydrogen jet of known polarization at s = 13.7 GeV and s = 6.7 GeV Used for simultaneous calibration of proton-carbon CNI polarimeter Stable hydrogen jet target of atoms/cm 2

13 Jet-Target Results for A N and A NN Measurement of A N at s = 13.7 GeV in agreement with assumption of no hadronic spin-flip contribution to scattering amplitude Not the case for measurement at s = 6.7 GeV (statistically limited) Measurement of A NN consistent with zero H. Okada et al., AIP Conf.Proc.915:681 (2007)

14 Experimental Technique Elastically scattered protons have very small scattering angle Θ *, hence beam transport magnets determine trajectory of scattered protons The optimal position for the detectors is where scattered protons are well separated from beam protons Need Roman Pot to measure scattered protons close to the beam without breaking accelerator vacuum

15 Principle of Measurement Elastically forward scattered protons have very small scattering angle θ * Beam transport magnets determine trajectory of beam and scattered protons Scattered protons need to be well separated from the beam protons Need Roman Pot to measure scattered protons close to beam Beam transport equations relate measured position at detector to scattering angle x = a 11 x 0 + L eff θ * x Optimize so that a 11 small and L eff large θ x = a 12 x 0 + a 22 θ * x x 0 can be calculated by measuring θ x (2 nd RP) Similar equations for y-coordinate Neglect terms mixing x- and y-coordinate in above equations x : Position at Detector θ x : Angle at Detector x 0 : Position at Interaction Point θ x : Scattering Angle at IP *

16 Beam Transport RP Positions S. Tepikian

17 pp2pp Experimental Setup 2003 Roman Pot above beam to IR Roman Pot below beam

18 STAR Experimental Setup 2009 Roman Pot above beam to IR Roman Pot below beam

19 Silicon Detector 400 micron thick Silicon Good Position Resolution with Strip Pitch ~100 micron Distance between first strip and edge about 500 micron

20 2009 Data Taking Conditions Five days of data taking with high β * = 21 m beam tune Beam momentum p = 100 GeV/c 111 proton bunches per beam Beam scraped to emittance ε 12 π 10-6 m and luminosity cm -2 sec -1 Beam polarization P B + P Y = ± ± 4.4% Very high detector efficiency with 5 dead/noisy strips in 14,000 active strips 20 million reconstructed elastic scattering events Background less than 1%

21 Silicon Detector Efficiency After excluding hot/noisy strips 5 dead strips for ~14,000 strips in active area (acceptance)

22 Elastic Hit Pattern Hit distribution of scattered protons within 3σ - correlation cut reconstructed using the nominal beam transport Top detector Agreement between Monte Carlo simulation and data Inner detector t<0.005 (Gev/c) 2 Outer detector 0.005< t< < t< < t< < t Bottom detector

23 Experimental Raw Asymmetries All four possible relative spin orientations available Can use square-root formula to avoid normalization for A N ( PB + PY ) AN cos ϕ N ( ϕ) N ( π + ϕ) N ( ϕ) N ( π + ϕ) εn ( ϕ) = = 1 + δ ( ϕ) N ( ϕ) N ( π + ϕ) + N ( ϕ) N ( π + ϕ) B ε ( ϕ ) = P A cos ϕ = N B N + + N ( ϕ ) N ( π + ϕ ) N ( ϕ ) N ( π + ϕ ) B B B B + + N ( ϕ ) N ( π + ϕ ) + N ( ϕ ) N ( π + ϕ ) B B B B ( P ) cos ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) B PY AN ϕ N ϕ N π + ϕ N ϕ N π + ϕ ε N ( ϕ) = = 1 δ ( ϕ) N ( ϕ) N ( π + ϕ) + N ( ϕ) N ( π + ϕ) δ ϕ ϕ ϕ 2 2 ( ) = PB PY ( ANN cos + ASS sin ) < 0.01 << 1

24 Analyzing Power Measurement 2009 ε N = A N P for one bin with < -t > = GeV/c 2 ε N ε B N

25 Analyzing Power Measurement 2009 ε N = A N P for one bin with < -t > = GeV/c 2 ε Y N ε N

26 Analyzing Power Measurement 2009 A N ( t) = t m [ κ c ( 1 ρ δ ) + 2( δ Re r Im r )] 2( Re r ρ Im r ) tc t tc 2 ( ρ + δ ) + ( 1 + ρ ) t t t 5 5 Only statistical errors shown r 5 = m p - t φ had 5 Im ( φ had + )

27 Comparison with Calculations Impact picture calculation predicts b = GeV -2 Expectation for A N at s = 500 GeV C. Bourrely, J. Soffer, T.T. Wu, arxiv: (2007)

28 Double Spin Asymmetry A SS Prediction for A SS at cms energy of 200 GeV for different spin-flip coupling constants β and zero nonflip coupling Solid line for zero spin-flip coupling Data points from pp2pp measurement 2003 Cannot rule out Odderon with modest spin-flip coupling T.L. Trueman, Spin asymmetries for elastic proton scattering and the spin-dependent couplings of the Pomeron PRD 77, (2008)

29 Double Spin Asymmetry ε NN Cannot use square-root formula Use normalized count rates K Use STAR beam-beam counters and vertex position detectors Both covering 2π acceptance Good agreement for single-spin asymmetries analyzed both ways ε ϕ = ϕ + ϕ = 2 2 NN ( ) PB PY ( ANN cos ASS sin ) ( K ( ϕ) + K ( ϕ)) ( K ( ϕ) + K ( ϕ)) = ( K ( ϕ) + K ( ϕ)) + ( K ( ϕ) + K ( ϕ))

30 Double Spin Asymmetry ε NN Both double spin asymmetries A NN and A SS very small Need more systematic studies ε ϕ = ϕ + ϕ = 2 2 NN ( ) PB PY ( ANN cos ASS sin ) ( K ( ϕ) + K ( ϕ)) ( K ( ϕ) + K ( ϕ)) = ( K ( ϕ) + K ( ϕ)) + ( K ( ϕ) + K ( ϕ))

31 Adding Roman Pots to STAR Phase I very similar to setup at BRAHMS Added STAR central detection capability very good central particle ID and p T resolution Study elastic and diffractive scattering Phase II adding Roman Pots between dipole magnets DX and D0 Extends kinematic range ( -t < 1.5 GeV 2 /c 2 for s = 500 GeV) Beam pipe between dipole magnets needs to be rebuild

32 Central Production at STAR Detect both scattered protons in Roman Pots Resonance state at mid-rapidity depends on transferred transverse momentum dp T = p T1 - p T2 (CERN WA 102) For large dp T qq meson states are dominant For small dp T resonances may include glueball candidates produced in Double Pomeron Exchange Glueballs likely to decay with emission of η mesons F.E. Close, Rep. Prog. Phys. 51 (1988) 833. D. Barberis et al. (WA 102), Phys. Lett. B 479 (2000) 59.

33 Central Production at STAR In central region use Central Trigger Barrel to veto cosmic events (top and bottom veto) select low multiplicity events in north and south quadrants of STAR From Y. Gorbunov

34 Low Multiplicity Events at STAR ρ 0 virtual photoproduction in ultra peripheral Au-Au collisions at 200 GeV cms energy Select events with two tracks (π + π - ) of the same vertex in opposite quadrants of STAR B.I. Abelev, et al. (STAR Collaboration), Phys. Rev. C 77, (2008).

35 Phase II Simulated Kinematic Range for Elastically Scattered Protons Data taking concurrent with standard proton beam tune (using β * = 1 m) Using Hector simulation program (J. de Favereau, X. Rouby) Detector positioned between DX and D0 (around z = 18 m) 200 x 100 mm 2 sensitive silicon detector area (15 mm distance to beam) 100 GeV/c proton beam momentum 250 GeV/c proton beam momentum

36 Phase II Simulated Acceptance for Elastically Scattered Protons t -Acceptance integrated over the azimuthal angle φ 100 GeV/c proton beam momentum 250 GeV/c proton beam momentum t t

37 Outlook Phase I Measure in Run 09 and future runs elastic and diffractive scattering at cms energy of 200 GeV and (GeV/c) 2 < -t < (GeV/c) 2 and 500 GeV Need special data taking run with proton beam tune of β * 20 m Phase II Add Roman Pot detectors between DX and D0 magnets at 17 and 18 m positions to increase t - range to a maximum of -t < 1.5 (GeV/c) 2 for cms energy of 500 GeV Data taking for Phase II does not require special beam tune

38 Additional Slides

39 Double Spin Asymmetry Result A NN Average < t > = (GeV/c) 2 A NN = ± (stat.+nor.) ± (sys.) Large errors do not really allow to discriminate between model predictions Curves for s = 14 GeV s = 200 GeV s = 500 GeV T. L. Trueman, arxiv:hep-ph/ (2006) a) No Odderon spin coupling b) Weak Odderon spin coupling (like Pomeron) c) Strong Odderon spin coupling

40 Double Spin Asymmetry Result A SS Average < t > = (GeV/c) 2 A SS = ± (stat.+nor.) ± (sys.) But < -t > A SS A SS (stat.) Results maybe weakly favour no or weak Odderon spin coupling T. L. Trueman, arxiv:hep-ph/ (2006) a) No Odderon spin coupling b) Weak Odderon spin coupling (like Pomeron) c) Strong Odderon spin coupling

41 Phase I at STAR with 200 GeV Special beam tune of β * = 20 m Luminosity cm -2 sec -1 Four days of data taking Two Roman Pot stations at each 58 m position from IP Elastic rate of 400 Hz ( events) DPE rate of 8 Hz ( events) Elastic trigger using Roman Pot co-linearity DPE trigger using Roman Pot trigger in same hemisphere plus STAR detector Central Trigger Barrel (or future ToF)

42 Phase I Elastic Scattering with STAR at 200 GeV Expand -t range to GeV 2 /c 2 Maximum of A N for 200 GeV is at -t = GeV 2 /c 2 Need to constrain shape of A N, not only maximum value Y Si Detector X t

43 Phase I Elastic Scattering with STAR at 200 GeV Expected uncertainties for elastic scattering Nuclear slope parameter b = 0.3 (GeV/c) (GeV/c) -2 from 1 st measurement Total cross section σ = 3 mb not measured so far ρ-parameter ρ = 0.01 not measured so far Analyzing power A N = from 1 st measurement Double spin asymmetries A NN = A SS = (0.008) from 1 st measurement

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