LINKING INFORMATION FROM SSS TO OCEANIC FRESHWATER FLUXES USING NEAR-SURFACE SALINITY BUDGETS
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1 LINKING INFORMATION FROM SSS TO OCEANIC FRESHWATER FLUXES USING NEAR-SURFACE SALINITY BUDGETS NADYA T. VINOGRADOVA 1 RUI M. PONTE 1 MARTHA W. BUCKLEY 2 1 Atmospheric and Environmental Research (AER), USA 2 George Mason University (GMU), USA November 2014 Aquarius/SAC-D Science Team Meeting, Seattle, WA
2 CHANGES IN SSS AS INDICATOR OF E-P? STD E-P (NCEP) STD SSS-TENDENCY (AQUARIUS, v3.0) m/mo Linking surface salinity to freshwater flux is an important subject (e.g., Durack et al. 2012; Pierce et al., 2012; Terray et al., 2011; Bingham et al., 2011; Yu 2011), but is difficult in practice (Vinogradova and Ponte 2013)
3 EXAMPLE Can net freshwater flux be inferred from globallyaveraged SSS from an ocean estimate? Salinity-derived freshwater flux = α S Non-linear relationship confirms the importance of ocean fluxes in regulating global-mean changes in SSS. Net freshwater flux: SSS-derived (black) vs Observed (red) Annual cycle = 0.68; r = 0.66; = 44%; Fs F Fs F Vinogradova and Ponte, JGR 2013
4 SALINITY BUDGET FRAMEWORK Salinity budget : S = F + O Differences between S and F related to O affect regression (Vinogradova and Ponte 2013). Inclusion of information about O from data can improve estimates of F. Objectives: Where, when can F be inferred from partial knowledge of the budget terms? Develop practical methodologies on how to use Aquarius measurements to infer meaningful values of F
5 BASIC APPROACH Explore salinity budgets within the constrained estimation of the oceanic state: Guaranteed budget closure Solutions are close to observations (including salinity) Dynamical consistency with all the forcing fields
![ECCO SOLUTION Ocean state estimate is obtained from model/data synthesis produced by the ECCO consortium [1], [2] ECCO solution is close to observations within prescribed data errors Future ECCO](/docs-images/89/98396393/images/6-0.jpg "solutions will include Aquarius/SMOS SSS constraints (Vinogradova et al., 2014) ECCO IN SITU AQUARIUS Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean (ECCO) [1] Wunsch et al.")
6 ECCO SOLUTION Ocean state estimate is obtained from model/data synthesis produced by the ECCO consortium [1], [2] ECCO solution is close to observations within prescribed data errors Future ECCO solutions will include Aquarius/SMOS SSS constraints (Vinogradova et al., 2014) ECCO IN SITU AQUARIUS Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean (ECCO) [1] Wunsch et al., 2009; [2] Speer and Forget 2013
7 ECCO SOLUTION It is important to accurately represent the effects of freshwater fluxes Virtual salt flux (previous versions) Real freshwater flux (current analysis) Freshwater flux modifies tracer concentration and ocean volume: ation equation is: (hs) = (hsu)+ (K S) t = h H + t = is (E the height P R) of the water (hu) co h = H + h S t = S(E P R) (us)+ (K S)
8 ECCO SALINITY BUDGET: STD SALINITY TENDENCY DILUTION DUE TO FRESHWATER FLUXES ADVECTIVE SALINITY FLUX DIFFUSIVE SALINITY FLUX
9 ECCO SALINITY BUDGET: TIME MEAN SALINITY TENDENCY DILUTION DUE TO FRESHWATER FLUXES ADVECTIVE SALINITY FLUX DIFFUSIVE SALINITY FLUX
10 FUTURE PLANS Preliminary results show that ocean contribution to salinity variations is particular important in the tropics and many coastal regions, which may complicate the use of salinity observations as a direct proxy of freshwater flux, at least on timescales from months to years Future analysis of the mixed-layer salinity budget and decomposition of oceanic fluxes will be used to explore how freshwater fluxes can be expressed as a combination of ocean variables, including SSS: n E.g., do Ekman advection and surface fluxes dominate in any region or time scale? n What is the impact of Aquarius data constraints on the upper ocean salinity and surface freshwater fluxes?
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