Life on Europa? Exploring Jupiter s Icy Moon
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1 # 78 Life on Europa? Exploring Jupiter s Icy Moon Dr. Britney Schmidt April 13, 2012 Produced by and for Hot Science - Cool Talks by the Environmental Science Institute. We request that the use of these materials include an acknowledgement of the presenter and Hot Science - Cool Talks by the Environmental Science Institute at UT Austin. We hope you find these materials educational and enjoyable.
2 Life on Europa? Exploring Jupiter s Icy Moon Britney E. Schmidt Hot Science - Cool Talks April 13, 2012 Thanks: Don Blankenship, Krista Soderlund, Jamin Greenbaum, Duncan Young, Wes Patterson, Paul Schenk, Peter Doran, Stacy Kim
3
4 The Galilean Satellites: Europa Io Ganymede Callisto Galileo,
5 Europa Callisto Ganymede
6 JUPITER S VOLCANIC MOON: IO -- 4th largest moon -- Over 400 active volcanoes most active object in the solar system -- Energy from tidal heating
7 JUPITER S OCEAN MOON: EUROPA -- 6th largest moon (~size of our moon!) -- Very young surface -- Internal energy from tides
8 JUPITER S ICY MOON: GANYMEDE -- Largest moon, larger than Mercury!! -- Liquid iron core and its own magnetosphere even has its own aurora! --Perched ocean
9 JUPITER S DIRTY MOON: CALLISTO -- 3 rd largest moon -- Very old surface -- No tidal heating --Perched ocean
10
11 Energy on Europa? Mantle Inner & Outer Core Ocean Europa: warm salty H 2 O, mantle contact, Energy: Orbital Earth: warm salty H 2 O, mantle contact, Energy: Sun + Accretion + Interior
12 Energy From Orbits! Io s orbit: ~1 3/4 days. Europa s orbit: ~3 1/2 days. Ganymede s orbit: ~ 7 days. Keeps the moons orbits eccentric, so they gain energy from tides
13 Stressing Europa: Tidal Heating & Flexure Play Video Animation (Apple Quicktime Required) JPL
14 Help from the Magnetic Field An Oxidized Surface Art by Michael Carroll An Ocean on Europa??
15 Why We Care About Energy: Life in a Subsurface Ocean?
16 Life is like a battery
17 Earth s geologic cycles are also like batteries Biology They set up reactions!
18 EUROPA ECOSYSTEM ANALOGUE: BLACK SMOKERS? Electron acceptors ( Oxidants ) from Ocean Water Precipitation Electron donors ( Reductants ) from Vent Hot Water Black Smoker
19 EUROPA ECOSYSTEM ANALOGUE: BLACK SMOKERS? Electron donors ( Oxidants ) from Ocean Water Electron Receivers ( Reductants ) from Vent Precipitation Hot Water Black Smoker Redox Reactions form the basis of life And they get set up by hydrothermal vents! Electron flow
20 PRECIPITATE FORMATION EXAMPLES: Windows Media Player Apple Quicktime
21 Why Europa? Europa: warm salty H 2 O, mantle contact, high energy Mars: frozen polar caps, subsurface activity? Ocean 3.5 Ga? JPL Earth: warm salty H 2 O, mantle contact, high energy
22 Why Europa? Where s the Ocean? Europa: warm salty H 2 O, mantle contact, high energy e.g. Schubert et al, 1998
23 Why Europa? Europa: warm salty H 2 O, mantle contact, high energy Titan: perched H 2 O, high pressure ices, undifferentiated core? Enceladus: south polar sea, episodic activity JPL, Pappalardo & Nimmo 2008
24 Europa s Ingredients for Life Water: much more than all of Earth s oceans Organic molecules: from accretion and comets Chemical energy: Oxidized material from above, reduced material from below But does the system recycle??? Credit: Laurie Barge Black Smoker Grown in Europa-like Conditions
25 EUROPA-TYPE EXTREMOPHILES? Thermophiles Halophiles Psychrophiles --Chemical Energy -- Grow from C -- At hydrothermal systems --Acid, metal tolerant -- May survive above 130 C! -- Grow in 5-35 wt% salt -- Heat, Cold, alkali and acid tolerant. -- Can survive within salt crystals for long time periods --Chemical Energy -- Grow at or below 10 C -- Protective extracellular coat -- Aerobic or anaerobic -- Some may reproduce as low as -10 C --Chemical Energy
26 An Energetic System
27 To Understand Europa s Habitability, First We Must Understand the System
28 A Dynamic, Young Surface
29 Mosaic by Ryan Sicilia Ridged Plains
30 Bands Animation by John Spencer, SwRI Separation and spreading of the icy crust
31 Europa s Mottled Chaos Terrains 100 km Mosaic by Ryan Sicilia
32
33 Thick vs Thin Ice Two initial Hypotheses: 3-5 km or km
34 Europa s Floating Ice Shell
35 Chaos Has Fractures Matrix Icebergs Cliffs Dark Material Domes
36 Chaos Has Fractures Cliffs Icebergs Matrix Dark Material Domes
37 Journey to Conamara Chaos
38 Chaos is unique to Europa What does that tell us?
39 6 km 20 km Melting model: Ice shell thins and melts above oceanic megaplumes. Diapirism model: Ice convection partially melts salty ice. Chaos Models THE TOPOGRAPHY IS WRONG!
40 Icebergs No Longer Floating-Why?
41 Time to look in our backyard
42
43 6 km 20 km Observational Bias Ice Shelves VS Sea Ice
44 Analog: Subglacial Volcano Lakes Volcanoes Grimsvotn, Iceland Subaerial lakes image Bjornsson 2002 Subglacial Volcanoes
45 Analog: Subglacial Lakes Grimsvotn, Iceland Vostok, Antarctica Bjornsson 2002
46 Analog: Ice Shelf Collapse
47 Fractures Are Important!
48 Floating Blocks 2.5 km 70 km
49
50 The Lens-Collapse Model
51
52
53 Play MP4 Video File Courtesy: Jason Amundsen
54 What does this mean for the search for life on Europa?
55 An Energetic System
56 What s Next For Europa?
57 SIMPLE: Sub Ice Marine and PLanetary Ecosystems Submarines Under Antarctica s Ice Shelf to Get Ready for Europa! Play Apple Quicktime Video Courtesy: Peter Doran/Bill Stone
58 SIMPLE: Sub Ice Marine and PLanetary Ecosystems Endurance-L and SCINI Play Apple Quicktime Video Courtesy: Peter Doran/Bill Stone, Stacy Kim
59 Europa: Then and Now
60 Let s Go NOW! QUESTIONS?
61 Exploration of Europa Radar Opportunities
62 David Glacier, Antarctica
63 Can we see chaos forming?
64 Surface Down-draw and Flotation of Ice above a Lake Lake Vostok was validated by floatation inferred from coupled surface/subsurface geometry (Blankenship et al 2009)
65 Fracture and Brine Infiltration Iceberg B15 (Peters et al., 2007).
66 Strain? Fracture? ~7km 36 km
67 235 m a b e f g c d 35km 90 km
68
69 Hydraulic Forcing Embayment Water flows according to the balance of overburden pressure and gravity: Surface slope is the strongest control on the flow Any subsurface water will move AWAY (and possibly up) from thick ice and towards thinner ice Thin Ice Thick Ice Embayment features should be topographically controlled Deep discontinuous boudaries?
70 a b e f g c d
71
72
73 U T Austin Instrumentation: HiCARS & DC-3 Phase-coherent radar 60 MHz center frequency 15 MHz bandwidth 8 MW peak power 6.4 khz PRF
74 Radar sounding of Earth s ice sheets is routine South Pole Station Ice Surface 3 km Lake Bedrock 23 km
75 Larsen Ice Shelf Amery Ice Shelf Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf Ross Ice Shelf Conamara
76 Earth Analogs: Antarctic Ice Sheet and Ice Streams Europa s ice is under tension and compression. So is Antarctica s! fast Ice velocity (Joughin, et al., 1999)
77 Radar can detect water-filled fractures beneath a thin ice shell: Idealized Flat Europa case Earth: tidal cracking near ice shelf origin Europa: ridge/band formation and transition Peters et al.,
78 However, Europa has inspired development of new radar acquisition and imaging technologies. Without these methods, we ll miss interesting and critical observations 1993 Surface scattering 2001 (Peters et al. 2005, 2007) New features seen with reduced scattering
79 Earth Analogs: Arctic Ice Caps Europa has complex patterns of warm and cold ice. Earth s arctic is also thermally complex. (Arctic Environmental Atlas, UNEP)
80 Radar can detect water within an ice shell Arctic Glaciers (Smith, et al., 2002) (Bjornsson et al., 1996). Earth: polythermal glaciers (melt drainage, mobile ice) Europa: ridged plains + mottled terrain (mobile ice/diapirism)
81 Implications A single, unified way to explain chaos & lenticulae formation Europa is probably active TODAY Pathway for ocean & surface ice to interact quickly Existence of PERVASIVE subsurface water within km of the surface 50% of Europa s surface!! Toppling blocks of 2km imply depth of ~2.8 km Brines may get as shallow as m of the surface Brines kg/m 3 WE KNOW WHERE TO LOOK TO FIND SHALLOW WATER! WE CAN IMAGE THESE PROCESSES IN ACTION WITH RADAR!
82 The Europa Case
83 The Europa Case
84 Dr. Britney Schmidt Dr. Schmidt is a research scientist at The University of Texas Institute for Geophysics, working with Dr. Don Blankenship. She received her Ph.D. in Geophysics and Space Physics at The University of California at Los Angeles in Dr. Schmidt has published in premier scientific journals such as Nature and Science, and has won teaching awards as a graduate teaching assistant at UCLA. She is actively involved in academic service and public speaking, and served as Chair of the 2012 Astrobiology Research Focus Group conference. She also served as Acting EPO Science Team Liaison for the NASA Dawn Mission from August February 2011.
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