19 October 2012! Moons of Jupiter! So many moons, so little

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1 19 October 2012! Moons of Jupiter! So many moons, so little time!.!

2 Jovian Planets " So Many Moons!! What are clues about how/where a moon formed?! Many retrograde orbits! Outermost highly inclined! small moons! <300 km across! not spherical! probably asteroids captured in mini solar nebulae!

3 Most large JP satellites are smaller than our moon. Based on the geological principles controlling TP s, what surface features should we see on them? In practice we see!!. Io Europa Triton Enceladus Titan! (Jupiter) (Neptune) (Saturn)!!! Instead, we got Io (left) Enceladus (right) and other active moons.! What s the additional heat source?!

4 Orbital Resonances 4x twice once Tidal Heating of Io!! Tides distort Io s shape! Continually changing shape heats interior! Orbit disturbed by the orbital resonance! --> Elliptical orbit!

5 Tidal Heating! Consequence of eccentric orbit! Tidal bulge is larger when closer to primary! Hypothetical orbital history! Io Europa Ganymede time 2:1 Europa:Ganymede distance (schematic) 2:1 Io:Europa Note that we don t actually know whether the orbits are currently expanding or contracting Note that during capture into resonance, eccentricities are transiently excited to high values high geologic activity. from Peale, Celest. Mech. Dyn. Ast. 2003

6 Tidal Heating! Tidal heating can heat the interiors of moons.! Orbital resonances --> elliptical orbits --> tidal heating -- > geological activity!!!!! Rules for tidal heating:! Orbit must be elliptical (resonances, capture?)! Moons closer to the planet undergo more tidal heating! More massive planets cause more tidal heating! Dissipation within jovian planet! Io

7 Zooming in on Jupiter and Io! Jupiter and its moons from a backyard telescope 1,000,000 miles across Zooming in on Jupiter and Io! Io against Jupiter, from Galileo! (2200 miles across)!

8 Zooming in on Jupiter and Io! Io volcanos Prometheus and Culann! (450 miles across)! Zooming in on Jupiter and Io! Prometheus lava flow, Io! (50 miles across)! Lava abutting SO 2 frost -> rapid evaporation!

9 Io s Volcanic Styles! Molten lava erupting in 1-2 km-high curtain fountain! Tvashtar plume erupting 330 km! Io! 300 km! Amirani Basaltic lava flow!

10 Io s Volcanoes & Geysers! Pilan Plume! Prometheus! Pilan 5 months apart! InfraRed! Pele! Visible B&W! Visible multi-band! Infrared! New Horizons flies by in 2007!

11 Orbital resonances! --> elliptical orbit! --> tidal heating!! amazing volcanoes!! Io Summary!?? At what depth is the tidal heating??!?? What depth of mantle is re-cycled??! Io 3.57 g/cc Ganymede 1.94 g/cc Orbital Resonance Europa 2.97 g/cc Callisto 1.86 g/cc If we remove water density increases Io Europa Ganymede Callisto Tidal Heating

12 Europa Summary Metallic core, rocky mantle, and a crust made of H 2 O ice Its fractured surface tells a tale of tectonics. few impact craters seen double-ridged cracks jumbled icebergs These provide photographic evidence of a subsurface ocean. Induced Currents -> Oceans! A moon sees a changing magnetic field as Jupiter s tilted magnetosphere rotates Electrical currents induced in a electrically conducting layer produce a magnetic perturbation - observed by Galileo Observed magnetic field perturbations imply water layers in Callisto and Europa, possibly Ganymede Depth and thickness of water layer not uniquely determined

13 Europa" zoom! Europa" Zoom! Few impacts, many, many, fractures! What does this mean?! (600 miles across)!

14 Europa Zoom! Broken surface! (75 miles across)! Europa Zoom! Icebergs?! (25 miles across)!

15 Europa Tidal Flexing! California! Europa! San Andreas Fault! Astypalaea Linea!

16 Europa! Strange cycloid ridges from daily fracturing! (120 miles across)! Ice Leads on Europa!

17 Ice Leads on Europa! Yes, colors are exaggerated.! But no one knows that the brown gunk is.!

18 Ice - sometimes it suddenly cracks, sometimes it slowly flows! 10 km! 5 km! 50 km! When Artic ice cracks close - long ice ridges develop

19 Tilted ice blocks look like the Arctic Ocean too! Rafts of Ice! What is the red/brown material? Does it come from below? Is it deposited from above?

20 What's happening here??? Convecting Ice model!

21 Chaos Melt-through model Convecting Ice model ~20km of Ice Hard to drill through!

22 Europa s young surface shows few craters! Tyre! 120 km Kasploosh!! 80 miles What does the character of this crater tell us?!! Looks like impactor went right through ice!! How big was impactor?!! ~120 km / 10 ~ 12 km!! Tells us ice is ~10-20 km thick!

23 Tyre! 120 km 80 miles Few large impact craters: Suggests 60 Myr surface age. A couple of multi-ringed impacts: Penetrated km thick ice! Next big NASA mission- 2018?2020? Does ocean material reach the surface? Where are the thin regions of the crust? What is the brown gunk?? Are there pockets of liquid water in the ice? Is there any active volcanism? Europa Latest: smaller, cheaper

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