Particle Interactions at Very High Energies. PartB

Transcription

1 Particle Interactions at Very High Energies PartB

2 NATO ADVANCED STUDY INSTITUTES SERIES A series of edited volumes comprising multifaceted studies of contemporary scientific issues by some of the best scientific minds in the world, assembled in cooperation with NATO Scientific Mfairs Division. Series B: Physics Volume 1 - Super conducting Machines and Devices edited by S. Foner and B. B. Schwartz Volume 2 - Elementary Excitations in Solids, Molecules, and Atoms (Parts A and B) edited by J. Devreese, A. B. Kunz, and T. C. Collins Volume 3 - Photon Correlation and Light Beating Spectroscopy edited by H. Z. Cummins and E. R. Pike Volume 4 - Particle Interactions at Very High Energies (parts A and B) edited by David Speiser, Francis Halzen, and Jacques Weyers Volume 5 - Renormalization and Invariance in Quantum Field Theory edited by Eduardo R. Caianiello The series is published by an international board of publishers in conjunction with NATO Scientific Mfairs Division A Life Sciences Plenum Publishing Corporation B Physics New York and London C Mathematical and D. Reidel Publishing Company Physical Sciences Dordrecht and Boston D Behavioral and Sijthoff International Publishing Company Social Sciences Leiden E. Applied Sciences Noordhoff International Publishing Leiden

3 Particle Interactions at Very High Energies Part B Edited by David Speiser Institute of Theoretical Physics University of Louvain Louvain, Belgium Francis Halzen Department of Physics University of Wisconsin Madison, Wisconsin and Jacques Weyers CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research Geneva, Switzerland and University of Louvain PLENUM PRESS. NEW YORK AND LONDON Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division

4 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Summer Institute on Particle Interactions at Very High Energies, Louvain, Particle interactions at very high energies. (NATO Advanced Study Institutes series. Series B: Physics, v. 4) Includes bilbliographical references. 1. Nuclear reactions-addresses, essays, lectures. 2. Collisions (Nuclear physics)-addresses, essays, lectures. I. Speiser, David, ed. II. Halzen, Francis, ed. III. Weyers, Jacques, ed. IV. Title. V. Series. QC794.8.H5S ' Lectures presented at the 1973 Summer Institute on Elementary Particle Physics held in Louvain, Belgium ISBN-13: DOl: / Plenum Press, New York Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1974 A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 227 West 17th Street, New York, N.Y e-isbn-13: United Kingdom edition published by Plenum Press, London A Division of Plenum Publishing Company, Ltd. 4a Lower John Street, London WIR 3PD, England All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher

5 PREFACE The Summer Institute on High Energy Physics was the second of this kind organized at Louvain. Four years ago we had already decided to organize a Summer Institute. The first one was conceived in 1970, at Kiev, by D. Speiser, J. Weyers, and G. Zweig, and thanks to a NATO grant took place from August 20th to September 15th 1971, at Louvain in the Groot Begijnhof. All lectures were directed toward one subject: duality. The lecturers were R. Brout (ULB - Bruxelles), D. Fairlie (University of Durham), F. Gilman (SLAC - Stanford), D. Horn (University of Tel Aviv), J. Mandula (Caltech - Pasadena), C. Michael (CERN - Geneva), J. Rosner (University of Minnesota), C. Schmidt (CERN - Geneva), J. Veneziano (The Weizmann Institute), J. Weyers (UCL - Louvain and CERN - Geneval, and G. Zweig (Caltech - Pasadenal. The direction was in the hands of F. Cerulus (KUL - Louvainl, R. Rodenberg (Technische Hochschule, Aachenl, D. Speiser (UCL - Louvainl, and J. Weyers (CERN - Geneval. Unfortunately it was not possible to publish the lecture notes for that Institute. The second Summer Institute on Elementary Particle Physics took place from August 12th to August 25th 1973, again in Louvain. It was initiated in Chicago, in 1972, by F. Halzen (University of Wisconsinl and J. Weyers (UCL - Louvain and CERN - Geneval. Lecturers included R. Carlitz (University of Chicago), F. Gilman (SLAC - Stanford), F. Halzen (University of Wisconsin), D. Horn (University of Tel Aviv), M. Jacob (CERN - Geneva), J. Mandula (Caltech - Pasadenal, J. Sens (CERN - Geneva), M. Veltman (Utrecht and CERN - Geneval, and J. Weyers (UCL - Louvain and CERN - Geneval. Seminars were given by N. Cabibbo (University of Romal, K. Gottfried (CERN - Geneval, J. Morfin (Aachen and CERN - Geneva), W.K. Panofsky (SLAC - Stanford), L. Van Hove (CERN - Geneva and Munich), and C. Heusch (University of California, Santa Cruzl. Like the first Summer Institute, this one also took place in the Groot Begijnhof at Louvain and was intended mainly for postgraduate students and young postdoctoral fellows. We thank the Scientific Committee of NATO for a grant which made this Institute possible and especially its former President, Dr. G. Randers, and its secretary, Dr. T. Kester, for constant v

6 vi PREFACE encouragement and help. We also thank the National Science Foundation of the U.S.A. for travel grants. Thanks are due to the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven and the Universite Catholique de Louvain for putting their facilities at our disposal and for providing support for some participants and to CERN for permitting us to reprint here the lecture by 't Hooft and M. Veltman. We thank our scientific secretaries, Drs R. Gastmans, J. Cleymans, J. Van Parijs, and G. Meuldermans, for their work, and Dr. J.G. de Vooght, Miss de Crombrugghe, Mrs H. Haut, and C. Leroy as well as the administrative secretaries for their help during the school and in preparing this volume. Special thanks are due to F. Cerulus for his constant advice and to L.L. Foldy for leading the discussion sessions. We also thank Plenum Press and Ms. P. Straw for helping us with the editing. But most of all we should like to thank all the lecturers and students for making the school a success. We hope that by making the lectures available in book form many more students will profit from their efforts. The Directors: F. HALZEN R. RODENBERG D. SPEISER J. WEYERS

7 CONTENTS CONTENTS OF VOLUME 4A xiii DEEP INELASTIC SCATTERING AND FINAL STATE HADRONS Frederick J. Gilman I. Introduction. II. Deep Inelastic Scattering and Annihilation 2 A. Inelastic Electron-Nucleon Scattering... 2 B. Inelastic Neutrino- and Antineutrino-Nucleon Scattering C. Electron-Positron Annihilation into Hadrons. 17 III. Some Experimental Results on Final State Hadrons in Inelastic Electron Scattering 19 A. Kinematical Considerations 19 B. An Exclusive Channel : Rho Electroproduction 20 C. An Inclusive Reaction : Production of Pions 23 IV. Some Theoretical Viewpoints on Final State Hadrons in Deep Inelastic Scattering 26 References CONSTITUENT QUARKS AND CURRENT QUARKS J. Weyers I. Constituent Quarks vii

8 viii CONTENTS II. Current Quarks 56 III. The Melosh Transformation 64 IV. Applications A. The Axial Charge B. The Electromagnetic Current 84 Conclusion 91 Acknowledgements 91 References and Notes 91 CHIRAL SYMMETRY AND THE HADRON SPECTRUM R. Carlitz Lecture I: The Chiral SU(3) X SU(3) Algebra. 98 Lecture II: Consequences of Chiral Symmetry.107 Lecture III: Current Quarks and Spectrum Quarks.115 Lecture IV: Consequences of the Melosh Transformation.122 Recommended Reading.129 Acknowledgements PERMANENTLY BOUND QUARKS Jeffrey E. Mandula Sources.131 I. Introduction.132 II. Formulation of the Model.136 A. A~4 Theory as an Example.137 B. The Scalar Wave Equation.138 III. Analysis of the Wave Equation.142 A. Approximate Solution of the Wave Equation.143

9 CONTENTS ix IV. Unconventional Field Theoretic Properties A. Locality. B. The Quark Propagator C. The Cluster-Decomposition Theorem V. Self-Consistency 153 VI. VII. VIII. Multiparticle States A. The Disconnected Approximation B. Multiparticle Self-Consistency Perturbative Treatment Meson Interactions A. Meson Decay B. Perturbative Locality DIAGRAMMAR..... G. 't Hooft and M. Veltman 1. Introduction 2. Definitions 2.1 Definition of the Feynman rules 2.2 A Simple Theorem J Some Examples 2.3 Internal Consistency Definition of the Green's functions 2.5 Definition of the S-Matrix J Some Examples 2.6 Definition of st Definition of Transition Probabilities J Crosssections and Lifetimes Diagrams and Functional Integrals Kallen-Lehmann Representation.. 205

10 x CONTENTS 5. Interim Cut-Off Method: Unitary Regulators Cutting Equations Preliminaries The Largest Time Equation Absorptive Part Causality Dispersion Relations Unitari ty Indefinite Metric Dressed Propagators Canonical Transformations Introduction Path Integrals Diagrams and Field Transformations Local and Non-Local Transformations Concerning the Rigour of the Derivations The Electromagnetic Field Lorentz Gauge; Bell-Treiman Transformations and Ward Identities Lorentz Gauge: S-Matrix and Unitarity Other Gauges: The Faddeev-Popov Ghost The Slavnov-Taylor Identities Equivalence of Gauges Inclusion of Electrons Renormalization 12. Combinatorial Methods Wave-Function

11 CONTENTS xi 13. Regularization and Renormalization General Remarks Dimensional Regularization Method: One-Loop Diagrams Multiloop Diagrams The Algebra of N-Dimensional Integrals Renormalization Overlapping Divergencies The Order of the Poles Order-by-Order Renormalization Renormalization and Slavnov-Taylor Identities Higher Order Counterterms 302 Acknowledgements Appendix A : Feynman Rules 304 Spin-O Particles 304 Spin-1/2 Particles 304 Spin-1 Particles 308 Combinatorial Factors 309 Topology of Quantum Electrodynamics 310 Appendix B: Some Useful Formulae Appendix C: Definition of the Fields for Dressed Particles RESULTS OF THE NEUTRAL CURRENT SEARCH IN GARGAMELLE Jorge G. Morfin I. Introduction to the Theory

12 xii CONTENTS II. Experimental Configuration. 325 III. Experimental Results: Purely Leptonic Neutral Currents Analysis of thr Events 342 a) Spatial, Energy and Angular Distributions 342 b) Interaction Mean Free Path 343 Evaluation of Background 343 a) Low Energy Muons in the Neutrino Run 343 b) Cosmic Rays 353 c) Interactions of Neutral Hadrons from the Primary Beam d) Interactions of Neutral Hadrons Produced by Neutrino Interactions Outside the Visible Volume. 355 e) Results 358 f) Interpretation 358 Addendum. 360 References 360 LIST OF PARTICIPANTS 361 INDEX 365

13 CONTENTS xiii CONTENTS OF VOLUME 4A Model Independent Features of Diffraction Francis Halzen Topics in Particle Physics with Colliding Proton Beams J.C. Sens Strong Interactions at Very High Energies D. Horn Multi-Body Phenomena in Strong Interactions M. Jacob High Energy Hadron Collisions on Complex Nuclei and The Propagation of Hadronic Systems Through Nuclear Matter L. Van Hove The Production of Regge Recurrences C. Michael INDEX