Odd-frequency pairing in Non-uniform superconducting systems

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1 Odd-frequency pairing in Non-uniform superconducting systems Yukio Tanaka Department of Applied Physics Nagoya University /28 Yukawa Institute YKIS 2007

2 Main Collaborators A. A. Golubov Twente University Y. Asano Hokkaido University S. Kashiwaya NIAIST (Tsukuba) M. Ueda Tokyo Institute of Technology Y. Tanuma Kanagawa University T. Yokoyama Nagoya University Y. Sawa Nagoya University Y. V. Nazarov Delft University

3 Other Main Collaborators (2) K. Miyake Osaka University S. Onari Nagoya University K. Yada Nagoya University Y. Fuseya University of Tokyo H. Kohno Osaka University

4 Contents What is odd-frequency pairing Ballistic junctions Diffusive normal metal junctions Vortex core Odd-pairing order (gap function) in bulk system

5 What is odd-frequency pairing states?

6 Conventional Cooper pair Pair amplitude F ss' ( k r ) = ˆ c r c ˆ r k s k s' = ( r k ) (s,s') orbital spin Sign chance due to the exchange of two electrons k r k r r r ( k ) = ( k Even Parity ) L = s-wave, d-wave, g-wave, i-wave s s' S=0 spin-singlet Spin-singlet even-parity Odd Parity r r ( k ) = ( k ) L = 1,3,5, p-wave, f-wave, h-wave S=1 spin-triplet Spin-triplet odd-parity

7 More general classification of a Cooper pair Cooper pair is not necessarily formed between two electrons at the same time. Time difference (Frequency dependence) We must consider Fermi-Dirac statistics (Pauli s rule) by taking account of the frequency dependence.

8 Symmetry of the pair function + symmetric, anti-symmetric Frequency time) Spin Orbital Total ESE +(even) (singlet) +(even) ETO +(even) + (triplet) (odd) OTE (odd) + (triplet) +(even) OSO (odd) (singlet) (odd) ESE (Even-frequency spin-singlet even-parity) ETO (Even-frequency spin-triplet odd-parity) OTE (Odd-frequency spin-triplet even-parity) OSO (Odd-frequency spin-singlet odd-parity)

9 Odd-frequency pairing state (1)Odd-freqeuncy pairing order (pair potential, gap function ) in uniform bulk system (odd-frequency superconductor) (2)Odd-frequency pairing state (not order, pair amplitude) in superconducting junctions Pair potential Pair amplitude

10 Odd frequency pairing state in bulk system (Odd-frequency superconductor) 1974 Berezinskii Superfluid 3 He s-wave triplet experimentally Balatsky- Abrahams Schrieffer Scalapino High-Tc p-wave singlet phenomenological experimentally Coleman Mirranda Tsvelik Kondo lattice p-wave singlet phenomenological Experimentally? 1999 Vojta-Dagotto Triangular lattice -(BEDT-TTF) 2 X s-wave triplet RPA?? Experimentally?? 2003 Fuseya Kohno Miyake Ce compound p-wave singlet phenomenological Experimentally? Kirtpatrik(1991) Zachar et al (1998), Belitz (1998)

11 Odd-frequency Pairing state (not pair potential ) is generated in ferromagnet junctions _ + Odd frequency spin-triplet s-wave pair Ferromagnet Superconductor Bergeret, Efetov, Volkov, (2001) Eschrig, Buzdin,Golubov, Kadigrobov,Fominov, Radovic Generation of the odd-frequency pair amplitude in ferromagnet

12 Is the existence of ferromagnet a necessary condition for the realization of the odd-frequency pairing state? No

13 Ubiquitous presence of the odd frequency pairing state Even in the conventional even-frequency superconductors, odd-frequency pairing state can be expected near the interface (surface). Y. Tanaka, A. Golubov, S. Kashiwaya, and M. Ueda Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, (2007) M. Eschrig, T. Lofwander, Th. Champel, J.C. Cuevas and G. Schon J. Low Temp. Phys (2007)

14 Eilenberger Equation Quasiclassical approximation (ballistic) Cooper pair is formed by two electrons on the Fermi surface The effective pair potential is determined by the direction of the motion of electrons. Kopnin Theory of Nonequilibrium Superconductivity", Oxford University Press (2001).

15 Quasi-classical Green s functions Eilenberger s equation Quasiparticle function Pair amplitude Bulk state Form factor ballistic normal metal S N 0 S x

16 General properties frequency) Pair potential has even-frequency symmetry. Even-frequency (real), bulk-state Spatial change of the pair potential Odd-frequency (imaginary) Interface-induced state

17 Ballistic junction Ballistic Normal metal (semi-infinite) Superconductor (semi-infinite) Y. Tanaka, A. Golubov, S. Kashiwaya, and M. Ueda Phys. Rev. Lett (2007)

18 Even-frequency Spin-singlet even parity (ESE) superconductor (low-transparent) (high-transparent) even-frequency s-wave component odd-frequency p x -wave component Y. Tanaka, et al PRL (2007)

19 Even-frequency Spin-triplet odd-parity (ETO) superconductor (low-transparent) (high-transparent) even-frequency p x -wave component odd-frequency s-wave component Y. Tanaka, et al PRL (2007)

20 Mid gap Andreev resonant (bound) state (MARS) 4 Normalized DOS / 0 Interface (surface) Local density of state has a zero energy peak. Sign change of the pair potential at the interface. Tanaka Kashiwaya PRL (1995), Rep. Prog. Phys (2000) Buchholz(1981) Hara Nagai(1986) Hu(1994) Matsumoto Shiba(1995) Ohashi Takada(1995) Hatsugai and Ryu (2002)

21 Zero bias conductance peak (by MARS) observed in cuprate (110)-Junction. u.) (a n c e o n d u c ta C 60 K 40 K 25 K 4.2 K Voltage (mv) S. Kashiwaya and Y. Tanaka Rep. Prog. Phys (2000) Iguchi Wang et al. Phys. Rev. B60, 4272 (1999)

22 Superconducting Materials where MARS is observed YBa 2 CuO 7- (Geerk, Kashiwaya, Iguchi, Greene, Yeh, ) Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O y (Ng, Suzuki, Greene.) La 2-x Sr x CuO 4 (Iguchi) La 2-x Ce x CuO 4 (Cheska) Pr 2-x Ce x CuO 4 (R.L.Greene) Sr 2 RuO 4 (Mao, Meno, Kawamura,Lube) -(BEDT-TTF) 2 X, X=Cu[N(CN) 2 ]Br (Ichimura) UBe 13 (Ott) CeCoIn 5 (Wei Greene) PrOs 4 Sb 12 (Wei)

23 Exact solution (1D) x Schopohl arxiv:cond-mat/ , Hara, Nagai Prog. Theor. Phys (1986) 0

24 Summary of proximity effect (No spin flip) (1) (2) (3) Bulk state ESE (s,d x2-y2 -wave) ESE (d xy -wave) ETO (p x -wave) Sign change (MARS) No Yes Yes Interface-induced state (subdominant component ) ESE + (OSO) OSO +(ESE) OTE + (ETO) (4) ETO (p y -wave) No ETO + (OTE) ESE (Even-frequency spin-singlet even-parity) ETO (Even-frequency spin-triplet odd-parity) OTE (Odd-frequency spin-triplet even-parity) OSO (Odd-frequency spin-singlet odd-parity Y. Tanaka, A. Golubov, S. Kashiwaya, and M. Ueda Phys. Rev. Lett (2007)

25 Ballistic junction Ballistic Normal metal (finite length) Superconductor (semi-infinite) Y. Tanaka, Y. Tanuma and A.A. Golubov, Phys. Rev. B (2007) Y. Tanaka, Y. Tanuma and A.A. Golubov, PRB (2007)

Odd-frequency pairing state in spin-singlet s-wave superconductor junctions OSO (Odd-frequency spin-singlet odd-parity) ESE (Even-frequency spin-singlet even-parity) High transmissivity Low

26 Odd-frequency pairing state in spin-singlet s-wave superconductor junctions OSO (Odd-frequency spin-singlet odd-parity) ESE (Even-frequency spin-singlet even-parity) High transmissivity Low transmissivity OSO state is generated from superconductor with ESE symmetry At the N/S interface(s-side), ESE state is dominant for low transmissivity. Y. Tanaka, Y. Tanuma A.A. Golubov, PRB (2007)

27 Ratio of the pair amplitude in the N region (odd/even) At some energy, odd-frequency component can exceed over even frequency one. Odd-frequency pairing Even-frequency pairing Ratio at the interface PRB (2007)

28 Ratio of the pair amplitude at the N/S interface and the bound state level Bound states condition (Z=0) McMillan Thomas) Odd-frequency pairing Even-frequency pairing At the N/S interface, only the odd-frequency component exists just at the bound state energy!! Y. Tanaka, Y. Tanuma and A.A. Golubov, PRB (2007)

29 Impurity scattering effect Ballistic Normal metal Superconductor Impurity scattering (isotropic) Diffusive Normal metal (DN) Superconductor Only s-wave pairing state is possible in DN Tanaka and Golubov, Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, (2007)

30 Available for diffusive limit Usadel equation Angular average Diffusive limit Diffusive normal metal region attached to superconductor

31 Diffusive normal metal (DN)/ unconventional superconductor (US) junctions Insulator DN US We must make a proper boundary condition at the interface of Usadel Green s function in DN. (T=0K) Tanaka et al, PRL (2003) PRB (2004)

32 Theory Quasiclassical Keldysh-Usadel equation G. Eilenberger, Z. Phys. 214, 195 (1968). K. Usadel, PRL 25, 507 (1970). A. I. Larkin and Yu. N. Ovchinnikov, JETP 26, 1200 (1968); 41, 155 (1977) W. Belzig, et. al., Superlattices and Microstructures 25, 1251 (1999). A. F. Volkov, A. V. Zaitsev, and T. M. Klapwijk, Physica C 210, 21 (1993). A. V. Zaitsev, Phys. Lett. A 194, 315 (1994).

s-wave: Theory Boundary condition at NS interface A. V. Zaitsev, JETP 59, 1015 (1984) M. Yu. Kuprianov and V. F. Lukichev JETP 67, 1163 (1988) Yu. V. Nazarov, PRL 73, 1420 (1994); Superlattices and Microstructures 25, 1221 (1999).

33 s-wave: Theory Boundary condition at NS interface A. V. Zaitsev, JETP 59, 1015 (1984) M. Yu. Kuprianov and V. F. Lukichev JETP 67, 1163 (1988) Yu. V. Nazarov, PRL 73, 1420 (1994); Superlattices and Microstructures 25, 1221 (1999). d-wave: Y. Tanaka, Yu. V. Nazarov, and S. Kashiwaya, PRL 90, (2003). p-wave: Y. Tanaka and S. Kashiwaya, PRB 70, (2004) -parameterization

34 General theory of Proximity effect (diffusive normal metal/ superconductor junctions ) (1) Symmetry of the pair potential Even-frequency spin-singlet even-parity (ESE) Induced pair amplitude in DN ESE (2) Even-frequency spin-triplet odd-parity (ETO) OTE ESE (Even-frequency spin-singlet even-parity) ETO (Even-frequency spin-triplet odd-parity) OTE (Odd-frequency spin-triplet even-parity) Proximity into DN (Diffusive normal metal) even-parity Odd-parity PRL 98, (2007)

35 Unusual proximity effect in spin-triplet p-wave junction DN 4 p wave LDOS(Normalized) 2 OTE (Odd-frequency spin-triplet even-parity) Generation of odd-frequency state in DN Purely OTE (s-wave) state in DN PRL 98, (2007)

36 Conventional proximity effect in spin-singlet d- wave junction (similar to s-wave) DN =0 d wave DOS in DN region 2 LDOS(Normalized) 1 ESE (Even-frequency spin-singlet even-parity) / 0 Generation of odd-frequency state in DN Purely ESE (s-wave) state in DN PRL 98, (2007)

37 Odd-frequency spin-triplet s-wave pairing state is induced in diffusive normal metal MARS diffusive metal (DN) Spin-triplet p-wave superconductor Mid gap Andreev state (MARS) can penetrate into DN as an odd-frequency pairing state.

38 Summary of proximity effect (No spin flip) Bulk state Sign change Interface-induced state (subdominant) Proximity into DN (1) (2) (3) (4) ESE(s,dx2-y2 -wave) ESE (d xy -wave) ETO (p x -wave) ETO (p y -wave) No Yes Yes No ESE + (OSO) OSO +(ESE) OTE + (ETO) ETO + (OTE) ESE No OTE No ESE (Even-frequency spin-singlet even-parity) ETO (Even-frequency spin-triplet odd-parity) OTE (Odd-frequency spin-triplet even-parity) OSO (Odd-frequency spin-singlet odd-parity) Proximity into DN (Diffusive normal metal) even-parity (s-wave) Odd-parity Y. Tanaka, et al Phys. Rev. Lett (2007)

39 Theoretical prediction to detect odd-frequency paring state Asano Tanaka Golubov Kashiwaya, Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, (2007). Sr 2 RuO 4 :I+ OTE state OTE (Odd-frequency spin-triplet even-parity) ESE (Even-frequency spin-singlet even-parity) :I- :V+ :V- Kashiwaya, Maeno 2007 ESE state Zero energy peak No Zero energy peak

Vortex core state (s-wave) + + () r = 0 tanh x + 2 2 x y x iy y 2 2 Core center sits at the origin 0 in s-wave superconductor Pair

40 Vortex core state (s-wave) + + () r = 0 tanh x x y x iy y 2 2 Core center sits at the origin 0 in s-wave superconductor Pair potential LDOS 0 r How about the symmetry of the pairing amplitude around the core? T.Yokoyama, Y. Tanaka, A.A. Golubov arxiv:

Spatial dependence of pair amplitude 1 0-1 Ref s Ref dx2-y2 Imf dxy (ESE state) f f + f cos + f s px py 2 2 f1 f 2 sin + f cos 2 + f sin 2 dx y y E=0 dxy + f cos3 + f sin 3 4 3 2 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.

41 Spatial dependence of pair amplitude Ref s Ref dx2-y2 Imf dxy (ESE state) f f + f cos + f s px py 2 2 f1 f 2 sin + f cos 2 + f sin 2 dx y y E=0 dxy + f cos3 + f sin x / (OSO state) Ref px Imf py Ref f1 Imf f2 Re Im f f px px = Im f = Re py f At the core center only odd-frequency singlet chiral p-wave pairing amplitude can survive py (core center) T.Yokoyama, Y. Tanaka, A.A. Golubov arxiv:

42 Symmetry of the vortex core + + ( r) = 0 exp( il ) tanh x + y 2 2 x y x iy 2 2 m l angular momentum m vorticity l m bulk Center of the vortex core Even Even ESE (s-wave..) ESE Even Odd ESE (s-wave..) OSO Odd Even ETO (chiral p-wave) ETO Odd Odd ETO (chiral p-wave) OTE ESE (Even-frequency spin-singlet even-parity) ETO (Even-frequency spin-triplet odd-parity) OTE (Odd-frequency spin-triplet even-parity) OSO (Odd-frequency spin-singlet odd-parity Angular momentum at the center of core l+m Yokoyama Tanaka Golubov(2007)

43 Possible realization of oddfrequency pair potential (bulk) Near the magnetic critical point Nesting condition is not good d-wave pairing should be suppressed

44 2D Hubbard model Triangular lattice U -t -t V -t V

45 Formulation (V 0)

46 Eliashberg equation Pairing symmetry with largest is dominant

47 U-V Phase diagram 2 charge order V/t q=(2 /3,2 /3) 1 magnetic order q= (0.38,0.38 ) U/t

48 T-dependence of OTE odd - triplet - s OTE odd - triplet - s 0.2 even - singlet - d odd - singlet - p even - triplet - p T/t ESE OSO ETO 0.2 even - singlet - d ESE odd - singlet - f even - triplet - f T/t OSO ETO

49 T-dependence of OTE ESE Bulk Odd-pairing state (OTE state) can be stabilized at some parameter region

50 Extensions to odd-frequency superconductors Y. Tanaka, A. Golubov, S. Kashiwaya, and M. Ueda Phys. Rev. Lett (2007)

51 Low transparency limit ESE (Even-frequency spin-singlet even-parity) ETO (Even-frequency spin-triplet odd-parity) OTE (Odd-frequency spin-triplet even-parity) OSO (Odd-frequency spin-singlet odd-parity PRL (2007)

52 Josephson couplings between even-frequency superconductor and odd-frequency one 1. (1) and (6) 2. (2) and (5) 3. (3) and (8) 4. (4) and (7) Presence of the Lowest order Josephson coupling PRL (2007)

53 Previous theory Abrahams, Balatsky, Scalapino, and Schrieffer Phys. Rev. B 52, (1995) There is no lowest-order Josephson coupling between odd- and even-frequency superconductors. Interface induced state is neglected!!

54 Josephson current (Lowest Order coupling) L (even-frequency) + R (odd-frequency) Interface state (1)L-side (Even-frequency superconductor) Odd function of Matsubara Even function of Matsubara (2)R-side (odd-frequency superconductor) Even function of Matsubara Odd function of Matsubara (Macroscopic phase difference between two superconductors) Anomalous current phase relation PRL (2007)

55 Underlying physics (1) Near the interface, even and odd-parity pairing states can mix due to the breakdown of the translational symmetry. The Fermi-Dirac statistics then dictates that the induced pair amplitude at the interface should be odd (even) in frequency where the bulk pair potential has an even (odd)-frequency component. PRL (2007)

Underlying physics (2) To be compatible with

56 Underlying physics (2) To be compatible with the time reversal invariance in each superconductor, the phase of the interface induced pair amplitude undergoes a /2 shift from that of the bulk one. ESE OSO The phase of f 1L+ has a /2 shift from that of f 2L+. PRL (2007)

57 Underlying physics (3) This twist of the phase of the pair amplitude gives rise to an anomalous Josephson current, where the current phase relation is proportional cos. ESE OSO OSO PRL (2007)

Breakdown of the time reversal symmetry when we make a junction (Macroscopic phase) Even-frequency L Odd-frequency R Although both superconductors do not break the time reversal symmetry themselves,

58 Breakdown of the time reversal symmetry when we make a junction (Macroscopic phase) Even-frequency L Odd-frequency R Although both superconductors do not break the time reversal symmetry themselves, the resulting Josephson coupling breaks the time reversal symmetry since the parities with respect to frequency dependence in even- and odd-frequency superconductors differ from each other. PRL (2007)

59 Anomalous Josephson effect between even- and odd-frequency superconductors Even-frequency L Odd-frequency R Current-phase relation becomes Y. Tanaka, A. Golubov, S. Kashiwaya, and M. Ueda PRL (2007)

60 Conclusions (1)Ubiquitous presence of the odd-frequency pairing state (2)Odd-frequency pairing state is enhanced in the presence of the mid gap Andreev resonant state. (3)The origin of the anomalous proximity effect in DN/spin-triplet p-wave junction is the generation of the odd-frequency pairing state. (4)Odd-frequency pairing state in a vortex core (5)Anomalous Josephson coupling between even and odd-frequency superconductor

61 Summary Odd-frequency pairing becomes a key concept in the physics of superconductor junctions and non-uniform superconducting and superfluid systems.

62 V-dependence of 0.6 even - singlet - d s V odd - triplet - s odd - singlet - f,p even - triplet - f,p d V V/t

63 Ferromagnet (metal)/superconductor junctions Diffusive Ferromagnet (DF) Superconductor Only s-wave pairing state is possible in DF Weak spin-polarized ferromanget T. Yokoyama, Y. Tanaka, and A.A. Golubov PRB (2007) Fully spin-polarized ferromagnet Y.Asano, Y.Tanaka and A.A. Golubov PRL 98, (2007)

64 General theory of Proximity effect (diffusive ferromagnet (metal)/ superconductor junctions ) (1) Symmetry of the pair potential Even-frequency spin-singlet even-parity (ESE) Induced pair amplitude in DN ESE + OTE (2) Even-frequency spin-triplet odd-parity (ETO) OTE + ESE ESE (Even-frequency spin-singlet even-parity) ETO (Even-frequency spin-triplet odd-parity) OTE (Odd-frequency spin-triplet even-parity) T. Yokoyama, Y. Tanaka, and A.A. Golubov PRB (2007)

Model and calculation electrode () (), b

L R x superconductor ( ( ( ( D G1 G1 + i

1 d D h for majority (minority) spin b l

65 Model and calculation electrode () (), b U x = H x R 0 L R d () = ( ), b U x H x L R x superconductor ( ( ( ( D G1 G1 + i H, G 1 = 0, x x ( H V Usadel equation ( + ( ) h) 0 3 = 0 ( + ( ) h) 3 Diffusive ferromagnet(f) R / R = 0.1 d D h for majority (minority) spin b l << L Diffusion constant quasiparticle energy Exchange field

66 Parametrization in Usadel Equation Singlet component Triplet component

67 LDOS s-wave superconductor R / R = 5 E / = 0.01 d b Th h/ E Th = 0 E Th D = h 2 L Thouless energy h/ E Th = 1 LDOS LDOS energy Normal metal 0 L Ferromagnet R d R b Ferromagnet x s-wave PRB (2007)

68 Pair amplitude in diffusive ferromagnet ESE OTE (ESE state) (OTE state) ESE (Even-frequency spin-singlet even-parity) OTE (Odd-frequency spin-triplet even-parity) Z = 3 Z = 3 R / R = 1 R / R = 0.1 E / = 0.1 d b d b Th 0 L Electrode Ferromagnet S x PRB (2007)

69 ESE (x=0) OTE (x=0) LDOS (x=0) Z = 3 Z = 3 R / R = 1 R / R = 0.1 E / = 0.1 d b d b Th LDOS at =0 is enhanced, when the odd frequency component (spin-triplet s-wave) is enhanced. Electrode 0 L R d Ferromagnet T. Yokoyama, Y. Tanaka, and A.A. Golubov PRB (2007) R b S x

70 Ferromagnet (metal)/superconductor junctions Diffusive Ferromagnet (DF) Superconductor Only s-wave pairing state is possible in DF Weak spin-polarized ferromanget T. Yokoyama, Y. Tanaka, and A.A. Golubov PRB (2007) Fully spin-polarized ferromagnet Y.Asano, Y.Tanaka and A.A. Golubov PRL 98, (2007) Only Spin-triplet pairing Is possible

71 Josephson current in S/HM/S Half metal : CrO 2 Keizer et.al., Nature ( 06) Spin active interface Theory in the clean limit Theory in the diffusive limit Bergeret et. al., PRL( 01), Kadigrobov et. al., Europhys Lett.( 01) Eschrig et. al., PRL( 03) Aasno Tanaka Golubov, PRL( 07)

72 Lattice model numerical) Furusaki, Physica B( 92), Asano, PRB( 01) Advantages SNS, SFS, S/HM/S Usadel equation is not available!! Parameters Y.Asano, Y.Tanaka and A.A. Golubov PRL 98, (2007) : exchange : spin-flip

73 Definition of Pairing functions Gor kov Green Function ESE (Even-frequency spin-singlet even-parity) Spin states OTE (Odd-frequency spin-triplet even-parity) Singlet (ESE) hetero spin triplet OTE) equal spin triplet (OTE) Y.Asano, Y.Tanaka and A.A. Golubov PRL 98, (2007)

< J > & J/ < J0 > 0.3 0.0-0.3-0.6-1.0 0.0 0.5 V 1.

1 < f > f 3 < f > < J > & J/ < J0 > 0.1 0.0-0.1-0.2 0.0 0.5 V 1.

5 < f > < f > SFS, S/HM/S OTE self-averaging No sign change is needed Odd-frequency

74 < J > & J/ < J0 > V 1.0 S / t f / fb (a)sfs: V ex / t = 1 < J > Spin active interface J (c) SFS: V ex / t = 1 < f > f 3 < f > < J > & J/ < J0 > V 1.0 S / t f / fb 2 1 (b)s/hm/s: V ex / t = 2.5 J < J > (d) S/HM/S: V ex / t = 2.5 < f > < f > SFS, S/HM/S OTE self-averaging No sign change is needed Odd-frequency spin-triplet even-parity SFS 0 1 f j 37 f 0 f j S/HM/S only ESE Even-frequency spin-singlet even-parity Y.Asano, Y.Tanaka and A.A. Golubov PRL 98, (2007)

75 Typical frequency dependence Pairing function B / f < f 0 > < f > Even-frequency spin-singlet s-wave (ESE) V ex =0 Odd-frequency spin-triplet s-wave (OTE) n / 0 Y.Asano, Y.Tanaka and A.A. Golubov PRL 98, (2007)

ZEP can be detected by STS 0 0.0 0.5 1.0 E / 0 Y.

76 Quasiparticle DOS in HM SFS S/HM/S only even-odd mix pure odd 3 LDOS at j = 37 / 0 n 2 1 S/HM/S SNS ZEP can be detected by STS E / 0 Y.Asano, Y.Tanaka and A.A. Golubov PRL 98, (2007)

77 Meissner effect Narikiyo and Fukuyama, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 58, 4557 (1989) Belzig Bruder PRB (1996)

78 Temperature dependence of averaged value of local penetration depth c d a purely imaginary number for spin-triplet junctions a b Tanaka, et al, PRB 72, R 2005

Odd-Frequency Pairing in Superconducting Heterostructures

Odd-Frequency Pairing in Superconducting Heterostructures Alexander Golubov Twente University, The Netherlands Y. Tanaka Nagoya University, Japan Y. Asano Hokkaido University, Japan S. Kawabata AIST, Tsukuba,