MEG Lepton Flavor Violation Search:
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1 MEG Lepton Flavor Violation Search: Challenges and Solutions Stefan Ritt Paul Scherrer Institute, Switzerland
2 Agenda Motivation to search for µ e γ Challenges: Beam, Detectors, Electronics Status and Outlook March 9th, 2009 UVa Seminar 2
3 Motivation Why should we search for µ e γ?
4 The Standard Model Fermions (Matter) Bosons Quarks Leptons u up d c charm s t top b down strange bottom ν e electron neutrino ν µ muon neutrino ν τ tau neutrino e electron µ muon τ tau Generation I II III γ photon g gluon W W boson Z Z boson Force carriers Higgs* boson *) Yet to be confirmed March 9th, 2009 UVa Seminar 4
5 The success of the SM The SM has been proven to be extremely successful since 1970 s Simplicity (6 quarks explain >40 mesons and baryons) Explains all interactions in current accelerator particle physics Predicted many particles (most prominent W, Z ) Limitations of the SM Currently contains 19 (+10) free parameters such as particle (neutrino) masses Does not explain cosmological observation such as Dark Matter and Matter/Antimatter Asymmetry Today s goal is to look for physics beyond the standard model CDF March 9th, 2009 UVa Seminar 5
6 Beyond the SM Find New Physics Beyond the SM High Energy Frontier High Precision Frontier Produce heavy new particles directly Heavy particles need large collider LHC / ILC Look for small deviations from SM (g-2) Look for forbidden decays Requires high precision at low energy March 9th, 2009 UVa Seminar 6
7 Neutron beta decay Neutron β decay via intermediate heavy W - boson ~80 MeV ν e Neutron mean life time: ~5 MeV W - e s n d d u u d u p β decay discovery: ~1934 W - discovery: n p + + e - + ν e 1983 March 9th, 2009 UVa Seminar 7
8 The Muon Discovery: 1936 in cosmic radiation Mass: 105 MeV/c 2 Decay: µ + e + ν e ν µ Mean lifetime: 2.2 µs ν e W - e - µ - ν µ Seth Neddermeyer Carl Anderson March 9th, 2009 UVa Seminar 8
9 Lepton number conservation L e L µ L τ µ µ + + e + + ν ν ν L e : 0 = L µ : -1 = e e e ν µ µ γ L e : 0 = L µ : -1 = % µ + e + < γ L e : L µ : Violates Lepton Number Conservation! March 9th, 2009 UVa Seminar 9
10 LFV in SUSY While LFV is forbidden in SM, it is possible in SUSY W - µ ν µ ν e e - γ m BR( µ γ ) 10 4 ν 60 e SM 4 mw µ e - ~χ 0 γ ~ µ e ~ BR( µ e γ ) SUSY 2 4 m 5 e% % µ 100 GeV 2 2 m m %l SUSY 10 tan β Current experimental limit: BR(µ e γ) < March 9th, 2009 UVa Seminar 10
11 LFV Summary LFV is forbidden in the SM, but possible in SUSY (and many other extensions to the SM) though loop diagrams ( heavy virtual SUSY particles) If µ e γ is found, new physics beyond the SM is found Current exp. limit is 10-11, predictions are around Goal of is a big experimental challenge! Needle Haystack? 10 m 1000 x!!!!! March 9th, 2009 UVa Seminar 11
12 Current SUSY predictions f t (M)=2.4 µ>0 M l =50GeV 1) current limit MEG goal 1) J. Hisano et al., Phys. Lett. B391 (1997) 341 2) MEGA collaboration, hep-ex/ Supersymmetric parameterspace accessible by LHC W. Buchmueller, DESY, priv. comm. March 9th, 2009 UVa Seminar 12
13 History of LFV searches Long history dating back to 1947! 10-1 cosmic µ Best present limits: 1.2 x (MEGA) µti eti < 7 x (SINDRUM II) µ eee < 1 x (SINDRUM II) MEG Experiment aims at Improvements linked to advance in technology µ e γ µα ea µ eee stopped π µ beams stopped µ SUSY SU(5) BR(µ e γ) = µti eti = 4x10-16 BR(µ eee) = 6x MEG Mu2e March 9th, 2009 UVa Seminar 13
14 Experimental Method How to detect µ e γ?
15 Decay Topology µ e γ µ e γ 52.8 MeV N γ Decay at rest µ 52.8 MeV 180º e 52.8 MeV N E γ [MeV] µ e γ signal very clean E g = E e = 52.8 MeV θ γe = 180º e and γ in time 52.8 MeV E e [MeV] March 9th, 2009 UVa Seminar 15
16 Michel Decay (~100%) Three body decay: wide energy spectrum N 52.8 MeV Theoretical ν µ e νν µ ν E e [MeV] e N 52.8 MeV Convoluted with detector resolution E e [MeV] March 9th, 2009 UVa Seminar 16
17 Accidental Background µ e γ γ Background ν γ γ µ 180º µ e νν µ ν e Annihilation in flight e e ν µ µ e γ signal very clean E g = E e = 52.8 MeV θ γe = 180º e and γ in time µ e νν Good energy resolution Good spatial resolution Excellent timing resolution Good pile-up rejection ν March 9th, 2009 UVa Seminar 17
18 Sensitivity and Background Rate Aimed experiment parameters: N µ /s T s (~50 weeks) Ω/4π 0.09 ε e 0.90 ε γ 0.60 ε γ ε sel 0.70 Aimed resolutions: FWHM E e 0.8% E γ 4.3% θ eγ γ t eγ 18 mrad 180 ps Single event sensitivity (N µ T Ω/4π ε e ε γ ε sel ) -1 = Prompt Background B pr Accidental Background B acc E e t eγ ( E γ ) 2 ( θ eγ ) % C.L. Sensitivity March 9th, 2009 UVa Seminar 18
19 ~70 People (40 FTEs) from five countries Tokyo U. Waseda U. KEK INFN & Uni Pisa Roma Genova Pavia PSI UC Irvine JINR Dubna BINP Novosibirsk March 9th, 2009 Lecce UVa Seminar 19
20 Paul Scherrer Institute Proton Accelerator Swiss Light Source March 9th, 2009 UVa Seminar 20
21 PSI Proton Accelerator March 9th, 2009 UVa Seminar 21
22 Challenge 1: Muon Beam How to get 10 8 µ/sec on a small stopping target?
23 Generating muons Carbon Target π MeV/c 2 Protons 1.8 ma = p + /s µ + µ µ + /s π + March 9th, 2009 UVa Seminar 23
24 Muon Beam Structure Muon beam structure differs for different accelerators Pulsed muon beam, LANL DC muon beam, PSI Instantaneous rate much higher in pulsed beam Duty cycle: Ratio of pulse width over period Duty cycle: Ratio of pulse width over period Duty cycle: 6 % Duty cycle: 100 % March 9th, 2009 UVa Seminar 24
25 Results of beam line optimization e + R µ ~ 1.1x10 8 µ + /s at experiment µ + σ ~ 10.9 mm µ + March 9th, 2009 UVa Seminar 25
26 Challenge 2: Calorimeter µ e γ Energy Position Time
27 Photon Detectors 50 MeV) Anorganic crystals (NaI, CsI): γ induced shower Good efficiency, good energy resolution, poor position resolution, poor homogeneity Liquid Noble Gases: No crystal boundaries Good efficiency, resolutions 25 cm CsI Liquid Xenon: Density 3 g/cm 3 Melting/boiling point 161 K / 165 k Radiation length 2.77 cm Decay time 45 ns Absorption length > 100 cm Refractive index 1.57 March 9th, 2009 UVa Seminar 27
28 Liquid Xenon Calorimeter Calorimeter: Measure γ Energy, Position and Time Liquid Xenon has high Z and homogeneity ~900 l (3t) Xenon with ~850 PMTs Cryogenics required: -120 C -108 Extremely high purity necessary: 1 ppm H 2 O absorbs 90% of light Currently largest LXe detector in the world: Lots of pioneering work necessary Refrigerator Cooling pipe Liq. Xe PMT γ Plasticfiller H.V. Signals Vacuum for thermal insulation Al Honeycomb window µ 1.5m March 9th, 2009 UVa Seminar 28
29 LXe γ response Light is distributed over many PMTs Weighted mean of PMTs on front face dx ~ 10 mm FWHM Broadness of distribution dz ~ 16 mm FWHM Timing resolution dt ~ 100 ps FWHM Energy resolution ~ 4.3% FWHM depends on light attenuation in LXe 52.8 MeV γ x z 3 cm Liq. Xe (a) MeV γ 14 cm Liq. Xe (b) March 9th, 2009 UVa Seminar 29
30 Use Monte Carlo simulation (GEANT) to carefully study detector Placement of PMTs were optimized according to MC results March 9th, 2009 UVa Seminar 30
31 Final Calorimeter Currently being assembled, will go into operation summer 07 March 9th, 2009 UVa Seminar 31
32 Calorimeter Calibrations µ radiative decay γ e µ ν ν π 0 γγ Proton Acc Lower beam intensity < 10 7 to reduce pile-ups A few days ~ 1 week to get enough statistics π - + p π 0 + n π 0 γγ (55MeV, 83MeV) π - + p γ + n (129MeV) 10 days to scan all volume precisely K Bi LH 2 target γ Tl F e - e + Li(p, γ1) at 14.6 MeV Li(p, γ0) at 17.6 MeV Li(p,γ)Be Laser (rough) relative timing calib. < 2~3 nsec Lase r MEG DETECTOR STANDARD CALIBRATIONS LiF target at COBRA center 17.6MeV γ ~daily calib. Can be used also for initial setup LED PMT Gain (Entries/10ch) Higher V with light att. Can be repeated frequently 500 alpha (ADC ch) PMT QE & Att. L Cold GXe LXe Nickel γ Generator off Illuminate Xe from the back Source (Cf) transferred by comp air on/off o n 3 cm 20 cm Polyethylen e 0.25 cm Nickel plate 9 MeV Nickel γ-line NaI March 9th, 2009 UVa Seminar 32
33 Calorimeter Light Monitoring CEX 2007 Level liquid phase purification gas phase purification March 9th, 2009 UVa Seminar 33
34 Challenge 2: Spectrometer µ e γ Energy Position
35 Positron Spectrometer Ultra-thin (~3g/cm2) superconduction solenoid with 1.2 T magnetic field Homogeneous Field Gradient Field (COnstant-Bending-RAdius) e + from µ + e + γ March 9th, 2009 UVa Seminar 35
36 Drift Chamber Measures position, time and curvature of positron tracks Cathode foil has three segments in a vernier pattern Signal ratio on vernier strips to determine coordinate along wire March 9th, 2009 UVa Seminar 36
37 Final Spectrometer σ R =470 um (FWHM) σ Z =760 um (FWHM) March 9th, 2009 UVa Seminar 37
38 Challenge 3: Timing Counter µ e γ Time
39 Timing Counter Location Liq. Xe Scintillation Detector Liq. Xe Scintillation Detector Thin Superconducting Coil Muon Beam γ Stopping Target γ e + Timing Counter e + Drift Chamber Drift Chamber Scintillation counter for precise timing (~100 ps) 1m March 9th, 2009 UVa Seminar 39
40 Timing Counter 10 5 Timing resolution of BC deg 65 deg 5 3 de g 40 deg Goal dista nc e from c e nte r (c m) TC with fibers exposed Staves along beam axis for timing measurement Curved fibers with APD readout for z-position Resolution 90 ps FWHM measured at e - - beam Resolution in experiment: ps FWHM preliminary March 9th, 2009 UVa Seminar 40
41 Exp./ Lab Author Year E e /E e %FWHM E γ /E γ %FWHM t eγ (ns) θ eγ (mrad) Inst. Stop rate (s -1 ) Duty cycle (%) Result SIN (PSI) TRIUMF LANL A. Van der Schaaf P. Depommier W.W. Kinnison (4..6) x < x < x < Crystal Box R.D. Bolton x 10 5 (6..9) < MEGA M.L. Brooks x 10 8 (6..7) < MEG x ~ March 9th, 2009 UVa Seminar 41
42 Challenge 4: Electronics How to do effective triggering? How to deal with pile-up? How to measure timing for ~1000 channels with <100 ps accuracy?
43 Trigger Refrigerator H.V. Signals 846 channels Cooling pipe Vacuum for thermal insulation > 45 MeV Σ Liq. Xe Al Honeycomb window PMT Plasticfiller 1.5m DC-coupling: Coherent noise Huge effect for sum AC-coupling: Varying baseline with intensity March 9th, 2009 UVa Seminar 43
44 Digital Pulse Shape Analysis Region for baseline estimation FADC FPGA March 9th, 2009 UVa Seminar 44
45 Global Sum 100 MHz/10bit Synchronous operation at 100 MHz: trigger decision every 10 ns PMT Signals FADC FADC FADC FADC FPGA Σ1-4 FPGA PMT Signals FADC FADC FADC FADC FPGA Σ5-8 Σ1-8 Trigger March 9th, 2009 UVa Seminar 45
46 Complete Trigger System LXe TC DC Aux Inner face (216 PMTs) Side faces lat. (144x2 PMTs) 4x1 back (216 PMTs) 4x1 u/d (54x2 PMTs) 4x1 Bars (30x2 PMTs) Fibers (512 APDs) 8x1 Wires 64 channels NaI+pre-shower 16 channels Type1 Type1 Type1 Type1 Type1 Type1 Type1 Type1 Type1 Type1 Type1 Type1 CR counters channels Type1 16 Type1 14 boards 14 x boards 9 x 48 8 boards 4 boards 1 board 2 boards 9 x 48 4 x 48 2 boards Type2 Type2 1 board Type2 1 board Type2 1 board Type2 2 x48 1 board 2 x48 START STOP Type2 CLK SYNC 2 x48 1 x 48 2 VME Crates March 9th, 2009 UVa Seminar 46
47 Trigger Mix March 9th, 2009 UVa Seminar 47
48 How to digitize signals? Old fashioned Problem: Pile-up PMT Disc. Q-ADC TDC Scaler Modern PMT FADC ~500 MHz 10 bit Problems: Power consumption Price Limited timing resolution March 9th, 2009 UVa Seminar 48
49 Switched Capacitor Array ns Inverter Domino ring chain IN Clock Shift Register Waveform stored Out FADC 33 MHz Time stretcher GHz MHz March 9th, 2009 UVa Seminar 49
50 The DRS Chip Development of SCA chip based on experience in πβ experiment Took four iterations to produce a flexible and powerful chip Goal was to design a chip which can be used in many experiments DRS1 DRS DRS DRS4 March 9th, 2009 UVa Seminar 50
51 DRS4 Fabricated in 0.25 µm 1P5M MMC process (UMC), 5 x 5 mm2, radiation hard 8+1 ch. each 1024 bins, 4 ch. 2048,, 1 ch Differential inputs/ outputs Sampling speed 500 MHz 6 GHz On-chip PLL stabilization Readout speed 30 MHz, multiplexed or in parallel WSRIN DENABLE DWRITE IN0 IN1 IN2 IN3 IN4 IN5 IN6 IN7 IN8 WSROUT RSRLOAD SRIN SRCLK AGND AVDD WRITE SHIF FT REGISTER WRITE CON NFIG REGISTER DSPEED FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM PLLOUT PLLLCK CONFIG REGISTER PLL DOMINO WAVE CIRCUIT CHANNEL 0 CHANNEL 1 CHANNEL 2 CHANNEL 3 CHANNEL 4 CHANNEL 5 CHANNEL 6 CHANNEL 7 CHANNEL 8 LVDS STOP SHIFT REGISTER READ SHIFT REGISTER REFCLK DTAP A0 A1 A2 A3 MUX MUX DVDD ENABLE DGND OUT0 OUT1 OUT2 OUT3 OUT4 OUT5 OUT6 OUT7 OUT8/ MUXOUT O-OFS BIAS ROFS SROUT RESET March 9th, 2009 UVa Seminar 51
52 On-line waveform display virtual oscilloscope Σ848 PMTs template fit click pedestal histo March 9th, 2009 UVa Seminar 52
53 Pulse shape discrimination Example: α/γ source in liquid xenon detector (or: γ/p in air shower) γ α V(t) (t t ) /τ i (t t ) /τ (t t )/τ A e e e d = + B s + C θ(t t ) + [...]θ.. t 0 0 Leading edge Decay time AC-coupling Reflections t r ) March 9th, 2009 UVa Seminar 53
54 τ-distribution α γ τ α = 21 ns τ γ = 34 ns γ Waveforms can be clearly distinguished March 9th, 2009 UVa Seminar 54
55 Coherent noise Σ i V i (t) All PMTs Pedestal average Charge integration Found some coherent low frequency (~MHz) noise Energy resolution dramatically improved by properly subtracting the sinusoidal background Usage of dead channels for baseline estimation March 9th, 2009 UVa Seminar 55
56 Fixed Pattern Jitter Results TD i typically ~50 ps 5 GHz TI i goes up to ~600 ps Jitter is mostly constant over time, measured and corrected Residual random jitter 3-4 ps RMS March 9th, 2009 UVa Seminar 56
57 Experiments using DRS chip MEG 3000 channels DRS2 MAGIC-II 400 channels DRS2 BPM for 1000 channels DRS4 (planned) MACE (India) 400 channels DRS4 (planned) March 9th, 2009 UVa Seminar 57
58 Availability DRS4 can be obtained from PSI on a non-profit basis Delivery as-is Costs ~ USD/channel USB Evaluation board as reference design VME boards from industry in channel 65 MHz/12bit digitizer boosted by DRS4 chip to 5 GHz March 9th, 2009 UVa Seminar 58
59 Challenge 5: Monitoring How to keep the experiment stable for years? Challenge 6: Slow Control How to control 5000 variables (HV, Temperatures, Pressures)? Challenge 7: Data Analysis How to deal with 130 TB of data per year? Challenge 8:
60 Status and Outlook Where are we, where do we go?
61 Current Schedule March 9th, 2009 UVa Seminar 61
62 Current Efficiencies March 9th, 2009 UVa Seminar 62
63 Current Resolutions March 9th, 2009 UVa Seminar 63
64 First Results 11.5 weeks of data taking in 2008 (130 TB) Currently doing blind analysis Blind box Analysis box we are here E(γ) [MeV] Pre-selection box T(γ) - T(e + ) [nsec] March 9th, 2009 UVa Seminar 64
65 Radiative Muon Decay This decay is a benchmark for the whole detector Branching ratio 1.4% Decays clearly visible in high rate environment γ ν µ e νν γ µ ν e T(γ) T(e + ) March 9th, 2009 UVa Seminar 65
66 Polarized MEG µ are produced already polarized Different target to keep µ polarization Angular distribution of decays predicted differently by different theories (compare Wu experiment for Parity Violation) dn + ( µ + e + µ e d cosθ e γ ) + BR ( µ 1+ AP cosθ e γ ) 2 Detector acceptance Y.Kuno et al., Phys.Rev.Lett. 77 (1996) 434 SU(5) SUSY-GUT A = +1 SO(10) SUSY-GUT A 0 MSSM with ν R A = -1 March 9th, 2009 UVa Seminar 66
67 Expected Distribution A = +1 B (µ + e + γ) = 1 x x 10 8 µ + /s 5 x 10 7 s beam time (2 years) P µ = 0.97 Signal + Background S. SUSY 2004, Tsukuba Background March 9th, 2009 UVa Seminar 67
68 Conclusions Many challenges faced in the MEG Experiment, solutions have been worked out Some technologies might be interesting for other experiment Liquid Xenon Calorimetery Fast Waveform Digitizing using the DRS chip MEG just started taking data, so expect exciting results in the upcoming years March 9th, 2009 UVa Seminar 68
69 Backup Slides March 9th, 2009 UVa Seminar 69
70 Mixing of Generations Energ gy Quarks c d s u µ e Leptons t b τ Quark mixing (CKM) Mixing in the charged Lepton sector? ν e ν µ ν τ Neutrino Oscillations Generation March 9th, 2009 UVa Seminar 70
71 Radiative Muon Decay (1.4%) γ ν N 52.8 MeV µ e νν γ µ ν e E γ [MeV] Prompt Background: < March 9th, 2009 UVa Seminar 71
72 Muon Beam Line Transport 10 8 µ + /s to stopping target inside detector with minimal background - x x x x x x e + µ + + Wien Filter Superconducting Transport Solenoid Muon Target µ + from production target March 9th, 2009 UVa Seminar 72
73 MC Simulation of full detector γ e + Soft γs TC hit March 9th, 2009 UVa Seminar 73
74 Positron Detection System 16 radial DCs to measure positron tracks Extremely low mass He:C 2 H 6 gas mixture Scintillation counter for precise timing March 9th, 2009 UVa Seminar 74
75 Beam induced background 10 8 µ/s produce 10 8 e + /s produce 10 8 γ/s Cable ducts for Drift Chamber March 9th, 2009 UVa Seminar 75
76 ROI readout mode delayed trigger normal stop trigger stop after latency Trigger Delay stop 33 MHz e.g MHz 3 us dead time (3.8 ns / 8 channels) readout shift register Patent pending! March 9th, 2009 UVa Seminar 76
77 Complete DAQ System clock start stop sync 20 MHz clock Data reduction: 900 MB/s 5 MB/s Trigger Trigger Trigger 3 crates 6 crates πe5 area DRS DRS DRS DRS DRS DRS Hit registers Trigger Ready Trigger signal Event number Trigger type Ancillary system Run start Run stop cave Front-End PCs PC (Linux) PC (Linux) PC (Linux) PC (Linux) PC (Linux) PC (Linux) PC (Linux) PC (Linux) PC (Linux) Gigabit Ethernet PC (Linux) PC (Linux) PC (Linux) PC (Linux) storage On-line farm Event builder March 9th, 2009 UVa Seminar 77
78 What next? Will we find µ e γ? No Yes Improve experiment from to : Denser PMTs Second Calorimeter Carefully check results Be happy Result must be combined with other experiments: µ e conversion µ eee March 9th, 2009 UVa Seminar 78
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